unit5 综合英语5

AdvancedEnglish5高等教育出版社EDUCATIONPOSITIONReportAcademicSCHOOLRESEARCHFamilyCultureWhitmanManhoodLITERATUREHousesCitiesWritingDATAQualitativeAdvancedEnglish5AdvancedEnglish5高等教育出版社Unit5SUBJECT2FamilyMattersStudythesetopicsinthisunit.高等教育出版社AdvancedEnglish5高等教育出版社ContentsofthisunitUnderstanddifferentpositionsEssayreadingSelf-studyReadingacademicargument12345Self-studyCONTENTNEXTPREVNotesUnderstanddifferentpositionsUnderstanddifferentpositionsCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsDifferentpeopleinhistoryhavedifferentviewsonthefamilyandfamilylife.Readthequotesbelowandthencompletethematchingtask.Drawappropriatelinesforthematching.TeachingSuggestionsCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsOnTuesday,March31,heandIdinedatGeneralPaoli’s.Aquestionwasstarted,whetherthestateofmarriagewasnaturaltoman.Johnson,“Sir,itissofarfrombeingnaturalforamanandwomantoliveinastateofmarriage,thatwefindallthemotiveswhichtheyhaveforremaininginthatconnection,andtherestraintswhichcivilizedsocietyimposestopreventseparation,arehardlysufficienttokeepthemtogether.”TheGeneralsaid,thatinastateofnatureamanandwomanunitingtogetherwouldformastrongandconstantaffection,bythemutualpleasureeachwouldreceive;andthatthesamecausesofdissensionwouldnotarisebetweenthem,asoccurbetweenhusbandandwifeinacivilizedstate.Johnson,1CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions“Sir,theywouldhavedissensionsenough,thoughofanotherkind.Onewouldchoosetogohuntinginthiswood,theotherinthat;onewouldchoosetogofishinginthislake,theotherinthat;or,perhaps,onewouldchoosetogohunting,whentheotherwouldchoosetogofishing;andsotheywouldpart.Besides,Sir,asavagemanandasavagewomanmeetbychance;andwhenthemanseesanotherwomanthatpleaseshimbetter,hewillleavethefirst.”…JamesBoswell1CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsThebasisofthefamilyis,ofcourse,thefactthatparentsfeelaspecialkindofaffectiontowardstheirownchildren,differentfromthatwhichtheyfeeltowardseachotherortowardsotherchildren.Itistruethatsomeparentsfeellittleornoparentalaffection,anditisalsotruethatsomewomenarecapableoffeelinganaffectionforchildrennottheirownalmostasstrongasthatwhichtheycouldfeelfortheirown.Neverthelessthebroadfactremains,thatparentalaffectionisaspecialkindoffeelingwhichthenormalhumanbeingexperiencestowardshisorherownchildren,butnottowardsanyotherhumanbeing.Thisemotionisonewhichweinheritfromouranimalancestors.InthisrespectFreud2seemstomenotsufficiently2CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsbiologicalinhisoutlook,foranyonewhowillobserveananimalmotherwithheryoungcanseethatherbehaviortowardsthemfollowsanentirelydifferentpatternfromherbehaviortowardsthemalewithwhomshehassexrelations.Andthissamedifferentandinstinctivepattern,thoughinamodifiedandlessdefiniteform,existsamonghumanbeings.Ifitwerenotforthisspecialemotiontherewouldbealmostnothingtobesaidforthefamilyasaninstitution,sincechildrenmightequallywellbelefttothecareofprofessionals.Asthingsare,however,thespecialaffectionwhichparentshaveforchildren,providedtheirinstinctsarenotatrophied,isofvaluebothtotheparentsthemselvesandtothechildren.CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsThevalueofparentalaffectiontochildrenlieslargelyinthefactthatitismorereliablethananyotheraffection.One’sfriendslikeoneforone’smerits,one’sloversforone’scharms;ifthemeritsorthecharmsdiminish,friendsandloversmayvanish.Butitisintimesofmisfortunethatparentsaremosttobereliedupon,inillness,andevenindisgraceiftheparentsareoftherightsort.Weallfeelpleasurewhenweareadmiredforourmerits,butmostofusaresufficientlymodestathearttofeelthatsuchadmirationisprecarious.Ourparentsloveusbecausewearetheirchildrenandthisisanunalterablefact,sothatwefeelmoresafewiththemthanwithanyoneelse.Intimesofsuccessthismayseemunimportant,butintimesoffailureitaffordsaconsolationandasecuritynottobefoundelsewhere.BertrandRussell33CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsTwentyyearsfromnowhumanitywillbeinthemidstofoneofitsmostpainfulanddifficultsocialchanges.Thiscenturywillbethelastinwhichfamiliesofmorethantwochildrencanbetolerated;everyoneknowsthis,andtheonlyargumentisoverthemeansofachievingthegoal4.Butthereisanotheraspectofthematterwhichisseldomgivenmuchseriousconsideration.Thetwo-childfamilyisnotlargeenoughtogeneratetheinteractionsthatdevelopagoodpersonality;thisiswhysinglechildrenareoftenmonsters.Probablytheoptimumnumberofsiblingsisfourorfive–twicethepermissiblequota.Thismeansthat,somehow,severalfamiliesmustbepsychologicallyfusedtogetherforthehealthofthechild,45CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsandofsociety.Workingoutwaysofdoingthiswillraisethebloodpressureofawholegenerationoflawyersandmoralists.ArthurC.Clark5Nobodywhohasnotbeenintheinteriorofafamilycansaywhatthedifficultiesofanyindividualofthatfamilymaybe.JaneAusten6,Emma6CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsReadingtasks1.ForthequotefromBoswell,thetasksare:(1)WhatarethereasonsofmarriageraisedbyGeneralPaoliintheconversation?(2)AccordingtoJohnson,whatarethereasonsforseparationofhusbandandwife?(3)InthelightofthetraditionalChineseculture,whatisthebasisofmarriage?IsthistraditionstillalivetodayinChina?(4)WorkinsmallgroupstochangethequotefromBoswellintoadialogueamongGeneralPaoli,S.Johnson,andJ.BoswellinconversationalEnglish.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions2.ForthequotefromB.Russell,thetasksare:(1)AccordingtoRussell,whatisthebasisofafamily?(2)WhatisRussell’sargumentthatparentalloveismorebiologicalthanpsychological?(3)Whatisthedifferencebetweenparentalloveandotherformsoflove?3.ForthequotefromA.C.Clark,thetasksare:(1)DoyouagreewithClark’sviewthatsinglechildrenareoftenmonsters,andtheoptimumnumberofsiblingsisfourorfive?(2)Whywoulditraisethebloodpressureofawholegenerationoflawyersandmoraliststoworkoutthesolutions?Howcanfamiliesbepsychologicallyfusedtogether??CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions4.ForthequotefromJ.Austen,thetasksare:(1)HowisAustendifferentfromL.Tolstoyaboutfamilylife?(2)Whyisithardtounderstandtheinteriordynamicsofafamily?(3)WhatistheChinesesayingsimilarinimplicationtothisquote??KEYSCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsSuggestedpoints1.ForthequotefromBoswellTask1•Husbandandwifewouldpleaseeachotherinamarriage.•Husbandandwifewouldnotdissentfromlivingtogetherinamarriage.•Somarriageisanaturalconditionforman.Task2•Separationmayresultfromdifferentinterestofhusbandandwife.•Separationmayresultfromlackofunderstandingbetweenhusbandandwife.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions•Separationmayresultfromthechangeofmindinhusbandandwife.Task3•Thereisanunderlyingassumptionamongthethreegentlemenintheirviewsonmarriage.Itmustbebasedon“pleasure”eachcangivetotheotherinaharmoniousfamilylife.Thisbondwouldbreakuponcethisconnectionwearsoff.ThisisatypicalWesternviewofmarriage.Incontrast,thetraditionalChineseviewofmarriageisbasedonthefollowingconsiderations:(1)Theneedtocontinuethefamilyline(2)Theneedtomaintainsocial,economical,andpolitical power?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions(3)Theneedtogivepleasuretoeveryoneinthefamily(4)Theneedtopleaseeachotherbetweenhusbandandwife•EncourageSstocommentonthistopic,andelaborateon/continuethislist.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsTask4(forreference)J.Boswell:Doyouthinkthatamanandawomanremaintogetherashusbandandwifeanaturalwayoflife?S.Johnson:Idon’tthinkso.Thereisnotenoughreasontosaythat.Nevertheless,wefindstrongmotivesinourselvesinoursocietyandtherestraintsinourculturetodoso.GeneralPaoli:Butdon’tyouthinkthataconstantconnectionbetweenhusbandandwifewouldfostermutualloveandreducedissensionsamongthem??CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsS.Johnson:Why!Itishighlylikelythatdissensionsmayoccurbetweenthematanymoment.Look,onewouldchoosetogohuntinginthiswood,buttheotherinanother;onewouldchoosetogofishinginthislake,buttheotherinthat…andsoonandsoforth.Theresultisobvious.Theywillpartfromeachother.Besides,peoplemeeteachotherbychance.Whenthemanseesanotherwomanthatpleaseshimbetter,hewillleavethefirst.