2019届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文 -- 有解析 (1)

v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改科教科普类1、   Australialeadstheworldinitsnumberofresidentpoisonousspidersaswellasthestrengthoftheirtoxicity(毒性).However,ofalmost9,800speciesmostareperfectlyharmlessandinteresting.   Spiderdiversityisbroadandmanyfascinatingspeciesoccurherethatrangefromthelargetothetinyandhardlynoticed,andfromthedullestblacktothestrangelyshaped.   Spiderscanberoughlyclassifiedaccordingtothestrategies(策略)theyuseforfeeding.Spiderswhichappearedearlierintheevolutionaryscalefeedbywaitinginacaveforfoodtocomealongbeforegrabbingit.Followingthemwerespiderswhichactivelywanderedlookingforfoodandwhichcaughtitbychasingitdown.Theevolutionofflyinginsectsmakesspidersevolvenewwaysofcatchingfoodwhichcouldn’tbechasedandsotheearliestairwebweaversarose.   MostspidersfeedoninsectsandotherarthropodsbuttheWhistlingSpiderfeedsonfrogsandsmallbirds.TheGoldenOrbSpideralsofeedsonsmallbirds.   Aspiderperiodicallysheds(蜕皮;脱落)itsskinsothatitcangrow.Immaturestagesarecalledmoults.Eachspecieshasaparticularnumberofmoultsthatitwillgothroughbeforereachingitsfinaladultstage.   Usually,oncemalespidershavemated,theydieshortlyafter.But,evenindeath,Redbackmalesoftenserveapurpose.ThealreadypregnantRedbackfemalesalwayskilltheirloverand,inmostcases,alsoeatthem.Thisprovidesthemwithasmallreproductiveadvantage.   Allowingspiderstotakeupplacesaroundhousescanbebeneficialinthattheycatchotherannoyinginsectssuchasmosquitoesandflies.   Restassuredthatwhileyoumightseesomelargespiders,andperhapsevensomepoisonousones,agoodruleistolookandadmirebutdon'ttouchanyspideryoufind.Eventhosewithoutpoisoncouldstillhaveanastybite.familiesofspidersareidentifiedthemselvesby ______.physicalcharacterwaysofgettingfoodstrengthoftheirtoxicityeffectontheenvironmentarethelatestspidersintheirevolutionprocess？thatchasedowninsectsforfood.thatwaitfortheinsectstocomealong.thatcanweavewebstocatchflyinginsects.thatactivelygoouttolookforinsectsasfood.aspiderstaysonthewallofyourhouse,you’dbetter ______.itititbeitoutisthepassagemainlytalkingabout？briefintroductionofspiders.evolutionprocessofspiders.harmoniouslywithspiders.livingandfeeinghabitsofspiders.2、   Manypeoplebelievethatyoulosetheabilitytolearnnewlanguagesasyougetolder.Languageexperts,however,willtellyouthatyou’renevertoooldtolearnanewlanguage.Asyougetolder,itcanbemoredifficulttolearnanewlanguage,though.   Childrenandadultslearnnewlanguagesindifferentways.Forchildren,languageistheirlife.Theystudyforthousandsofhourseveryyear.Becausetheyneedtolearnlanguagetobecamepartoftheir,ontheotherhand,arealreadypartofalanguagecommunity.Learninganewlanguagemeansbecomingpartofanotherlanguagecommunity,andadultsrarelygetthechancetopracticeasmuchasyoungchildrendo.   leaninganewlanguageareexpectedtomakemistakes.ThisgivesthemfreedomwhenlearningtobedaringandconfidentAdults,however,oftenfeelpressuredtobeperfectwhenlearninganewcandiscouragemanypeopleandmakeitevenhardertolearnanewlanguage.   Whenyoungchildrenlearnanewlanguage,theycometoseevariouslanguagesasa“normal”partofmindset(思维模式)helpsthemembracelearninganewlanguagewithoutfeelinglikethey'redoingsomethingunusualor“toohard”.   Soifyouwanttolearnanewlanguage,goforit!It’snevertoolatetolearnanewlanguage.Ifyou'reolder,itmaytakemorework,butitcanbeyou'reayoungchild,though,nowisthetimetostepoutandlearnanewlanguage!“Languageistheirlife”,theauthormeansthatchildren           .'tlivewithoutlanguageahappylifeeverydayanewlanguagealottakengoodcareofadultsmaymakeithardfortheoldpeopletolearnanewlanguage!areafraidofbeinglaughedat.usuallyhavetoomanyinterests.thinkmakingmistakesisnatural.alwaysmakeallkindsofmistakes.ofthefollowingshowsthedifferencebetweenchildrenandadultsinlearningnewlanguage？