法律术语

法律术语 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 draft 法案,草案 Government bill 政府议案 to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案 to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准 law enforcement 法律的实施 to come into force 生效 decree 法令 clause 条款 minutes 备忘录 report 判例汇编 codification 法律汇编 legislation 立法 legislator 立法者 jurist 法学家 jurisprudence 法学 legitimation 合法化 legality, lawfulness 法制,合法 legal, lawful 合法的,依法的 to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的 offender 罪犯 to abolish 废止,取消 rescission, annulment 废除,取消 repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废 annulment 撤消(遗嘱) repeal rescission 撤消(判决) revocation 撤消 immunity 豁免,豁免权 disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权 attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收 constitutional law 宪法 canon law 教会法规 common law 习惯法 criminal law 刑法 administrative law 行政法 civil law 民法 commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法,国际法 international law 国际法 natural law 自然法 labour laws 劳工法 fiscal law 财政法 Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法 Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法 Military Law 军法 Conscript Law 兵役法 Copyright Law 著作权法 penal code 刑法典 code of mercantile law 商法典 civil rights 民事权利,公民权利 right of asylum 避难权 human rights, rights of man 人权 (customs) duties 关税 death duty, death tax 遗产税 royalties 版税 律师词汇(a  b) 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人 appellee 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本案律师 councel pro hac vice 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 29元外教VIP雅思口语课程 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(c  d) 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书 award（用于仲裁） 裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 产权转让 conveyancing 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造 further study abroad 出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件 pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录 investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 外教VIP 十天口语提高一分 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(e  f) 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问 legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨询 legal counseling 法庭 division; tribunal 法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws) 法学会 law society 法学课程 legal courses 法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws) 法学系 faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士) 法学院 law school 法院公告 court announcement 反诉状 counterclaim 房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师 associate lawyer 非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(g  h) 高级合伙人 senior partner 高级律师 senior lawyer 各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts 公安局 Public Security Bureau 公司上市 company listing 公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公证书 notarial certificate 国办律师事务所 state-run law office 国际贸易 international trade 国际诉讼 international litigation 国内诉讼 domestic litigation 合伙律师 partner lawyer 合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人 interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(j  k  l) 兼职律师 part-time lawyer 监狱 prison; jail 鉴定结论 expert conclusion 缴纳会费 membership dues 举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi 决定书 decision 勘验笔录 record of request 看守所 detention house 抗诉书 protest 控告人 accuser; complainant 跨国诉讼 transnational litigation 劳动争议 labor disputes 劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm 利害关系人 interested party; party in interest 律管处处长 director of lawyer control department 律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law 律师惩戒 lawyer discipline 律师法 Lawyer Law 律师费 lawyer fee 律师函 lawyer’s letter 律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication 律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness 律师卷宗 lawyer’s docile; file 律师刊物 lawyer’s journal 律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer 律师事务所 law office; law firm 律师收费 billing by lawyer 律师网站 lawyer website 律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association 律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition 律师业务室 lawyer’s office 律师执业证 lawyer license 律师助理 assistant lawyer 律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam 律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里  律师词汇(m  p  q) 民事案件 civil case 民事调解 civil mediation 民事诉讼 civil litigation 派出所 local police station; police substation 判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件); determination(用于终审); sentence(用于刑事案); verdict(由陪审团作出) 旁证 circumstantial evidence 企业章程 articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组 corporate restructure 起诉状 information; indictment 取消律师资格 disbar 全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress 缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 考前口语热身大讲堂 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(r  s) 人民法院 People’s Court 人民检察院 People’s Procuratorate 认定事实 determine facts 