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions2.ForthequotefromB.RussellTask1•Parentalloveforchildrenisthemostimportantelementinfamilylife,withoutwhichfamilywouldbenothingbecauseitisverydifferentfromothertypesofloveinhumansociety.Task2•Hisargumentisbasedonhisobservationsofanimallove.Thiskindoflovewouldremainforeverregardlessofsituationorenvironment.Nevertheless,loveofothertype,suchasmutualappreciationbetweenfriends,orevenbetweenmanandwoman,wouldbechangedasaresultofchangeinenvironment.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsTask3•Parentalloveisunconditional,andwillremainunchanged foreverevenintheworstconditionsoflifeordeath.3.ForthequotefromA.C.ClarkTask1•ThepossibleresponsefromSsmightbedisagreement.•EncourageSstothinkabouttheseissues: Astheonlychildintheirfamilies,whatarethe advantagesordisadvantagesinthefamilylife?Possibleadvantages:(1)Havingsufficientfocus(maybetoomuchsometimes) fromparents,grandparents,orevenotherrelatives(2)Havinggoodfinancialconditionsforliving(inmaterials)?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions(3)Havingrelativelylightworkloadinfamilybusiness/chores(4)BeingabletoinheritallpropertyfromparentsPossibledisadvantages:(5)Experiencingloneliness(6)Toomuchpressurefromparents(7)Lackofprivacy(8)Lackofsocializationopportunities(9)Lackofrichlifeexperience•EncourageSstocommentonorrevisethelist.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsTask2•HaveSsdiscussthemeaningoffuseafewfamiliestogetherpsychologically.Discussthiscycles:marriage—havingchildren—divorce—remarriagewithchildren—divorce…•Sopsychologicallypeoplewouldexperiencemultiplemarriageanddivorcecyclestoreachthatgoal.•Inthecycle,themoralissues,andalsofinancialissueswillbeaheadacheformanylawyersormoralists.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions4.ForthequotefromJ.AustenTask1•TheyaredifferentinthatAustenemphasizesthedifferenceandthedynamicrelationshipswithinfamilieswhileTolstoyemphasizesallhappyfamiliesarealike,onlyunhappyfamiliesareunhappyintheiruniquefashion.Task2•Theinteriordynamicrelationshipsareoftenemotionalorpsychological,andthereforeverydifficulttodefineorsolve.Task3•HerquoteissimilarinmeaningtotheChinesesaying家家有本难念的经,or清官难断家务事.?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsExplainingandtranslationExplainthefollowingsentencesinEnglishandthentranslatethemintoChinese. Itissofarfrombeingnaturalforamanandwomanto liveinastateofmarriage,thatwefindallthemotives whichtheyhaveforremaininginthatconnection,and therestraintswhichcivilizedsocietyimposestoprevent separation,arehardlysufficienttokeepthemtogether …anditisalsotruethatsomewomenarecapableof feelinganaffectionforchildrennottheirownalmostas strongasthatwhichtheycouldfeelfortheirown. Inthisrespect,Freudseemstomenotsufficiently biologicalinhisoutlook,…?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsExplainingandtranslationExplainthefollowingsentencesinEnglishandthentranslatethemintoChinese.4.Ifitwerenotforthisspecialemotion,therewouldbealmostnothingtobesaidforthefamilyasaninstitution.5.Asthingsare,however,thespecialaffectionwhichparentshaveforchildren,providedtheirinstinctsarenotatrophied,isofvaluebothtotheparentsthemselvesandtothechildren.6.Workingoutwaysofdoingthiswillraisethebloodpressureofawholegenerationoflawyersandmoralists.?KEYSCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsAnswersforreference1.Itissoagainstthehumannatureforamanandawomantolivetogetherundermarriagethatallthereasonstheyhavefortheirmarriagetocontinueandalltherestrictionssetbysocietyfordivorcetohappenfailtopreventacouplefrombreakingup.让一个男人和一个女人在婚姻状况下生活与人的自然本性相差甚远。我们会发现所有让他们维持婚姻的动机和文明社会为离婚设下的限制都不足以将两人维系在一起。?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions2.Itisalsotruethatsomewomenbynaturecanloveother’schildrenasmuchastheirown.同时也有这样的女人，她们能够像爱自己孩子那样深切地爱别人的孩子。3.Freud’sworldviewconcerningthisrespect,inmyopinion,isnotverymuchbasedonbiologicalfacts.