behaviorstheyhave.learningattitudes.futureplanstheyhavemade.materialstheyareusing.totheauthor,anewlanguage           .neverbelearnedbytheoldpeoplebegraspedbythepeopleeasilybeunderstoodonlybytheoldpeoplelearnedbyboththeoldandtheyoung3、   Kidsandteensareoftendismissiveofpraisefromtheirparents.Iamsurethatparentsouttherecanrelatetothis,asweallhavebeentoldatonetimeoranotherbyoneorseveralofourkids,“Stopit,Mom.’’oreven,“You’rejustsayingthatbecauseyouaremyparentsandyouhavetosaythat. "Icanassureyou,though,thattheyarelistening.Theywillprobablynotthankyouforthispraiseuntiltheyareintheirtwenties,butdon'tletthatstopyoufrompraisingthemduringtheirchildhoodandteenyears.Justbecarefulhowyoupraisethem.Alittlepraisemaygoalongway—especiallyifitistherightkindofpraise.   ItappearsthatthewaytogoistopraisetheireffortsaccordingtoastudybyBrummelman,ofUtrechtUniversityintheNetherlandsandcolleagues.Theseresearchersconcludedthatkidsshouldbepraisedprimarilyfortheirefforts,ratherthanfortheirpersonalcharacteristics,becauseiftheyarepraisedforeffort,thenapoorperformanceismorelikelytobeseenasaglitch(小故障),ratherthanavalidreflectionofwhotheyareasindividuals.   Let’sthinkaboutthistogether.Ifyouareateenagerorachildofanyageandareconstantlytoldhowbrilliantyouare,thenwhenyoudopoorlyonatestorafewtests,youmayfeellikeyouhavesuddenlylostyourstatusasbrilliantandmaynowfeelashamedthatyouaremerelyaverageorevendumb.Ifyouareagirlwhoisconstantlybeingtoldhowbeautifulyouare,thenonadaywhenyoudon’tlookorfeelsogood,youmaydecidethatyouareunattractive.Thisistheproblemthatdevelopswhenwearepraisingourkidsforglobalpersonalitycharacteristicsthattheycan'talwaysliveupto.tothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistherightkindofpraise？areagreatartist.areveryintelligent.,youhaveaspecialgiftformusic.paintinghasindeedimprovedduetoyourefforts.ofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage？thechildrenshouldbepraised.’snoneedtopraisekidsandteens.shouldbebeyondchildren’sexpectations.oftenpaynoattentiontotheirparents’praise.underlinedword“dumb”inthelastparagraph can bereplaced by_________.main topic ofthispassage is_____.topraisekidsandteenstopraisekidsandteenswaystopraisekidsandteensimportanceofpraisingkids4、  Scientists,psychologistsandEnglishacademicsatLiverpoolUniversityhavefoundthatreadingtheworksoftheclassicalwriterslikeShakespeareandWordsworthhasagreateffectonthemind,catchesthereader’sattentionandtriggersmomentsofself-examination.   Usingaspecialmachine,theymonitoredthebrainactivityof30volunteersastheyreadworksbyWilliamShakespeare,WilliamWordsworth,.Eliotandothers.   Inthefirstpartoftheresearch,thebrainactivityof30volunteerswasmonitoredastheyreadpassagesfromShakespeare’splays,includingKingLear,Othello,CoriolanusandMacbeth,andagainastheyreadthetextrewritteninasimplerformormodernlanguage.   Whilereadingthecommontexts,normallevelsofelectricalactivitywereshownintheirbrains.WhentheyreadtheworksofShakespeare,however,thelevelsofactivityjumpedbecauseofhisuseofwordswhichwereunfamiliartothem.Theresultofthetestshowedthatthemorechallengingpassagescauseagreaterdegreeofelectricalactivityinthebrainthanthecommonones.   Scientistswentontostudythebrainactivityasitrespondedtoeachwordandrecordedhowitlitupasthereaderscameacrossunusualwords,surprisingphrasesordifficultsentencesintheclassicalworks.Asaresult,thislighteningupprocessofthemindlastedlongerthanthatwhenvolunteersreadcommontexts,encouragingfurtherreading.   Theresearchalsofoundthatreadingpoetryespeciallyincreasesactivityintherighthemisphere(半球)ofthebrain,anareaconnectedwith“autobiographicalmemory”,drivingthereaderstothinkcarefullyabouttheirownexperiencesbasedonwhattheyhaveread.Theacademicssaidthismeanttheclassicalworksofliteraturearemoreusefulthanself-helpbooks.   PhilipDavis,anEnglishprofessorwhohasworkedonthestudyintheuniversity’smagneticresonancecenter,announcedthisweek:“Classicalliteratureactslikearocket-boostertothebrain,whichprovidesextrapowerforthebrain.Youmayneverimaginehowpowerfulitis.Theresearchshowssuchkindofliteraturecancreatenewthoughtsandconnectionsintheyoungandtheold.”underlinedword“trigger”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto“______”.onupoffintoofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutreadingclassicalliterature？makesreaders’brainmoreactivethanreadingcommontexts.makesreaders’electricalactivityofbrainreturntonormal.’shelpfulforreaderstocomeupwithnewideas.’sanactivitythatissuitableforpeopleofallages.theresearch,wecanlearnthat______.readerspreferShakespeare’sworkstotheotherwriters’workswordsofclassicalworksmakeithardforvolunteerstoreadfurtherclassicalworksproducesagoodandlong-lastingeffectonthemindincreasesleft-brainactivitymorethanotherliteraryformsdoestheauthormainlytellusinthispassage？’splaysdeservetoberead.booksareunpopularanymore.isbestfordevelopingpeople’sbrain.workshelpthebraindevelopbetter.5、   DoparentshaveaconstitutionalrighttohomeschooltheirchildrenNo,accordingtoaCaliforniaDistrictCourtjudge,whorecentlyruledthatachildmustbeschooled"byapersonholdingavalidstateteachingcredential(文凭)forthegradebeingtaught”.   WhatstartedasaLosAngelesCountychildwelfarecaseinvolvingonespecificfamilyhasgoneintoproceedings(诉讼)thathaveactuallyputontrialtheverynatureofwhatconstitutesasoundeducation.“Fordecadeswe’vebeenhappilyhomeschooling,andthenthiscomesupsuddenly,”saysMaryGriffith,ahomeschoolingparent.GriffithsaysCaliforniahadtraditionallygivenhomeschoolingparentsthefreedomtochoosethekindofeducationtheywantfortheirchild.   ThisparticularfamilyinLosAngeleshadenrolledtheirchildreninaprivateschoolindependentstudyprogramnotintheirhome.Inresponsetoabusechargesagainstthefamily,thechildrenwereenrolledinpublicschools.Theparentsstatedtheyhadaconstitutionalrighttohomeschoolonreligiousgrounds;that'swhenthecourtrulingwasissued.However,Griffithsaysiftherulingendsupaffectinganyone,itwillmainlybethosewhoalsoenrolltheirchildreninoff-sitehomeschooling.“Thiswon'tbefar-reachingforhomeschoolingparents."   That'showorganizationsliketheHomeschoolAssociationofCalifornia(HSC)wouldliketokeepit,anyway,andthey'vehiredateamoflawyerstolimittheimpactofthecase.GriffithsaysthelegalteamforHSCistryingtoestablishthatwhilethisrulingmayindeedbenecessaryforthisparticularfamily,itshouldnotsetaprecedent(先例)forall.   WhatdoesthiscasereallymeanforhomeschoolingfamiliesnationwideAccordingtoDarrenA.Jones,thisdecisioniscertaintoaffecthomeschoolingonanationalscale.Jonesclaimsthatitiscommonforstatecourtstolooktootherstates’rulingsforassistanceindecidingissueswherenoprecedentexists.“ApoorlegaldecisioninCaliforniacouldbecomepartofatrendacrossthenation.’’Griffith’sopinion,________.don’thavearighttohomeschooltheirchildrenchildmustbeschooledbyanexpertwithacredentialshouldbeforbiddeninthewholecountryisunderstandableforparentstohomeschooltheirchildrenunderlinedword“this”inPara.2referstothefactthat ________.happilyhomeschooltheirchildrendon’thavearighttohomeschooltheirchildrenchildmustbeschooledbyapersonwithateachingcredentialLosAngelesCountychildwelfarecaseinvolvesaspecialfamilyweretheparticularfamily’schildrenenrolledinpublicschools？avoidtheabusechargesagainstthem.receivethebettereducationinit.breakawayfromtheirparents.cooperatewiththeexpert’sjobs.’stheauthor’sattitudetowardswhetherparentshavearighttohomeschooltheirchildren？....6、   Summershouldn'tmeantakingabreakfromlearning,especiallyreading.Studiesshowthatmoststudentsexperiencealossofreadingskillsoverthesummermonths,butchildrenwhocontinuetoreadactuallygainskills.Soeffortsshouldbemadeduringthesummertohelpchildrenkeepreadingskills,practicereadingandreadforenjoyment.   