Unit 8 Knowledge and Wisdom综合教程三

Unit8KnowledgeandWisdom综合教程三Fourshortwordssumupwhathasliftedmostsuccessfulindividualsabovethecrowd:alittlebitmore.------------------------------------------author------------------------------------------dateWatchthevideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whydoestheteacherincludeapaintingwhichisnotontheirsyllabus?Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement1AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationShewantstoteachherstudentshowtothinkindependently.Thenewsyllabuswillbeaboutwhatartis,whatmakesitgoodorbad,andwhodecides.2.Whatisthenewsyllabusfortheirartofhistoryclass?Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement2AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationBettyWarren:Whatisthat?KatherineWatson:Youtellme.CarcassbySoutine.1925.Ananonymousstudent:Itisnotonthesyllabus.Katherine:No,it’snot.Isitanygood?En?Comeon,ladies!Thereisnowronganswer.Thereisalsonotextbooktellingyouwhattothink.It’snotthateasy,isit?Betty:Allright.No,itisnotgood.Infact,Iwouldn’tevencallitart.It’sgrotesque.ConnieBaker:Istherearuleagainstbeinggrotesque?GiselleLevy:Ithinkthereissomethingaggressiveaboutit.Anderotic.VideoScript1AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationFromMonaLisaSmileVideoScript2AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationBetty:Toyou,everythingiserotic.Giselle:Andeverythingiserotic.Katherine:Girls.Theanonymousstudent:Aren’ttherestandards?Betty:Ofcoursethereare.OtherwiseatackyvelvetpaintingcouldbeequatedtoRembrandt.Connie:MyuncleFirdiehastwotackyvelvetpaintings.Helovesthoseclones.Betty:Therearestandards,technique,composition,color,evensubjects.Soifyou’resuggestingthatrottedsideofmeatisart,muchlessgoodart.Thenwhatarewegoingtolearn?VideoScript3AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationKatherine:Justthat.Youhaveoutlinedournewsyllabus,Betty.Thankyou.Whatisart?Whatmakesitgoodorbad?Andwhodecides?Nextslide,please.Twenty-fiveyearsago,someonethoughtthiswasbrilliant.Connie:Icanseethat.Betty:Who?Katherine:Mymother,Ipainteditforherbirthday.Nextslide.ThisismyMum.Isitart?Theanonymousstudent:Itisasnapshot.Katherine:IfItoldyouAnselAdamshadtakenit,wouldthatmakeadifference?VideoScript4AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationBetty:Artisn’tartuntilsomeonesaysitis.Katherine:It’sart!Betty:Therightpeople.Katherine:Whoarethey?Giselle:BettyWarren.Wearesoluckywehaveoneofthemrighthere.Betty:Screwyou.Katherine:CouldyougobacktotheSoutineplease?Numerousstudiesofcollegeclassroomsrevealthat,ratherthanactivelyinvolvingourstudentsinlearning,welecture,eventhoughlecturesarenotnearlyaseffectiveasothermeansfordevelopingcognitiveskills.Criticalthinking—thecapacitytoevaluateskillfullyandfairlythequalityofevidenceanddetecterror,hypocrisy,manipulation,dissembling,andbias—iscentraltobothpersonalsuccessandnationalneeds.Theteacherwhofosterscriticalthinkingfostersreflectivenessinstudentsbyaskingquestionsthatstimulatethinkingessentialtotheconstructionofknowledge.Culturalinformation1AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationCriticalThinkingGlobalReading-Mainidea1TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisForallthethingswemaylearnfromtheworldwearelivingin,therearethreemajorcategories.Thefirstcategoryis“information”,whichconsistsofsimplefactsanddirectimpressions.Thesecondcategoryiscommonlydeemedas“knowledge”,whichisinformationprocessedandsystemized.Thethirdcategoryis“wisdom”,whichisthehardesttodefine.Wearequiteclearaboutitssuperioritytotheprevioustwocategories,yetfortherealmofwisdomtherehasneverbeenasurepath.However,inthisexcerpt,Russellhasshownusawaytoapproachwisdom.RhetoricalFeaturesGlobalReading-Mainidea2TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisInaverylogicalorder,hegivesfourfeaturesofwisdom,fromwhichwelearnthatwisdomisacleveruseofknowledgefornoblepurposes.RhetoricalFeaturesStructuralanalysis1TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisThetextisneatlystructured,withthefirstparagraphintroducingthetopicandtheotherfourparagraphselaboratingonit.Eachofthefourparagraphsdiscussesonefactorthatcontributestowisdom.OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.ThetopicsentenceofParagraphs2-5:Paragraph2:RhetoricalFeaturesStructuralanalysis2TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisTheremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.Paragraph3:Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.Paragraph4:Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.Paragraph5:RhetoricalFeaturesStructuralanalysis3TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisFactorsthatconstitutewisdom:comprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportion;afullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlife;understanding;impartiality.RhetoricalFeaturesRhetoricalFeatures1TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisRhetoricalFeaturesInthisessay,parallelismisemployed,apartfromotherrhetoricdevices.Hereisanexample:“Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality,ontheonehand,byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace,andontheotherhand,bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings.”Theunderlinedpartsinthequotedsentenceconstituteequivalentsyntacticconstructions,thusmakingtheexpressionmoreforceful.Parallelismcanalsobeusedtoconveyone’sideasmoreclearlyandcreateasenseoforderandproportion.RhetoricalFeatures2TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisRhetoricalFeaturesOtherexamplesofparallelismintheessay:…enormouslyloweringtheinfantdeath-rate,notonlyinEuropeandAmerica,butalsoinAsiaandAfrica.(Paragraph2)Thishastheentirelyunintendedresultofmakingthefoodsupplyinadequateandloweringthestandardoflifeinthemostpopulouspartsoftheworld.(Paragraph2)Perhapsonecouldstretchthecomprehensivenessthatconstituteswisdomtoincludenotonlyintellectbutalsofeeling.(Paragraph3)RhetoricalFeatures3TextAnalysisStructuralAnalysisRhetoricalFeaturesItisbynomeansuncommontofindmenwhoseknowledgeiswidebutwhosefeelingsarenarrow.(Paragraph3)Itisnotonlyinpublicways,butinprivatelifeequally,thatwisdomisneeded.(Paragraph4)Mostpeoplewouldagreethat,althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.Butagreementceasesassoonasweattempttodefine“wisdom”andconsidermeansofpromotingit.Iwanttoaskfirstwhatwisdomis,andthenwhatcanbedonetoteachit.BertrandRussellKnowledgeandWisdom(abridged)Detailedreading1DetailedReading1Detailedreading2DetailedReadingThereare,Ithink,severalfactorsthatcontributetowisdom.OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians.Suppose,forexample,thatyouareengagedinresearchinscientificmedicine.Theworkisdifficultandislikelytoabsorbthewholeofyourintellectualenergy.Youhavenottimetoconsidertheeffectwhichyourdiscoveriesorinventions2Detailedreading3DetailedReadingmayhaveoutsidethefieldofmedicine.Yousucceed(letussay),asmodernmedicinehassucceeded,inenormouslyloweringtheinfantdeath-rate,notonlyinEuropeandAmerica,butalsoinAsiaandAfrica.Thishastheentirelyunintendedresultofmakingthefoodsupplyinadequateandloweringthestandardoflifeinthemostpopulouspartsoftheworld.Totakeanevenmorespectacularexample,whichisineverybody’smindatthepresenttime:Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinteresteddesireforknowledge,andincidentallyDetailedreading4DetailedReadingplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace.Insuchwaysthepursuitofknowledgemaybecomeharmfulunlessitiscombinedwithwisdom;andwisdominthesenseofcomprehensivevisionisnotnecessarilypresentinspecialistsinthepursuitofknowledge.Detailedreading5DetailedReadingComprehensivenessalone,however,isnotenoughtoconstitutewisdom.Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.Thismaybeillustratedbythestudyofhistory.Manyeminenthistorianshavedonemoreharmthangoodbecausetheyviewedfactsthroughthedistortingmediumoftheirownpassions.Hegelhadaphilosophyofhistorywhichdidnotsufferfromanylackofcomprehensiveness,sinceitstartedfromtheearliesttimesandcontinuedintoanindefinitefuture.Butthechieflessonofhistorywhichhesoughttoinculcatewasthatfromtheyear400AD3Detailedreading6DetailedReadingdowntohisowntimeGermanyhadbeenthemostimportantnationandthestandard-bearerofprogressintheworld.Perhapsonecouldstretchthecomprehensivenessthatconstituteswisdomtoincludenotonlyintellectbutalsofeeling.Itisbynomeansuncommontofindmenwhoseknowledgeiswidebutwhosefeelingsarenarrow.SuchmenlackwhatIcallwisdom.Detailedreading7DetailedReadingItisnotonlyinpublicways,butinprivatelifeequally,thatwisdomisneeded.Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.Manymeninpastagesdevotedtheirlivestoasearchforthephilosopher’sstoneandtheelixiroflife.Nodoubt,iftheycouldhavefoundthem,theywouldhaveconferredgreatbenefitsuponmankind,butasitwastheirliveswerewasted.4Detailedreading8DetailedReadingTodescendtolessheroicmatters,considerthecaseoftwomen,Mr.AandMr.B,whohateeachotherand,throughmutualhatred,bringeachothertodestruction.SupposeyougotoMr.Aandsay,“WhydoyouhateMr.B?”HewillnodoubtgiveyouanappallinglistofMr.B’svices,partlytrue,partlyfalse.AndnowsupposeyougotoMr.B.HewillgiveyouanexactlysimilarlistofMr.A’sviceswithanequaladmixtureoftruthandfalsehood.SupposeyounowcomebacktoMr.Aandsay,“YouwillbesurprisedtolearnthatMr.Bsaysthesamethingsaboutyouasyousayabouthim”,andyougotoMr.Bandmakeasimilarspeech.Detailedreading9DetailedReadingThefirsteffect,nodoubt,willbetoincreasetheirmutualhatred,sinceeachwillbesohorrifiedbytheother’sinjustice.Butperhaps,ifyouhavesufficientpatienceandsufficientpersuasiveness,youmaysucceedinconvincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness,andthattheirenmityisharmfultoboth.Ifyoucandothis,youwillhaveinstilledsomefragmentsofwisdom.Detailedreading10DetailedReadingIthinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.Wecannothelptheegoismofoursenses.Sightandsoundandtouchareboundupwithourownbodiesandcannotbeimpersonal.Ouremotionsstartsimilarlyfromourselves.Aninfantfeelshungerordiscomfort,andisunaffectedexceptbyhisownphysicalcondition.Graduallywiththeyears,hishorizonwidens,and,inproportionashisthoughtsandfeelingsbecomelesspersonalandlessconcernedwithhisownphysicalstates,5Detailedreading11DetailedReadingheachievesgrowingwisdom.Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree.Noonecanviewtheworldwithcompleteimpartiality;andifanyonecould,hewouldhardlybeabletoremainalive.Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality,ontheonehand,byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace,andontheotherhand,bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings.Itisthisapproachtowardsimpartialitythatconstitutesgrowthinwisdom.Isthereanyorthodoxdefinitionofwisdom?Detailedreading1--Quesion1No.Thereisdisagreementoverwhatwisdomis.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1--Quesion2Whatdoesthewritertrytoillustratebytheexamplesofresearchinmedicineandstudyoftheatomrespectively?Inthefirstplace,theyareexamplesofthepropositionraisedattheverybeginningofthetext:althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.Theproblem,accordingtotheessay,ispartlyduetothefactthatitisnowmoredifficulttoacquireasenseofproportion,ortheabilitytoassigndifferentweightstovariousfactorsrespectively,thusachievingbalance.Inconsequence,breakthroughsinsciencearelikelytobringaboutcorrespondingharmstothehumanrace.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1--Quesion3Accordingtothewriter,howarefeelingsrelatedtowisdom?Ifoneharboursnarrowfeelings,hisresearchandstudycouldbeharmfultothesociety.Theresearchcouldbedoneintheinterestofasmallgroup;theresultofhisstudycouldbebiased.Soknowledgeableasheis,heisnotawiseman.Toimplantwisdom,oneisrequiredtomakeeffortstorestrainthenarrowpersonalfeelingsandhaveamoreextensivepassionforhumanlife.Wisdomconsistsnotonlyoftheabilitytojudgewhatismostimportantbutalsoofafullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlife.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1--Quesion4Whyiswisdomanecessaryqualityinpeopleandculture?AccordingtoRussell,thevicesofthelackofwisdomareobviousandpalpable,rangingfromdisturbancetopubliclife,includingmostnotablytheupsetofworldpeace,tounpleasantincidentsinprivatelife.Meanwhile,thereseemstobeanimbalanceinthegrowthofknowledgeandwisdom,whichisverylikelytomakethingsevenworse.So,wisdomisnecessaryforbothpersonalandculturaldevelopments.