宾与宾补

宾语和宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词后除了要求跟有宾语外，还要求跟有宾语补足语（简称为宾补），句子的意思才能完整。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语，它们之间的关系是逻辑上的主谓关系。英语中的三种非谓语动词（即V-ing形式、V-ed形式和不定式）都可以充当宾补。但它们的形式不同，示的意义不同。在大学英语四级考试中出现了很多非谓语动词作宾补的试题。本文结合这些试题讲一下这三种非谓语动词作宾补的用法及区别。 一、V-ing形式作宾补 V-ing形式作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是主动的逻辑主谓关系。它主要是用在下列两类动词之后。 1．感觉动词，主要有see，hear，watch，observe，notice，feel，find，catch，look at，listen to等。如： ◇Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window． 忽然他听见有人轻轻敲窗子。 ◇On the top of the hill，he could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village． 站在山顶上，他可以看到村里升起了缕缕炊烟。 如果宾语与宾补之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系，则要用V-ing形式的被动语态being done。如： ◇(A)Corn originated in the New World andthus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba． A）being cultivated B）been cultivated C）having cultivated D）cultivating ◇(D)The children went there to watch the iron tower _____ ． A）to erect B）erecting C）be erected D）being erected ◇You will find the matter being talked about all over the town． 你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。 ◇The boy liked to watch the boats being loaded and unloaded． 这男孩爱看轮船装卸货物。 2．使役动词，主要有have，get，leave， keep，start，send，set等。如： ◇(D)His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose． A）wondered B）wonder C）to wonder D）wondering ◇We‘d better keep the fire burning．最好让炉火继续着下去。 ◇His letter left me feeling pretty bad．他的信使我感到相当难受。 ◇What she said set me thinking．她说的话使我深思。 二、V-ed形式作宾补 V-ed形式作宾补，着重动作完成，表明动作的结果，它与宾语之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系。它主要是用在下列两类动词之后。 1．表示感觉和心理状态的动词，主要有 hear，see，find，notice，feel，watch，like，think等。如： ◇(A)You will see this product _____ wherever you go． A）advertised B）advertise C）advertising D）to be advertised ◇When they got there，they found the house burnt down． 他们到那儿时，发现房子已全部烧毁。 ◇If you asked some Americans how they liked their steak cooked，you would get a variety of answers． 如果你问一些美国人他们愿意怎么烹调牛排，你会得到种种回答。 2．表示"致使"意义的使役动词，主要有 get，have，make，keep，leave等。如： ◇(C )Don‘t get your schedule_____；stay with us in this class． A）to change B）changing C）changed D）change ◇(C )In Australia the Asians make their influence _____ in businesses large and small． A）feeling B）feel C）felt D）to be felt ◇(C )The manager promised to keep me_____ of how our business was going on． A）to be informed B）on informing C)informed D）informing ◇(B )If you want_____，you have to get the fund somewhere． A）that the job is done B) the job done C）to have done the job D）the job that is done ◇(A )Operations which left patients _____ and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable． A) exhausted B）abandoned C）injured D）deserted 三、不定式作宾补 不定式作宾补，它与宾语的关系是主动的逻辑主谓关系。这又可以分为以下几种情况。 1．不带to的不定式作宾补 这种不定式主要跟在两类动词之后： 1）感觉动词，主要有see，watch，notice， observe，hear，listen to，feel等。不定式（短语）表示的动作发生在感觉动词之前，事情的全部过程已经结束。如： ◇(D )I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him． A）to speak B）spoken C）to have spoken D) speak ◇Did you see anyone go out of the room？（＝Did you see that anyone went out of the room ？你看到有人离开了这房间吗？ ◇She felt someone pat her on the shoulder．她感到有人拍了拍她的肩膀。 2）使役动词，主要有make， have，let等。这时宾补表示的动作 发生在使役动词之后。如： ◇(A )They are going to have the serviceman _____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow． A) install B）to install C）to be installed D）installed ◇(C )My sister‘s professor had her _____her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee． A）rewritten B）to rewrite C) rewrite D）rewriting ◇(C )With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers _____ before their time． A）be bloomed B）blooming C) bloom D）bloomed 2．带to的不定式作宾补 常见的要求带这种结构的动词有：force， tell，require，teach，warn，allow，ask，beg，expect，invite，order，permit，promise，instruct， urge，remind，want，advise，persuade，cause，forbid，like，challenge，request，get，need，oblige，encourage，enable，compel 等，作宾补的动词所表示的动作发生在这些动词之后。如： ◇His conscience compelled him to confess．他的良心迫使他承认。 ◇They urged the committee to make the decision soon．他们极力主张委员会尽快做出决定。 ◇Don‘t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say．写不出的时候不要硬写。 3．在help，bid，know后可带to也可不带 to ◇ I‘ve never known her（to）tell lies．我从没听说她说谎。 ◇Will you help me wash the clothes？你能帮我洗衣服吗？ ◇He bade the soldiers shoot．他命令士兵开枪。 PAGE 3