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英语语言学

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英语语言学Chapter I   Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of lan...
英语语言学
Chapter I   Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21.  Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 22.Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.   27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________. A. prescriptive                    B. analytic C. descriptive                     D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness                     B. Displacement C. Duality                          D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________. A. primary     B. correct C. secondary    D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language. A. synchronic                   B. diachronic C. prescriptive                  D. comparative 36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.  A. sociological…psychological    B. psychological…sociological  C. applied… pragmatic           D.semantic and linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole     B. performance C. langue       D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings. A. sense         B. sounds C. objects      D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,  A. displacement  B. duality C. flexibility    D. cultural transmission 40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct. A. learning   B. teaching C. books     D. both A and B IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics     42. Phonology    43. Syntax      44. Pragmatics     45. Psycholinguistics   46. Language 47. Phonetics  48. Morphology  49.Semantics     50. Sociolinguistics    51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness   53 Productivity  54. Displacement      55.Duality         56. Design Features 57. Competence   58 Performance     59. Langue        60 Parole V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for   human communication. Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? 65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? 67. How do you understand competence and performance ? 68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? 69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Chapter 2:Phonology                       I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.   2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.   3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.   4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.   5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.   6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.   7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.   8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.   9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.   10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.   11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.   12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.   13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.   14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.   15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.   16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.   17.  A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.   18.  When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.   19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.   20.  Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.   22.A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.   23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.   24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.   25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.   26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.   27.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.   28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.   29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.   30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.   31.P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.   32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.   33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.   34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth   B. lips   C. tongue   D. vocal cords   36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless    B. voiced  C. vowel     D. consonantal 37.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/        B. /d/ C. /k/    D./b/   38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.  A. identical    B. same C. exactly alike     D. similar   39.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. A. in phonemic contrast        B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones             D. minimal pair   40.The sound /f/ is _________________.  A. voiced palatal affricate             B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative            D. voiceless labiodental fricative     41.  A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.   A. back         B. central C. front     D. middle   42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components    B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features            D. semantic features   43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value.  It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone         B. sound C. allophone     D. phoneme   44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones       B. sounds C. phonemes     D. allophones   IV. Define the terms below: 45. phonology       46. phoneme           47.allophone   48. international phonetic alphabet       49. intonation        50. phonetics       51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics    53. phone     54. phonemic contrast   55. tone             56. minimal pair V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary: 57.  Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 58.  What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels? 59.  What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? 60.  Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. 61.  In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not? Chapter 3:Morphology   I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. 5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. 6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. 9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. 10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. 13. B______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d____ affixes. 15. D______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. 16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. 17. C______ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. 18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m____ rules. 19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d____ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 20. A s____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21.  The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.     A. bound morpheme       B. bound form         C. inflectional morpheme   D. free morpheme 22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound  ______. A.  is the sum total of the meaning of its components B.  can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C.  is the same as the meaning of a free phrase. D.  None of the above. 23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _______.    A. the first element              B. the second element    C. either the first or the second element  D. both the first and the second elements. 24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.  A. Free  morphemes           B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words        D. Words 25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A. Syntax               B.Grammar C. Morphology             D. Morpheme 26.  The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. A. lexical             B. morphemic C. grammatical                 D. semantic 27.  Bound morphemes are those that ___________. A.   have to be used independently B.   can not be combined with other morphemes C.  can either be free or bound D.  have to be combined with other morphemes. 28.  ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.  A. Prefixes          B. Suffixes C. Roots               D. Affixes 29.  _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words        B. Morphemes     C. Phonemes       D. Sentences 30.  “-s” in the word “books” is  _______. A. a derivative affix            B. a stem C. an inflectional affix           D. a root IV. Define the following terms:  31. morphology          32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational morphology   34. morpheme 35. free morpheme     36. bound morpheme 37. root     38. affix 39. prefix        40. suffix 41. derivation         42. Compounding V. Answer the following questions: 43.  What are the main features of the English compounds? 44.  Discuss the types of morphemes with examples. Chapter 4:Syntax   I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. 2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. 4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic competence. 5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. 7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 8. Minor lexical categor
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