上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case 上诉人 appellant 上诉状 petition for appeal 涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition 申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association 申请人 petitioner; claimant 申诉案件 appeal case 申诉人（仲裁） claimant; plaintiff 申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision 实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period 实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer 视听证据 audio-visual reference material 适用法律 apply law to facts 受害人 victim 书证 documentary evidence 司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法建议书 judicial advise 司法局 Judicial Bureau 司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau 司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau 司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam 送达 service of process 诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit 诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party 诉讼业务 litigation practice 诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 外教VIP 十天口语提高一分 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(t  w) 推销法律服务 promote/market legal service 外国律师事务所 foreign law office 委托代理合同 authorized representation contract 委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent 委托授权书 power of attorney 物证 material evidence 嫌疑人 criminal suspect 项目融资 project financing 项目谈判 project negotiating 刑事案件 criminal case 刑事诉讼 criminal litigation 行政诉讼 administrative litigation 休庭 adjourn the court; recess 外教VIP 十天口语提高一分 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 律师词汇(x  y  z) 宣判 pronounce judgement; determination 宣誓书 affidavit 业务进修 attendance in advanced studies 一审案件 case of trial of first instance 与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms 原告 plaintiff 证券律师 securities lawyer 证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit 执行笔录 execution record 执业登记 registration for practice 执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请 practice application 执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁案件 arbitration case 仲裁机构 arbitration agency 专门律师 specialized lawyer 专职律师 professional lawyer; full-time lawyer 撰写法律文章 write legal thesis 资信调查 credit standing investigation 自诉案件 private prosecuting case  雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 法律专业词汇中英对照(a,b) action of debt 债务诉讼 acquit 无罪 adjourn 暂时停止执行 administrative decision 行政判决结果 ad damnum 主张一定数额的赔偿金 adverse judgement 不利的判决 affidavit 传票送达人所写的切结书 affirm  确定原判决 affirm defence 积极的抗辩 agency stage 行政机关的裁决 agency hearing 听证会 allegation 主张的事实 american law 美国法 an ex parte hearing 一方当事人到庭说明 an adversary hearing 双方当事人到庭辩论 answer 答辩状 appellate jurisdiction 上诉管辖权 appeal 上诉 appellant  上诉人 appellee  被上诉人 appropriate 永久占有 arrest the judgement 暂时终止法院判决结果 arraignment 刑事案件法官与当事人之间安排案件的程序 assigned counsel  公设辩护人 assumpsit 承诺履行 bailment 寄托制度 bail  保释 beyond the reasonable doubt  超越合理的怀疑 bill of Middlesex 早期诉讼当事人向国王秘书处申请的令状，同意发给后才能到 国王法院进行诉讼 bailliff 法庭内的法警 bias  偏见 bench of conference 到法官室或法官面前进行会议 bond 提供担保 burden of proof 举证责任  雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 case law    案例法 cause of action  起诉理由 chancellor  衡平法官 chancery division  衡平法庭 circuit court 巡回法院 civil law  大陆法 civil right act 人权法案 civil procedure 民事诉讼法 clerk 书记官 closing argument 诉讼结论 co－defedant 共同被告 common law 普通法、习惯法、一致法、共同法 compurgation 宣誓采证法 compurgatory 宣誓采证法中的证人 complaint 起诉状 concurrent jurisdiction 竞合管辖权 consideration 约因 consortium 婚姻生活权；配偶权；亲权 contempt of court 藐视法庭罪 contract under seal 封印契约 contributory negligence 加工过失 corpus juris secundum 美国法律百科全书 counterclaim 反诉 court of common pleas 民诉法院 court of king's bench  王室法院 court of exchequer  财务法院 court of exchequer chamber  财务上诉法院 country court 乡镇法院 court of common bench 民诉法院 court of chancery 衡平法院 court of justice of the peace 地方治安法院 court of probate 遗嘱继承法院 court of divorce 婚姻法院 court of appeal in chancery 衡平上诉法院 court of crown cases reserved 皇室上诉法院 court of assize 巡回法院 court of outside the united kingdom 英国境外各法院 court of first instance 第一审法院 court of second instance 第二审法院 court of the international trade 国际贸易法院 court of appeals for the federal circuit 联邦巡回上诉法院 covenant 封印契约赔偿令状 cross claim 被告间诉讼 cross examnation  复向对方提出之证人 curia regis 国王的法院 damages 损害赔偿 debt 返还确定金钱的令状 decree 衡平法院作成的判决 deductive reasoning 演绎法 default judgement 一造判决 defendant 被告 defendant in error 被上诉人 demurrer 驳回 deposition 诘问内容作成的笔录 detinue 非法留置的动产回复令状 dialectical reasoning 论理（辩证）方法 direct examination 诘问自己提出辩证 direct verdict 法官指示陪审团作出直接判决 discovery process 发现程序 dismiss 驳回 dissenting opinion 不同意见书 district court 地方法院 diversity jurisdiction 多元管辖权 docket 案件登陆 dual system 双轨并行制度 due process 正当程序 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 考前口语热身大讲堂 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 ejectment 不动产侵害令状 en banc 法院全体法官共同审理 equatible right衡平上的权利 equatible defence 衡平抗辩 estate 遗产 ex post facto 溯及既往 expert witness 专家证人 express mention 明示其一排除其他原则 expressio unius est exclusio alterius 明示其一排除其他原则 exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权 exclusionary rule  证据排除法则 eyre system 巡回制度 felony 重罪 foreman of jury 陪审团主席 forms of action 严格的诉讼形式 forum 法院 fountain of all justices 正义的源泉 freehould interest in land 对土地有完全权利者 general assumpsit 不当得利令状 general jurisdiction 一般管辖权 geografhic jurisdiction 地域管辖权 grand jury 大陪审团 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 habeas corpus 人身保护令状 hearsay evidence  传闻证据 high court of justice 高级法院 holding  法院判决 house of lords 上议院 house of commons 下议院 hearing 听证会 impeach 质疑证人的可信度 impleader 第三人诉讼 implied promise 默示承诺 in personam jurisdiction 对人诉讼 independent source rules 独立咨询取得的证据 indictment 起诉 inductive reasoning 归纳法 inevitable discovery rule 当然发现原则 inferior court 美国联邦法院第一级法院统称小法院 information 检察官的起诉状 in good faith 诚信善意原则 injunction 禁止命令 instruction 法官向陪审团作指示 interlocutory appeal 中间上诉 intermediate appellate court 中间上诉法院 inerrogatory 诘问的问题 issues  争点 joint and several liability 连带赔偿责任 judicial act 司法法案 judicial committee of the privy council 枢密院司法委员会 judgement on the verdict 确定原判决 judgement notwithstanding the verdict 自行判决 jurisdiction over the subjuct matter 对物诉讼 jury 陪审团 juvenile court 青少年法院 judgement 法官作成的判决 king's bench division 王室法庭 king's council国王的咨询会议 外教VIP 十天口语提高一分 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 民商法学与经济法学专业词汇 Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws 按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment 办理注销登记：cancel the registration 被代理人：the principal 被侵权人 the infringed 本人名义：in one’s name 标的subject matter 补偿制度compensation system 不动产登记制　Lot and Block System 财产法 property law 财产的添附 accretion of property; property accession 财产抵押权 property mortgage 财产继承权：the right of inheritance 财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships 财产管理人 property administrator; custodian of property 财产混同 confusion; hotchpot 财产留置权 encumbrance 采用书面形式：in writing 仓单 warehouse voucher 草签合同 initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract 长期合同 long-term contract 偿付能力 solvency capability of reimbursement 超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency 撤消合同cancellation of contract  撤销合同 cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract 撤销权 right of rescission; right of revocation 撤销要约 revocation of offer; revoke an offer 撤销遗赠 cancellation o will; revocationi of will 承运人 actual fault of the carrier 承运人的留置权 carrier’s lien 诚信原则 principle of good faith 诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle 船舶承租人 charterer 船舶抵押权 right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage 船舶抵押权的设定 establishment of mortgage of the ship 船舶抵押的消灭 extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship 船舶抵押权登记 registration of ship mortgage 船舶留置权 possessory lien; lien of ship 村民委员会：the village committee 惩罚性的损害赔偿 punitive damages 乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position 处分财产 dispose of properties 处分权 act of disposition 处分原则 principle of disposition 代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by 代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency 单独承担的责任 undivided responsibility 单方法律行为unilateral obligation 单方行政行为 unilateral administrative act 等价有偿：making compensation for equal value 对等原则　principle of reciprocity 对价consideration 对抗措施counter measure 对人权right in personam; personal right 对世权 real right; right in rem 恶意串通：conspire maliciously 恶意行为ill will mala fides 法人 judicial person; legal body 法人的权利能力 legal capacity of juristic person 法人的责任能力 capacity for responsibility of juristic person 法人权限 corporate power 法人人格 corporate personality 法人身份 status of a legal person 法人团体 corporation 法人资格 corporate capacity 法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person 负共同连带责任 liable jointly and severally 负全部责任 bear all responsibilities; in all charge 负有解释的义务 accountable 负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors 附带的条件 incident 附带要求 contingent claim 附带原因 contributory cause; inherent cause 附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts 附条件的权利 conditional right 赋予权力 entitle 个体工商户：individual businesses 个人合伙：individual partnership 各尽所能，按劳分配 from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs 给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party 工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce 公民基本义务 fundamental duties of citizens 合同contract 合同法　contract law 合同副本 copies of the contract 合同规定 contract provisions/stipulations 合同履行地法 lex loci contractus 合同期限contract period (or contract term) 合同条款contract terms (or contract clause) 合同有效期contract life 合同正本 originals of the contract 合伙人：partners 合议制 collegial system 核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered 恢复原状 recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum 集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership 技术合同纠纷案件 controversy over a technology contract 监护人：guardian 经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority 居民委员会：the neighborhood committee 履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship 埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object 买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred 农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households 平等主体：civil subjects with equal status 企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person 企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person 企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person 契约自由 liberty of contract 取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis 取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person 全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people 让与 alien; alienate; assign; cede 让与的利益 benefit of cession 让与权 benefit of cessioni 设定义务的规则 rule of imposing duty 设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship 所有权 ownership 书面合同 a written contract 双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double 双方法律行为 bilateral legal transaction 擅自变更或者解除（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act arbitrarily 他物权 right over the property of another 提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge 违反合同breach of contract 委托代理：entrusted agency 委托代理人：an entrusted agent 无过错责任 liability without negligence 无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct 无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so 下落不明 one’s whereabouts have been unknown 限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct 享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors 行使代理权：exercise the power of agency 宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare … to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct 遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam 以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge 以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes 以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion 意思表示 show one’s intention 意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine 优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption 优先权 priority, preemptive right 有过错的一方：the erring party 有连带责任的 conjunctly and severally 有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debto 造成财产损失：cause any property loss 责任能力 capacity for responsibility 责任年龄 capacity of responsibility; year of discretion 债的标的 object of obligation 债的发生 creation of obligation 债的消灭 extinction of obligation 占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property 指定代理：appointed agency 执行合同 carry out a contract,   execute/implement/fulfill/perform a contract 主要办事机构：the main administrative office 追偿：claim compensation from 住所：domicile 雅思口语8.5分经验分享 冬日不出门 家中一对一 口语马上提高0.5-1分看这里 刑法学和行政法学专业词汇 Criminal Laws and Administrative Laws 帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪 crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence 绑架妇女儿童罪 crime of kidnapping women and children 包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪 crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate 包庇毒品犯罪分子罪 crime of harboring drug criminals 报复陷害罪case of retaliation and frame-ups 必要共同犯罪 indispensable joint crime 并科原则 doctrine of cumulating punishments 剥夺权利deprival of rights 不能犯 impossibility; unrealized offense 参加恐怖活动组织罪 crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities 超越管辖权 excess of jurisdiction 超越职权范围 overstep one’s authority 惩办和宽大相结合combine punishment with leniency 惩办少数、改造多数的原则 principle of punishing the few and reforming the many 惩罚措施 punitive measure 惩罚性制裁 punitive sanction 惩罚与教育相结合 combination of punishment and education 处以刑罚 inflict punishment 处以有期徒刑 sentence to fixed-term imprisonment 触犯法律 break the law; violate the law 抽逃出资罪 crime of flight of capital contribution 抽象行政行为 abstract administrative act 出口骗税犯罪活动 criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export 出售伪造发票罪 crime of selling counterfeit currency 出于对法律的无知 from ignorance of law 出于恶意 from malevolence 从轻处罚 gie a lesser punishment 从重处罚 give a severer punishment 单位受贿罪 crime of bribe taken by a unit 单一犯罪构成 single constitution of crime 盗伐林木罪 crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees 盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪 crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives 盗窃犯 theft act; larcenist 渎职犯罪案件case of dereliction of duty 对象不能犯 object impossibility 多次作案 repeatedly commit crimes 罚不当罪 punishment does not fit the crime 犯意 criminal intent; mens real 犯罪低龄化 lowering ages of criminal offenders 犯罪动机 criminal motive 犯罪构成 constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime 犯罪构成要件 special constitutive elements of crime 犯罪故意 criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea 犯罪集团 criminal gang; criminal group 犯罪客观要件 objective circumstances of a crime 犯罪客体 criminal object; object of a crime 犯罪实行终了 completion of a criminal act 犯罪学 criminology 犯罪预防 crime prevention 犯罪中止 discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime 犯罪主观方面要素 subjective elements of crime 犯罪主体 subject of crime 犯罪着手 initiate a crime 犯罪组织 criminal org