在我看来，弗洛伊德有关此方面的观点缺乏足够的生物学方面的考虑。4.Nospecialgoodthingscanbeattributedtofamilyasaplacetoraisechildrenifitisnotforthisuniqueemotionalbondbetweenparentsandchildren.如果不是因为这种特殊的情感，家庭作为一种社会单元也就没有什么特别的优势了。?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositions5.Nevertheless,thefactisthattheloveparentsfeelfortheirchildrenisbeneficiarybothforparentsthemselvesandfortheirchildrenundertheconditionthatsuchnaturalloveisnotdeformed.然而事实上，在父母对孩子本能的爱没有萎缩变形的条件下，这种特殊的爱无论是对父母本人和孩子都具有价值。6.Findingsolutionsforitwillnotbeeasy;dealingwiththerelatedlegalandmoralhurdleswouldrequirethehardworkofawholegenerationoflawyersandmoralists.找到这样做的方法很困难，它会让整整一代的律师和伦理学家大伤脑筋。?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsCollaborativeWritingDiscussthequestionbelowinsmallgroups,andwriteanessayreflectingtheviewsofthemembersofyourgroup.ShouldtheChinesegovernmentstopthepolicyof“one-child-one-family”inorderforchildrentodevelopagoodpersonality?Whyorwhynot??TeachingSuggestionsCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsWordStudyStudythewords/expressionsbelow,andwriteexplanationwithexamplestoillustratetheirusage.atrophy:indisgrace:precarious:unalterable:affordaconsolation:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsatrophy:vi.diminishe.g.Hermusclesatrophiedduringillness.?inhumiliatione.g.Shewasforcedtoleaveindisgrace.indisgrace:WordStudyStudythewords/expressionsbelow,andwriteexplanationwithexamplestoillustratetheirusage.precarious:adj.notstable,changeable,andoftenhardtopredicte.g.Shewasinastateofprecarioushealth.CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsunalterable:adj.notcapableofbeingchangede.g.unalterableconditions?makeconsolationavailablee.g.Thefamiliesandtheirrelativeswereaffordedconsultationaftertheearthquake.affordaconsolation:WordStudyStudythewords/expressionsbelow,andwriteexplanationwithexamplestoillustratetheirusage.CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVUnderstanddifferentpositionsEssayReadingEssayReadingCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingFollowingtheFrenchanthropologistClaudeLevi-Strauss,wecandefinethefamilyasagroupmanifestingthesecharacteristics:itfindsitsorigininmarriage;itconsistsofhusband,wifeandchildrenbornintheirwedlock–thoughotherrelativesmayfindtheirplaceclosetothatnucleargroup;andthemembersofthegroupareunitedbymoral,legal,economic,religious,andsocialrightsandobligations.Theseincludeanetworkofsexualrightsandprohibitionsandavarietyofsociallypatternedfeelings9suchaslove,attraction,piety,awe,andsoon.TheFamily7ByLewisCoser81CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingThefamilyisamongthefewuniversalinstitutionsofmankind.Noknownsocietylackssmallkinshipgroupsofparentsandchildrenrelatedthroughtheprocessofreproduction.Butrecognitionoftheuniversalityofthisinstitutionmustimmediatelybefollowedbytheacknowledgmentthatitsformsareexceedinglyvaried.Thefactthatmanyfamilyorganizationsarenotmonogamic,asintheWest,ledmanynineteenth-centuryobserverstotheerroneousconclusionthatin“early”stagesofevolutionthereexistednofamilies,andthat“groupmarriage,”institutionalizedpromiscuity,10prevailed.Thisisemphaticallynotthecase;eventhoughpatternedwife-lending11shockedthesensibilitiesof2CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingVictoriananthropologists12,suchaninstitutionisevidentlypredicatedonthefactthatmenhavewivesinthefirstplace.Nomatterwhattheirspecificforms,familiesinallknownsocietieshaveperformedmajorsocialfunctions–reproduction,maintenance,socialization,andsocialplacementoftheyoung.Familiesmaybemonogamousorpolygamous–therearesystemswhereonemanisentitledtoseveralwivesandotherswhereseveralhusbandsshareonewife.Asocietymayrecognizeprimarilythesmallnuclearconjugalunitofhusbandandwifewiththeirimmediatedescendantsoritmayinstitutionalizethelargeextendedfamilylinkingseveralgenerationsandemphasizingconsanguinitymore3CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingthantheconjugalbond.Residenceaftermarriagemaybematrilocal,patrilocalorneolocal;exchangesofgoodsandservicesbetweenfamiliesatthetimeofmarriagemaybebasedonbrideprice,groompriceoranequalexchange;endogamousorexogamousregulationsmayindicatewhoisandwhoisnoteligibleformarriage;thechoiceofamatemaybecontrolledbyparentsoritmaybeleftinlargemeasuretotheyoungpersonsconcerned.Thesearebutafewofthemanydifferenceswhichcharacterizefamilystructuresinvariant13societies.CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingTasksCompletethetasksbelowbasedonthereadingpassageanddiscussioninsmallgroups. WhatarethebasiccharacteristicsofafamilyaccordingtoCoser? WhatformsdothefollowingobligationsandrightstakeinChinesesociety?Moral:Legal:Economic:Religious:Sexual:Prohibitions:?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________keyskeysCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReading3.Whatdothefollowingtermsmean:reproductionmaintenancesocializationsocialplacementoftheyoung4.Cosersays,“exchangesofgoodsandservicesbetweenfamiliesatthetimeofmarriagemaybebasedonbrideprice,groompriceoranequalexchange.”Marriageinvolvesatypeofexchange,anditspricecanbemeasuredindifferentterms.Howaretheexchangesinmarriagedeterminedinyourculture?Linkthistopictothecross-culturalmarriagebetweenLinLinandBill.?___________________________________________________________________________keyskeysCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingExplainingandtranslationExplainthefollowingsentencesinEnglishandthentranslatethemintoChinese Theseincludeanetworkofsexualrightsandprohibitionsandavarietyofsociallypatternedfeelingssuchaslove,attraction,piety,awe,andsoon. Nomatterwhattheirspecificforms,familiesinallknownsocietieshaveperformedmajorfunctions–reproductionmaintenance,socializationandsocialreplacementoftheyoung.?keyskeysCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingLanguageworkCoserusedalargenumberofwordsthatarerarelyusedineverydayspokendiscourse.Checkadictionaryandfindouthowthesewordsareformed.Explaintheirmeaningsinyourownwords.?exogamousneolocalmatrilocalpatrilocalconsanguinitymonogamousplacement:socializationerroneousanthropologistreproductionmaintenancepolygamousendogamousinstitutionalizedCONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingexogamous:exo-(meaning:out), gamous(meaning:marriage) Exogamousmeansamarriageoutofasocial groupasrequiredbycustomorculture.neolocal:neo-(meaning:new),localNeolocalasusedin this articlemeansanewresidencewithneither husband’sfamilynorwife’sfamily.matrilocal:matr-(meaning:mother)patrilocal:patr-(meaning:father)consanguinity:con-(meaning:together), sanguine-(meaning:blood), -ity(suffixfornoun) Consanguinitymeansacloserelationorconnection (withinthefamily).monogamous:mono-(meaning:single,orone)placement:-ment(asuffixforforminganoun)?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingsocialization:social-ize(verbsuffix),-ation(nounsuffix)erroneous:-eous(adjectivesuffix)anthropologist:anthro-(meaning:humanbeings), -olog-(meaning:asubjectforstudy), -ist(nounsuffixforadoer,whooftenisa specialist)reproduction:re-(meaning:again), produc-(meaning:make), -ion(nounsuffix)maintenance:-ance(nounsuffix)polygamous:poly-(meaning:many,several)endogamous:endo-(meaning:inside)institutionalized:institution+al(adjectivesuffix)+ize+ed?CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingWordStudyStudythewords/expressionsbelow,andwriteexplanationwithexamplestoillustratetheirusage.manifest:prevail:emphatically:predicate:conjugal:inameasure:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________?_____________________CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingmanifest:vt.showtheevidenceof;display;reveale.g.Shemanifestedgreattalentintheteamwork.Asymptommanifesteditself.?vi.bemostcommonorusual;provesuperiortoe.g.Thismistakenbeliefstillprevailsinthecountryside.Thismodelhasprevailedformanyyears.prevail:WordStudyStudythewords/expressionsbelow,andwriteexplanationwithexamplestoillustratetheirusage.CONTENTHOMENEXTPREVEssayReadingemphatically:adv.mostcertainlye.g.It’semphaticallynecessarytobuildmorenewhouses.?vt.