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1--Quesion5What,accordingtoRussell,istheessenceofwisdom?Andhowdoesthatexplaintheprocesstoattainwisdom?AccordingtoRussell,theessenceofwisdomisimpartiality,oremancipationfromegoisticortemporalconcerns.Itisnaturallydifficultformantoattainimpartiality,asmanisnaturallyboundupbyhisownphysicalstatesfromhisbirth.Ashegrows,however,hishorizonwidens,hisconcernsgetbeyondfromthelimitsoftimeandspace,andhisfeelingsbecomemoreimpersonal,thusthegrowthofimpartialityandwisdom.DetailedReadingsurpassv.exceed,begreaterthanDetailedreading1–surpasse.g.Thestudentwassurpassinghimselfinmathematics.Tom’sperformancesurpassedallexpectations.DetailedReadingTheamountofpetrolacarusesisrelativetoitsspeed.e.g.Detailedreading1–correlative1correlativea.havingorshowingarelationtosth.elsee.g.Rights,whethermoralorlegal,caninvolvecorrelativeduties.DetailedReadingDerivation:correlate(v.)correlation(n.)Comparison:relative(to)a.Ifsth.isrelativetosth.else,itvariesaccordingtothespeedorleveloftheotherthing.Arethesedocumentsrelativetothediscussion?e.g.Detailedreading1–correlative2DetailedReadingComparison:Ifsth.isrelativetoaparticularsubject,itisconnectedwithit.Detailedreading1--proportion1proportionn.thecorrectrelationinsize,degree,etc.betweenonethingandanotherorbetweenthepartsofawholee.g.Whenateacherdecidesuponhisstudents’comprehensivescoreforacoursetaken,hehastoconsidertheproportionofexaminationtocoursework.Yourlegsareverymuchinproportiontotherestofyourbody.Ithinkacertainamountofworryaboutworkisverynatural,butyou'vegottokeepitinproportion.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–proportion2DetailedReadingasenseofproportiontheabilitytounderstandwhatisimportantandwhatisnotDetailedreading1–dueduea.proper,adequatee.g.Theywillsurelymeetwithduepunishment.Duecaremustbetakenwhileoneisdriving.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–disinteresteddisinteresteda.havingnopersonalinvolvementorreceivingnopersonaladvantage,andthereforeabletojudgeasituationfairlye.g.adisinterestedobserver/judgmentapieceofdisinterestedadviceDetailedReadingDerivation:interest(v.)interested(a.)interesting(a.)Detailedreading1–spectacularspectaculara.attractingexcitednotice,graduallyunusuale.g.Thepartysufferedaspectacularlossintheelection.We’vehadspectacularsuccesswiththeproduct.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–lunaticlunaticn.apersonwhoismad,foolish,orwilde.g.Hedriveslikealunatic.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–endendn.agoalordesiredresulte.g.Doyouhaveaparticularendinmind?Hewantedsciencestudentstotakeaninterestinthearts,andtothisendheranliteratureclassesathishomeonSundayafternoons.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–inculcateinculcatev.fixbeliefsorideasinsb.’smind,especiallybyrepeatingthemoftene.g.Ourfootballcoachhasworkedhardtoinculcateateamspiritin/intotheplayers.Theywilltrytoinculcateyouwitharespectforculture.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–emancipationemancipationn.freedomfrompolitical,moral,intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjusticee.g.women’s/femaleemancipationblackemancipationtheemancipationofmankindtheemancipationoftheserfsDetailedReadingSynonym:freeing,liberation,unyokingDetailedreading1–inherentlyinherentlyad.existingasanaturalorbasicpartofsth.e.g.There’snothinginherentlywrongwithhisideas.Mountaineeringisinherentlydangerous.Powerstationsarethemselvesinherentlyinefficient.DetailedReadingSynonym:intrinsically,essentially,innatelyDetailedreading1–thephilosopher’sstoneandtheelixiroflifethephilosopher’sstoneandtheelixiroflifeThesearetwoofthemajorpreoccupationsofalchemy.Thephilosopher'sstonecouldconvertallmetalintowhatwasconsidereditsmostrefinedform,theelementgold.Theelixiroflifewouldinstillperpetualyouth.