Parentsshouldrememberthatchildrenneedfreetimeinthesummertorelaxandenjoythepleasuresofchildhood.Sosummerreadingshouldbefun.Followingareafewtipstomakereadingenjoyableforyourchildrenthissummer:   Readaloudtogetherwithyourchildeveryday.   Makeitfunbyreadingoutdoorsonthefrontsteps,patio,atthebeachorpark.Also,letyourchildrenreadtoyou.   Setagoodexample!   Keeplotsofreadingmaterialaroundthehouse.TurnofftheTVandhaveeachpersonreadhisorherbook,includingMomandDad.   Readthesamebookyourchildisreadinganddiscussit.   Thisisthewaytodevelophabitsofthemindandbuildcapacity(能力)forthoughtandinsight.   Letkidschoosewhattheywanttoread,anddon’tturnyournoseupatpopularfiction.Itwillonlydiscouragethereadinghabit.   Subscribe,inyourchild’sname,tomagazines.   Encourageolderchildrentoreadthenewspaperandcurrenteventsmagazines,tokeepupthereadinghabitoverthesummeranddevelopvocabulary.Askthemwhattheythinkaboutwhatthey’veread,andlistentowhattheysay.musthelpchildrenreadduringthesummerbecause ________.summerholidayistoolongatimeforthemisakindofrelaxationforchildrenofthereadingskillsmaybelostiftheystopreadingcanenjoythepleasureofchildhooddoestheunderlinedphrase"turnyournoseupat”probablymean？interestedin.one’sdislikefor.highlyof.interestin.odertobuildchildren's capacityfor thoughtandinsight,parentsshould______.tomagazinesinthechild’snamethesamebookthechildisreadinganddiscussitchildrenchoosewhattheywanttoreadofftheTVdoesthepassagemainlytellabout？summerreadingtipsforparents.usefuladviceonreadingforchildren.kindsofbookstoreadinsummer.toteachchildrentoread.7、   HaveyougottheinformationtaughtbyyourteacherinclassHaveyouunderstoodwhatyousawonthescreenMaybeeveryonehastheirownlearningstyle.   Generallyspeaking,wegatherinformationwithourmindsandbodiesindifferentways,suchasseeing,hearinganddoing.Thenourbrainsdealswiththatinformation,organizingitandconnectingittothingswearealreadyawareof.Inotherwords,ourbrainswilldealwiththeinformationindifferentways.Sometimeswethinkinpicturesorwords.Sometimeswerememberdetailsorthebigpictures.   Fordifferentpeople,theirlearningstylesaredifferenttoo.Onepersonmayfindithardtomakeouttheinformationinwrittenformsbuteasytoknowitimmediatelyinanoraldescription.However,anotherpersonmightfinddifficultieswiththepicturebutthewrittenmessage.   Nowscientistssaythereexistsevenbasiclearningstyles.   ·Linguistic:Thesepeoplelearnthroughlistening,reading,speakingandwriting.   ·Logical:Thesepeoplelearnwithformula(公式)andprinciples(原理).   ·Visual:Thesepeoplelearnbyseeingwhattheyarestudying.   ·Musical:Thesepeoplelearnwellwheninformationispresentedthroughmusic.   ·Kinesthetic:Thesepeoplelearnfrommovementandphysicalactivities.   ·Intrapersonal:Thesepeoplelearnbestbylinkingnewinformationdirectlywiththeirownexperiences.   ·Interpersonal:Thesepeoplelearnwellbyworkingwithothers.   Therefore,ifyouknowwhatlearningstyleisyourstrength,youcanbalanceyourweakness,andgetamoresuccessfullearningexperience.thepassage,weknowthatourbrains______.withtheinformationindifferentwaysouttheinformationinthesamewayinformationwithourbodiesinformationinthesamewayvisuallearnerusuallylearns_____.listeningandspeakingseeingwhatheislearningmovementandphysicalactivitieslinkingnewinformationwithhisexperiencemusicallearnerwillfinditeasytolearn______.formulasandprinciplesworkingwithothersreadingandwritingmusichehearspurposeofthepassageistotellusto______.moresuccessfullymoreinformationmorequicklyinformationbetter8、   In2015apaperpublishedinasciencemagazinereportedonthepersonalitytypesofpeoplelivinginvariousLondondistricts.Extroverts(外向的人),theresearcherswhowroteithaddiscovered,favoredRichmond.ThosewhoweremostopentoexperiencegatheredinHackney.PeopleinBarnetscoredlowerthanaverageonemotionalstability.   