Unit-8-Focus-on-Global-Warming综合教程二

Unit1Unit8FocusonGlobalWarmingPre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationWatchthevideoandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whereistheplaceinthevideo?2.Isitpossiblethatourplanetwillbelikethisinthefuture?Why?Theearth.Butnotthesameearthwherewearelivingnow.Inthevideo,therearerubbishanddusteverywhere.Andthecitymayhavebeenabandoned,becausethereisnobodyonthestreetbutarobot.It’squitepossible.HumanbeingshavecausedtoomanytroublestotheEarth:airandwaterpollution,energycrisis,globalwarming,etc.Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement2AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationVideoScript1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationSinging:Closeyoureyesandseeitlisten,Barnaby.Listen,Barnaby!PutonyourSundayclothes.There’slotsofworldoutthere.Getoutthebrilliantineanddimecigars.We’regonnafindadventureintheeveningair.Girlsinwhiteinaperfumednightwherethelightsarebrightasthestars.PutonyourSundayclothes.We’regonnaridethroughtowninoneofthosenewhorsedrawnopencars.We’llseetheshowsatDelmonico’s.Andwe’llclosethetowninawhirl.Andwewon’tcomehomeuntilwe’vekissedagirl...Culturalinformation1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationGlobalwarmingistheincreaseintheaveragetemperatureofEarth’snear-surfaceairandoceanssincethemid-20thcenturyanditsprojectedcontinuation.Mostoftheobservedtemperatureincreasesincethemiddleofthe20thcenturywascausedbyincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases,whichresultsfromhumanactivitysuchasfossilfuelburninganddeforestation.GlobalwarmingCulturalinformation2AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationAnincreaseinglobaltemperaturewillcausesealevelstoriseandwillchangetheamountandpatternofprecipitation,probablyincludingexpansionofsubtropicaldeserts.WarmingisexpectedtobethestrongestintheArcticandwouldbeassociatedwithcontinuingretreatofglaciers,permafrostandseaice.Otherlikelyeffectsincludechangesinthefrequencyandintensityofextremeweatherevents,speciesextinctions,andchangesinagriculturalyields.GlobalReading-TextanalysisStructuralanalysisTextanalysis1.Fromwhichperspectivesdoesthetextaddresstheissueofglobalwarming?Thetextaddressestheissuefromthreeperspectives—thegeneralpublicconcern,itscausesandconsequences,andpracticalactionstotackletheproblem.TextanalysisStructuralanalysis2.What’stheauthor’spurposeofwriting?Toraisepeople’sconsciousnessofthepotentialdangersofglobalwarming,andtosuggestsomeactionstocombatit.GlobalReading-TextanalysisStructuralanalysis1Theauthortellsthereasonwhypeoplearenowincreasinglyconcernedaboutglobalwarming.Theauthortracesthecausesofglobalwarminganddiscussestheconsequencesofit.Theauthorputsforwardsomesuggestionsonwhatistobedone.1.Dividethetextintopartsbycompletingthetable.TextanalysisStructuralanalysisParagraphsMainidea1-23-78-11Structuralanalysis32.Figureoutthesub-ideasinthesecondpart.1)thecausesoftherisingconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere(Paragraphs3and4)2)theeffectofsuchconcentrationonclimatechange(Paragraphs5and6)3)thepotentialthreatofglobalwarmingtohumanhealthandsurvival(Paragraph7)MainideaStructuralanalysis1Twenty-fiveyearsagoifyoumadeatriptothelocallibraryandperusedtheperiodicalsectionforarticlesonglobalwarming,you’dprobablyhavecomeupwithonlyafewabstractsfromhardcoresciencejournalsormaybeablurbinsomeesotericgeopoliticalmagazine.AsanInternetsearchonglobalwarmingnowattests,thesubjecthasbecomeasrootedinourpublicconsciousnessasMadonnaormicrowavecooking.FocusonGlobalWarmingDetailedreading1DetailedreadingJohnWeier2Perhapsallthisattentionisdeserved.Withthepossibleexceptionofanotherworldwar,giantasteroid,oranincurableplague,globalwarmingmaybethesinglelargestthreattoourplanet.Fordecadeshumanfactoriesandcarshavespewedbillionsoftonsofgreenhousegasesintotheatmosphere,andtheclimatehasbeguntoshowsomesignsofwarming.Manyseethisasaharbingerofwhatistocome.Ifwedon’tcurbourgreenhousegasemissions,thenlow-lyingnationscouldbeawashinseawater,rainanddroughtpatternsacrosstheworldcouldchange,hurricanescouldbecomemorefrequent,andElNinoscouldbecomemoreintense.Detailedreading2DetailedreadingDetailedreading33Whathasworriedmanypeoplenowisthatoverthepast250yearshumanshavebeenartificiallyraisingtheconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Ourfactories,powerplants,andcarsburncoalandgasolineandspitoutaseeminglyendlessstreamofcarbondioxide.Weproducemillionsofpoundsofmethanebyallowingourtrashtodecomposeinlandfillsandbybreedinglargeherdsofmethane-belchingcattle.Nitrogen-basedfertilizers,whichweuseonnearlyallourcrops,releaseunnaturalamountsofnitrogenoxideintotheatmosphere.DetailedreadingOurWarmingPlanet4Oncethesecarbon-basedgreenhousegasesgetintotheatmosphere,theystaytherefordecadesorlonger.AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)sincetheindustrialrevolution,carbondioxidelevelshaveincreased31percentandmethanelevelshaveincreased151percent.Paleoclimatereadingstakenfromfossilrecordsshowthatthesegases,twoofthemostabundantgreenhousegases,areattheirhighestlevelsinthepast420,000years.ManyscientistsfearthattheincreasedconcentrationsofgreenhousegaseshavepreventedadditionalthermalradiationfromleavingtheEarth.Inessence,thesegasesaretrappingexcessheatintheEarth’satmosphereinmuchthesamewaythatawindshieldtrapssolarenergythatentersacar.Detailedreading4Detailedreading5Muchoftheavailableclimatedataappeartobackthesefears.TemperaturedatagatheredfrommanydifferentsourcesallacrosstheglobeshowthatthesurfacetemperatureoftheEarth,whichincludestheloweratmosphereandthesurfaceoftheocean,hasrisendramaticallyoverseveraldecades.Worldwidemeasurementsofsealevelshowariseof0.1to0.2metersoverthelastcentury.That’sanincreaseofroughly1℃every4,000years.Readingsgatheredfromglaciersrevealasteadyrecessionoftheworld’scontinentalglaciers.Takentogether,allofthesedatasuggestthatoverthelastcenturytheplanethasexperiencedthelargestincreaseinsurfacetemperaturein1,000years.Detailedreading5DetailedreadingDetailedreading6Detailedreading6Notsurprisingly,manyscientistsspeculatethatsuchchangesintheclimatewillprobablyresultinhotterdaysandfewercooldays.AccordingtotheIPCC,landsurfaceareaswillincreaseintemperatureoverthesummermonthsmuchmorethantheocean.Themid-latitudetohigh-latituderegionsintheNorthernHemisphere—areassuchastheContinentalUnitedStates,Canada,andSiberia—willlikelywarmthemost.Theseregionscouldexceedmeanglobalwarmingbyasmuchas40percent.Detailedreading77Asfarashumanhealthisconcerned,thosehithardestwillprobablyberesidentsofpoorercountriesthatdonothavethefundstofendagainstchangesinclimate.Aslightincreaseinheatandraininequatorialregionswouldlikelysparkanincreaseinvector-bornediseasessuchasmalaria.Moreintenserainsandhurricanescouldcausemoreseverefloodingandmoredeathsincoastalregionsandalongriverbeds.Evenamoderateriseinsealevelcouldthreatenthecoastlinesoflow-lyingislandssuchastheMaldives.Allacrosstheglobe,hottersummerscouldleadtomorecasesofheatstrokeanddeathsamongthosewhoarevulnerable,suchasolderpeoplewithheartproblems.DetailedreadingThewarmertemperaturesmayalsoleadtohigherlevelsofnear-surfaceozonefromcarsandfactories,whichwouldlikelycausemoreperilousairqualitydaysandhospitaladmissionsforthosewithrespiratoryproblems.Detailedreading8DetailedreadingTakingActions8Fortunately,wecantakeactionstoslowdownglobalwarming.Globalwarmingresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesthatreleaseheat-trappinggasesandparticlesintotheair.Themostimportantcausesincludetheburningoffossilfuelssuchascoal,gas,andoil,anddeforestation.Toreducetheemissionofheat-trappinggaseslikecarbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxides,wecancurbourconsumptionoffossilfuels,usetechnologiesthatreducetheamountofemissionswhereverpossible,andprotecttheforestsintheworld.9Wecanalsodothingstomitigatetheimpactsofglobalwarmingandadapttothosemostlikelytooccur,e.g.,throughcarefulplanningandotherstrategiesthatreduceourvulnerabilitytoglobalwarming.10Butwecan’tstopthere.Wearealsoadvocatingpoliciesthatwillcombatglobalwarmingoverthelongterm,thingslikecleancarsthatrunonalternativefuels,environmentallyresponsiblerenewableenergytechnologies,andstoppingtheclear-cuttingofvaluableforests.Detailedreading9DetailedreadingDetailedreading1011Clearly,globalwarmingisahugeproblem.Itwilltakeeveryone—governments,industry,communitiesandindividualsworkingtogethertomakearealdifference.Fortunatelyyoucanbepartofthem.DetailedreadingWhyhavepeopleshownincreasingconcernaboutglobalwarming?Detailedreading1--Quesion1.1Theanswerliesinthesecondparagraph:itisaharbingerofwhatistocome—thethreattolow-lyingnations,changeofrainanddroughtpatterns,frequenthurricanesandintenseElNinos.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1--Quesion1.3DetailedreadingHowdoestherisingconcentrationofgreenhousegasescausethechangeinclimate?Therisingconcentrationofgreenhousegases,whichisprimarilycausedbyhighlevelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneintheatmosphere,istrappingexcessheat(fromthesun)andpreventingitfromleavingtheEarth,hencecreatingglobalwarming.Detailedreading1--Quesion2.1DetailedreadingClimateChangesHealthDamagesslightincreaseinheatandrainmoderateriseinsealevelmoreintenserainandhurricanesanincreaseinvectordiseasessuchasmalariathreattothecoastlinesoflow-lyingislandsseverefloodingandmoredeathshottersummersandwarmertemperaturesacrosstheglobemorecasesofheatstrokeanddeaths;morehospitaladmissionsforthosewithrespiratoryproblemsCompletethefollowingtablewithpossiblehealthdamagescausedbyclimatechanges.Whataretheimmediateactionsthatweshouldtake?Detailedreading1--Quesion3Weshouldtakesuchimmediateactionsasa)cuttingourconsumptionoffossilfuels,b)usingtechnologiestoreducetheemissionofgreenhousegases,andc)protectingourforests.Detailedreading1.Whatdoes“adapttothosemostlikelytooccur”mean?Detailedreading1--Quesion5Itmeans“dothingstogetourselvespreparedforthesituationsthataremostlikelytooccur.”Detailedreading2.Whatarethelong-termpoliciesthatshouldbeworkedout?Weshouldencouragepeopletouseenvironmentallycleanfuelsandtechnologies,andstoptheclear-cuttingofforests.perusevt.toreadthroughsomething,especiallyinordertofindthepartyouareinterestedinDetailedreading1–perusee.g.Heopenedanewspaperandbegantoperusethepersonalads.Derivation:perusaln.Detailedreadinge.g.abriefperusalHesentacopyofthereporttothegovernorsfortheirperusal.periodicaln.apublicationthatappearsatfixedintervals,esp.oneofaseriouskindDetailedreading1–periodicale.g.Shehaswrittenforseverallegalperiodicals.DetailedreadingDerivation:periodn.periodica.occurringorappearingat(esp.regular)intervals定期的，周期的periodicallyad.Detailedreading1–comeupwithDetailedreadingcomeupwithtothinkofanidea,plan,reply,etc.e.g.Noonehascomeupwithaconvincingexplanationofwhydinosaursdiedout.Thescientistsarebeatingtheirbrainstryingtocomeupwithasolutiontotheproblem.Detailedreading1–attestDetailedreadingattestvt./vi.todemonstrate,todeclaretobetruee.g.Theluxuriousfurnishingsattestedtothefamily’swealth.Theperfectionoftheirdesignisattestedbythefactthattheyhavesurvivedforthousandsofyears.Collocation:attest(to)sth.Derivation:attestationn.Detailedreading1--consciousness1consciousnessn.1)theconditionofbeingawakeandunderstandingwhatishappeninge.g.Whenwillthepatientregainhisconsciousness?Theblowcausedhimtoloseconsciousness.Detailedreading2)alltheideas,thoughts,feelings,etc.ofapersonorpeoplee.g.Loveforfreedomrunsdeepinthenationalconsciousness.Thisexperiencehelpedtochangehersocialconsciousness.Detailedreading1–consciousness2DetailedreadingCollocation:consciousnessofsth./that…awarenessofsth./that…regain/recoverconsciousness恢复意识，恢复知觉loseconsciousness失去意识，失去知觉e.g.Herconsciousnessthatshe’sdifferentmakesherfeeluneasy.Antonym:unconsciousnessDetailedreading1–consciousness3DetailedreadingComparison:subconsciousa.潜意识的consciencen.良心conscientiousa.（指人或行为）认真的，尽责的Thepoetlaydownandgazedatthebrightmoon,missinghishometown.Detailedreading1–consciousness4e.g.DetailedreadingExercise:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordfromthebox.conscioussubconsciousconscienceconscientious1.Ourmindregistersthingswhichourmindisnotawareof.2.Mybrotherisastudent.3.MywouldreallytroublemeifIworeafurcoat.subconscious______________conscious___________conscientious_______________conscience____________Themoneyisonlygiventothemostdeservingcases—tothepeoplewhoneeditmost.Hiseffortsarecertainlydeservingofpraise.Detailedreading1–deserveDetailedreadingdeservevt.tobeworthyofe.g.I’mgladshegotthefirstprizeattheEnglishSpeechContest—shethoroughlydeservedit.Isaidsomecruelthingstohim,buthedeserveditforthewayhetreatedme.Derivation:deservinga.e.g.Detailedreading1–threatDetailedreadingSheleftthecountryunderthreatofarrestifshereturned.threatn.astrongpossibilitythatsomethingverybadwillhappene.g.Withsomanynewofficesbeingbuiltinthecity,alotofarchaeologicalremainsareunderthreat.Drunkendriversposeaseriousthreattootherroadusers.Collocation:beunderthreatofsth.e.g.Derivation:threatenv.threateninga.Detailedreading1--withtheexceptionofwiththeexceptionofexcept,notincludinge.g.Ithinkeverystudent,withtheexceptionofHelen,willpasstheexam.Withtheexceptionofgold,thesurfacesofmetalsareneverobservedbutonlytheiroxides.DetailedreadingCollocation:withoutexceptionhavenoexceptionexceptiontosth.makeanexceptionDetailedreading1–spewDetailedreadingspewvt.topourout,esp.quicklyandviolentlye.g.Oneengineoftheplanecaughtfireandspewedblacksmoke.Hespewedforthwhathehadrecentlylearnedaboutthetruefacts.Collocation:spewsth.uptovomitDetailedreading1–harbingerDetailedreadingharbingern.somethingthatindicatesorforeshadowswhatistocomee.g.Thecrowingoftheroosterisaharbingerofdawn.Frostisaharbingerofwinter.Collocation:harbingerofsb./sth.Detailedreading1–curbDetailedreadingcurbvt.tostopsomethingthatisharmfule.g.Thisgovernmenthasmadepioneeringstridestowardscurbingairpollution.Theonlywaytocurbthespreadofthediseaseisbyimmunizingtheentirepopulation.emissionn.theactofsendingforth;dischargeDetailedreading1–emissione.g.TheGreenPartyhavecalledforasubstantialreductionintheemissionofgreenhousegasesbytheUK.DetailedreadingThealarmemitsinfra-redrayswhichareusedtodetectanyintruder.Themachineemitsahigh-pitchedsoundwhenyoupressthebutton.Derivation:emitv.e.g.Detailedreading1–ActivityDetailedreadingDiscussionWhatkindofperiodicaldoyouusuallyperuse?Whydoyoulikethatperiodical?Whatthoughtsdoyoucomeupwithafterreadingthatperiodical?Shareyourfavoriteperiodicalwithyourgroupmembersandtrytousethefollowingwordsandexpressionswhendiscussing.perusecomeupwithperiodicalconsciousnessattestdeservewiththeexceptionofthreatspewharbingercurbemissionDetailedreading1–AsInternetsearchonglobalDetailedreading而今因特网上搜索的结果足以证明，全球气候变暖这个话题就像麦当娜和微波炉烹饪一样深入人心。AsanInternetsearchonglobalwarmingnowattests,thesubjecthasbecomeasrootedinourpublicconsciousnessasMadonnaormicrowavecooking.Paraphrase:AnInternetsearchonglobalwarmingprovesthatthesubjecthasgotfixedinpeople’smind,justlikeMadonnaormicrowavecooking.Translation:Detailedreading1–WiththepossibleexceptionofDetailedreading除了可能再一次发生的世界大战，一颗巨大的行星撞击地球或是一场无法医治的瘟疫侵袭之外，全球变暖差不多是我们星球面临的最大威胁。Withthepossibleexceptionofanotherworldwar,agiantasteroid,oranincurableplague,globalwarmingmaybethesinglelargestthreattoourplanet.Translation:Detailedreading1–ManyseethisasaharbingerDetailedreading很多人都将此视为一种不祥的征兆。Manyseethisasaharbingerofwhatistocome.Translation:Detailedreading1–ElNinoDetailedreadingElNinoExplanation:ElNinoisanirregularlyoccurringandcomplexseriesofclimaticchangesaffectingtheequatorialPacificregionandbeyondeveryfewyears,characterizedbytheappearanceofunusuallywarm,nutrient-poorwateroffnorthernPeruandEcuador,typicallyinlateDecember.Detailedreading1–concentrationDetailedreadingconcentrationn.1)therelativeamountofaparticularsubstancecontainedwithinasolutionormixtureorinaparticularvolumeofspacee.g.Thepesticidehasreachedadangerousconcentrationinthelakewater.Collocation:concentrationon/ofsth.2)(power)ofconcentrating(onsth.)e.g.Ifindthatyogaimprovesmypowersofconcentration.Detailedreading1–decomposeDetailedreadingdecomposev.1)(causeto)decaye.g.Themeatbegantodecomposeaftersometimeinthesun.Derivation:decompositionn.2)toseparateintocomponentsorbasicelementse.g.Microbesdecomposeorganicwasteintoamixtureofmethaneandcarbondioxide.Synonym:decay,rot,breakdownAntonym:composeDetailedreading1–breed1Detailedreadingbreedvi.(ofanimals)produceyounge.g.Theblackbird,likemostbirds,breedsinthespring.vt.1)tokeepanimalsforthepurposeofproducingyounganimalsinacontrolledwaye.g.Hismainincomecomesfrombreedingcattle.2)tocausesomethingtohappen,usuallysomethingbade.g.Unemploymentbreedssocialunrest.Detailedreading1–breed2DetailedreadingCollocation:bornandbred:born,broughtupandeducated(inaspecifiedplaceormanner)e.g.Hewasbornandbredagentleman.Derivation:breedn.breedern.breedingn.Detailedreading1–releasereleasevt.letasubstancespreadintoatmosphere,esp.aspartofachemicalreactione.g.Oilwasreleasedintothesea.Anexplosioniscausedbytheveryrapidreleaseofalargeamountofenergy.DetailedreadingCollocation:releasesomethingintosomethingDerivation:releasen.Detailedreading1–abundantDetailedreadingabundanta.morethanenoughe.g.Thereisabundantevidenceofcontinuingracialprejudiceinsociety.Yunnanhasabundanthydropowerresources.Derivation:abundantlyad.abundancen.e.g.Therewasanabundanceofwineatthewedding.Excessiveexercisecansometimescausehealthproblems.e.g.Detailedreading1–excess1Detailedreadingexcessa.extraoradditional(totheusualorpermittedamount)e.g.Acompanywhichmakeshighprofitsmustpayexcessprofitsdutytothegovernment.Collocation:excessfare补票费excessbaggage/luggage超重的行李Comparison:excessivea.greaterthanwhatisnormalornecessary;extreme过分的，过度的Detailedreading1–excess2DetailedreadingDerivation:excessn.exceedv.excessivelyad.e.g.Thesuccessofourcampaignhasexceededourwildestexpectations.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1-recessionrecessionn.1)(ofwater,glacier,etc.)theprocessofmovingbackfromanareathatitwascoveringe.g.Therainfallislikelytodelaytherecessionofthefloodwater.2)temporarydeclineineconomicactivityorprosperitye.g.Theeconomyisinrecessionandwillremainsoforatleastanotheryear.Duringsevererecession,companiesareoftenforcedtomakemassivejobcutsinordertosurvive.在严重的经济萧条期，公司通常会被迫大规模裁员以维持运转。Derivation:recessionarya.Detailedreading1–InessenceDetailedreading本质上，这些温室气体留住了地球大气层中过量的热量，正如汽车的挡风玻璃将进入汽车内部的太阳能阻留在车内一样。Inessence,thesegasesaretrappingexcessheatintheEarth’satmosphereinmuchthesamewaythatawindshieldtrapssolarenergythatentersacar.Paraphrase:Inessence,excessheatiskeptintheEarth’satmospherebythesegases;thisphenomenonisjustlikesolarenergyiskeptwithinacarbyawindshield.Translation:大量现有的对气体的研究资料可以证实我们的担忧不是多余的。Detailedreading1–MuchoftheavailableDetailedreadingMuchoftheavailableclimatedataappeartobackthesefears.Paraphrase:Thereisplentyofclimatedatawhichcouldsupportthesefears.Translation:Detailedreading1–speculateDetailedreadingspeculatevi.tomakeguessese.g.Wedon’tknowwhytheprehistoricstonecircleswerebuilt.Wecanonlyspeculate.Thatspokespersondeclinedtospeculateonthecauseoftheaircrash.那位发言人拒绝猜测此次飞机坠毁的原因。Derivation:speculationn.e.g.Thepapersarefullofspeculationaboutwhoislikelytobethenextprimeminister.Youare22now.Itistimeyoulefthomeandlearnttofendforyourself.Detailedreading1–fendDetailedreadingfendvi.todefendoneselffromablow,attack,orattackere.g.Theministermanagedtofendoffsomeawkwardquestionsfromreporters.Hetriedtofendofftheattackerwithastick.Solongasthelocalpeopleworkhardandtakeeffectivesteps,theywillfendagainstpoverty.只要当地人民埋头苦干并采取有效措施，就一定能战胜贫困。Collocation:fendsth./sb.off抵御或抵挡fendforoneself照顾自己；独立生活e.g.Detailedreading1–moderate1Detailedreadingmoderatea.1)averageinamount,intensity,quality,etc.;notextremee.g.amoderateperformance不好不坏的演出Imposingsanctionsisamoderateactionwhenyouconsiderthatthealternativeismilitaryintervention.2)oforhaving(usu.political)opinionsthatarenotextremee.g.Thepartyleaderisanextremeleft-winger,butherdeputyismoremoderateinherviews.Detailedreading1–moderate2Detailedreading3)keepingorkeptwithinlimitsthatarenotexcessivee.g.Heisamoderatedrinker.Derivation:moderatelyad.moderationn.e.g.Grapewinecanbegoodforyouiftakeninmoderation.Detailedreading1–vulnerableDetailedreadingvulnerablea.tobeweakandeasilyaffectedbyillnesse.g.Elderlypeople,livingalone,areespeciallyvulnerable.Itwasnoplacetoraiseachildwithlungssovulnerabletoinfection.Collocation:vulnerabletosth./sb.Derivation:vulnerabilityn.vulnerablyad.Antonym:invulnerableDetailedreading1–perilousDetailedreadingperilousa.dangerousorriskye.g.Thefirstlegoftheperilousjourne