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–conferonconferon/upongiveorgrant(anofficialtitle,degree,honour,rightoradvantagetosomeone)e.g.TheministermayhaveexceededthepowersconferredonhimbyParliament.AnhonorarydoctoratewasconferredonhimbyPekingUniversity.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–appallingappallinga.horrifying,shockinge.g.Whenwillthisappallingwarend?Prisonerswerekeptinthemostappallingconditions.Theplightofthestarvingrefugeesisappalling.DetailedReadingDerivation:appal(v.)appalled(a.)Detailedreading1–vicevicen.evilorunprincipledconduct,criminalorimmoralbehavioure.g.Greed,pride,envy,dishonestyandlustareconsideredtobevices.Thechiefofpolicesaidthathewascommittedtowipingoutviceinthecity.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–admixtureadmixturen.athingadded,esp.asaminoringrediente.g.greenwithanadmixtureofblackDetailedReadingDetailedreading1–enmityenmityn.afeelingofhatee.g.enmitybetweenProtestantsandCatholicsfamilyfeudsandenmitiesDetailedReadingSynonym:hostility,animosity,opposition,resentmentDetailedreading1–instillinstillv.graduallybutfirmlyestablish(anideaorattitude,especiallyadesirableone)inaperson’sminde.g.Itispartofateacher’sjobtoinstillself-confidenceintohis/herstudents.DetailedReadingSynonym:inculcatefairness,justice,objectivity,neutrality,open-mindednessDetailedreading1–impartialityimpartialityn.theconditionoftreatingallrivalsordisputantsequallye.g.Thestatemustensuretheindependenceandimpartialityofthejusticesystem.Hisimpartialitywashighlysuspect.DetailedReadingDerivation:partial(a.),partiality(n.),partially(ad.),impartial(a.),impartially(ad.)Synonym:Detailedreading1–Mostpeople…Mostpeoplewouldagreethat,althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.Paraphrase:Mostpeoplebelievethatknowledgeisnotequaltowisdomaspasthistoryhassuggestedthattheacquisitionofknowledgedoesnotnecessarilyleadtotheincreaseofwisdom.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–Ofthese…OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Explanation:Thewholesentencemeansthatamongthecontributingfactorsofwisdom,Ishouldregardasenseofproportionasthetoppriority.Itreferstotheabilitytogetacomprehensiveviewofaproblem,andatthesametime,toknowwhichaspectismoreimportantandwhichisless.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–Manyeminent…Manyeminenthistorianshavedonemoreharmthangoodbecausetheyviewedfactsthroughthedistortingmediumoftheirownpassions.Paraphrase:Viewpointsofmanydistinguishedhistorianshaveprovedharmfulbecausetheiropinionswerebiasedanddistortedbytheirnarrowfeelings.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–Evenanend…Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.Paraphrase:Itwouldbeunwisetopursueagoalthatisboundtofail,althoughitmightbenobletodoso.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–Ithinktheessence…Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.Paraphrase:Ithinktheessenceofwisdomistogetone’shorizonsfreefromtheconfinementoftimeandspace.DetailedReadingDetailedreading1–Ithinktheessence…ClassActivityEachstudentisaskedtoquoteawiseideafromancientChineseclassicsandsharewitheachotherwhyyouthinkitisenlightening.DetailedReadingConsolidationActivities-VocabularymainWordDerivationPhrasePracticeSynonym/AntonymVocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarConsolidationActivities-Phrasepractice11)benefitv.→beneficenta.→beneficiala.→beneficiaryn.VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarIfeelthatIhavebenefitedgreatlyfromherwisdom.我感觉自己从她的智慧当中获益良多。Iamluckytohavesuchabeneficentaunt.我庆幸自己有这样一位慷慨仁慈的阿姨。Astayinthecountrywillbebeneficialtohishealth.去乡下待上一阵子对他的健康很有好处。e.g.Herhusbandwasthechiefbeneficiaryofherwill.她的丈夫是她的遗嘱的主要受益人。ConsolidationActivities-Phrasepractice2VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar2)desirev.→desirablea.→desirousa.Ant.undesirablea.Thehotelhadeverythingyoucouldpossiblydesire.这家旅馆可以提供你想要的几乎一切服务。Reducingclasssizesinschoolsisadesirableaim.减小学校的班级规模是一个大家都想实现的目标。Thedukeisdesirousofmeetingyou.公爵十分盼望与您会面。e.g.Housesnearindustrialsitesoftendonotsellsoquicklybecausetheyareregardedasundesirable.临近工业区的房子不太受欢