Whatthisstudydidnotaddresswaswhethersomeone’shomerangereflectstheirpersonalitytraitsorimposesthem.Inotherwords,iswhatisgoingon“nature”or“nurture”(培育)However,inapieceofresearchjustpublished,Dr.HoltmannofOtagoUniversity,inNewZealand,andhiscolleagueshavefilledthatgap—atleast,theyhavefilleditfordunnocks.   ThedunnockisaEuropeanbird.Ithas,though,beenintroducedtoNewZealandanditspopulationhasboomedthere.Itisawell-studiedspecies,and,inparticular,somebeingmeasurablybolder(更大胆的)andmoretolerantofpotentialthreats,suchasnearbyhumanbeings,thanothers.Theteam’sresearchareawastheBotanicGardeninDunedin.Thisisopentothepublic,butsomeareasaremorefrequentedbyvisitorsthanothers.Dunnockshavesmallterritories,soitwaspossibletomeasuretheamountofhumandisturbanceinagiventerritorywithreasonableprecision.And,bywrappingeachofthedunnocksinthegardenwithcolour-codedbandsitwaspossibletoidentifyindividualsbysight.Altogether,theresearcherslookedat99ofthem.   Theyworkedoutabird’slevelofthreattolerancebythesimplemethodofwalkingtowardsit,andthenmeasuringhowcloseonecouldgetbeforethebirdflewaway.Theydidthisseveraltimesforeachbirdeverybreedingseason,andrepeatedtheprocessoverthecourseofthreeseasons.   Aparticularbird’sflightdistance(ie,howcloselyitcouldbeapproachedbeforeitdeparted)was,theyfound,consistentwithinabreedingseason.Fromseasontoseasonmostbirdsgotalittlebolder—probablyastheylearntmoreabouttheworldandwhattheycouldsafelygetawaywith.Butthisincreaseinboldnesswithagewassmallcomparedwiththedifferentstartingpointsofboldandshybirdswhentheyfirstarrivedinaterritory.Itdidnot,therefore,muchaffectthefactthat,onaverage,birds’flightdistanceswereinverselycorrelated(负相关)withthelevelofhumandisturbanceintheirterritories.Thiswasaconsequenceofdisturbedterritoriesbeingsettledbyboldbirds,andundisturbedterritoriesbyshyones.   Inthecaseofdunnocks,then,naturewinsovernurture.Dr.Holtmannwasabletoshowthatpersonalitiesmatchcircumstances,ratherthanbeingcreatedbythem.Dunnockscanrecognizewhichplacessuitthembest,andchoosetosettleinthemshortlyaftertheyarefullyfledged(羽翼丰满).Mostlikely,thatishappeninginLondondistricts,too. doestheunderlinedwords“thatgap”inthesecondparagraphreferto？thepaperpublishedin2015failedtohandle.extrovertsfavourcertainareasinLondondistrict.Dr.Holtmanninvolveddunnocksinhisstudy.theformerandlatterstudyhaveincommon.Paragraph3,wecanknowthatdunnocks________.nativetoNewZealanddistinctpersonalitiesbolderthanhumanbeingsbeeasilyidentifiedbyitscolorconclusiondidDr.Holtmanndrawfromhisstudy？’snurtureratherthannaturethatmattersinthecaseofdunnocks’behaviour.’flightdistanceswereinproportiontohumandisturbanceintheirterritories.choosetheirhabitatswiselyinthefirstplaceratherthanadapttothem.birdsandshybirdsalikesettleinundisturbedterritoriesinthebotanicgarden.istheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage？arguethatcircumstancescultivatecertainpersonalities.entertainreaderswithsomefunnyfactsaboutdunnocks.presentthefindingofascientificresearchaboutdunnocks.confirmtheassumptionthatpersonalitiesmatchcircumstances.以及解析1答案及解析：答案：;;;解析：1.细节理解。根据第三段的第一句“Spiderscanberoughlyclassifiedaccordingthestrategiestheyuseforfeeding.”可知,蜘蛛是按照捕食的方式来划分种类的。2.细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句“Theevolutionofflyinginsectsmakesspidersevolvenewwaysofcatchingfoodwhichcouldn'tbechasedandsotheearliestaerialwebweaversarose.”可知,会飞的昆虫的进化导致最新种类的蜘蛛的出现,它们织网来追逐会飞的昆虫。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“butdon’ttouchanyspideryoufind”可推知,见到蜘蛛最好不要碰它们。故选C。4.主旨大意题.本文主要介绍了蜘蛛的进化、生长、捕食等方面的知识。A项概括最全面。2答案及解析：答案：;;;解析：作者论述了年轻人和较长者学语言的不同,年长者不是没有能力学习语言而是需要付出较多。推理判断题。作者说Forchildren,languageisthei