中美饮食文化差异

广东外语外贸大学南国商学院本科毕业论文（设计） XXX 09英本国贸1班 2013-4-21 AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementfor theDegreeofBAinEnglish SouthChinaBusinessCollege GuangdongUniversityofForeignStudies April,2011 DECLARATIONS Thethesis"DistinctionsbetweenChineseandAmericanFoodCultures"Isubmittedisfinishedundermyteacher’sguidance,ZhangShanshan,anditdoesn’tcontainanyothermaterialswhichhasbeenpublishedorwrittenbyanyotherpeopleoranyotherinstitutions.I promiseallthecontentsinmythesisarerealandtrue. . Signature:XXXDate:April21st,2013 广东外语外贸大学南国商学院本科毕业论文（设计） ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Iwouldliketothankalotofpeoplewhohelpedmewithmythesisacademicallyandmentally. Firstofall,Iwanttoexpressmygratitudetomysupervisor,ZhangShanshan.Duringtheperiodofpreparationsformythesis,herprofessionalknowledgeandpatientattitudeledmetothefieldofeducation;herstrictrequirementshaveenabledmetolearnhowtodoresearchwork;andherbenevolentunderstandingandkindencouragementhavebeensupportingmeallthetime.Iespeciallyappreciateherinsightfulsuggestionsfortheoriginalperspectiveofmythesisaswellthestructureofthethesis. Secondly,mysincerethanksgotoallofmyteachersinFacultyofEnglishLanguageandCulture,SouthChinaCollege,GuangdongUniversityofForeignStudies.Withouttheirearnestandcomprehensiveinstructions,Icannotcompletemythesissmoothly. Last,isincerelythankmyfamilymemberswhosupportedmeinsilenceandgavememoreconfidencetofinishmythesis. 广东外语外贸大学南国商学院本科毕业论文（设计） DistinctionsbetweenChineseandAmericanFoodCultures： AMirrorofTwoCountries’ DifferentCoreValues Abstract：Dietisabsolutelynecessaryinthemankind’slife,andevenintheexistenceordevelopment.BecauseofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculturaltraditions,theChineseandAmericandietaryculturesaredifferentinconcept,structure,cooking,tablemannersandvalues.Theauthorstudiesthesedifferencesandthenfindsoutthepointsthatcanbedigested,inordertofacilitatethecommunicationinculturesbetweenChina. Keywords：Dietculture;Differences;Corevalues 广东外语外贸大学南国商学院本科毕业论文（设计） CONTENTS 1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………...….………1 1.1Backgroundandthepurposeofinvestigation………….…...…………..…....…....….1 1.2Thesummarizationoftheliterature…………………………………….…………..….1 1.3Theframeoftheresearch……………………………………...……….………………2 2.Dietcultureandvalues………………….………...…..………………………………….3 2.1 2.2 3.Dietculture……….………………………….…......………………………………3Values………………………………………………..……....….....………………3Thedifferencesofdietculture………..…..………...…………………………………….4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4Thedifferencesofideaaboutfood…………………………………………………4Thedifferencesofdietstructure………………………………..….…….......…....5Thedifferencesofcooking…….……………………………………………………6Thedifferencesoftablemanners…………………………………………………...7 4.Themainaspectsofthedifferencesinvalues…………………………………………….8 4.1TheindividualandTheCollectivism……………………………………………….95. 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………...……………..10Bibliography……………………………………………………………...………………11 [毕业论文（设计）题目] 1.Introduction Thedietcultureisthesumofthehumanbehavior,theconcept,thetechniqueandtheproducts;itisalsotheeatingwaythatisselectedbythehumannaturallyandestablishedbyusageandadaptedtothenatureandthehumanitiesenvironment.TheculturaldifferencebetweenChineseandAmericaleadstotheirdifferenceindiet,whichcomesfromtheirdifferentvalues,thewaysofthinkingandphilosophyoflife. 1.1Backgroundandthepurposeofinvestigation Asanimportantaspectofculture,thedietculturereferstoallculturalphenomenonsresultedfromthedifferentdistributiononfoodthatiscausedbythevariousgroupsofhumanbeingsandthesumofphysicalandmentalphenomenawhichisreflectedinthediet.Withtheimportanceofthediet,mostofthenutritionstudiersovertheworldareresearchingdifferenteatinghabitsofdifferentcountriestofindoutabetterreasonableandhealthydietstructure.Culturaldifferencesinfoodamongdifferentcountriesarealsoaphenomenonofcross-culturalcommunication.Studyingthesedifferencescantrainpeople’sabilityandhaveagoodunderstandingoftheknowledgeincross-culturalcommunication. Thecross-culturalcommunicationundertheglobalizesituationmakesvariouscomplementationandcompatibilityofdietculture.Ifmakingacomparisonofpeople’seatinghabitsbetweenthetworepresentativecountries,itwillarriveatanissueinthedietculturethatisworthexploring 1.2Thesummarizationoftheliterature Withalong,profoundandexcellenthistoryofChinesefoodculture,itgoesthroughseveralthousandyearsofdevelopmentandhasbecomeanimportantpartofworld’sdietculture. 1/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] Whilesomewesterncountrieshadeverbecomecoloniesofsomecountries,theyabsorbedthediethabitsfromothercountries.Andcombinedwiththeirowneatinghabits,graduallyformedtheiruniquedietculture.ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodcultureresultintheirdifferencesofdietculture.IntheprocessofintegrationbetweentheWestandtheEast,italsoleadstodifferentkindsofphilosophysoflifeandwaysofthinking. Thevalueisthedeepestpartofthecultureandthecoreofthecross-culturalcommunication.Americananthropologist,ClydeKluckhohn,holds:avalueisaconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,meansandendsofaction. Samovar&Porterthinks:thevalueisregularandtellswhatisthebadorgood……themostimportantistoguidepeople’sthinkandbehavior. 1.3Theframeofresearch Thedietcultureisanimportantpartofnon-languagecultureincross-culturalcommunicationandisalsothespecificperformanceofcultureandphilosophy.Differentcuisinesnotonlyreflectdifferentcustomsofdifferentregions,butalsoembodydifferentculturalconnotation.Fortheforeignlanguagelearners,learningtheirdifferencesandoriginscannotonlyhaveagoodunderstandingoftheirlanguageculture,butalsoimproveeffectsofcross-culturalcommunication.Sothattheycanavoidtheinappropriatemannersorbehaviorandcommunicationbarrierscausedbymisunderstanding. Throughtheliteraturereviewandcomparativestudymethod,itisundertakenthedietcultureandvaluesbetweenChinaandAmericaonthebasisofstudyingalargenumberofdietculturaldifferences.Thenindetailintroduceddifferencesofdietculture.Atlastfoundoutvaluesdifferencesthroughthesedietdifferences. 2.DietCultureandValue 2/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] 2.1DietCulture ThewordcultureoriginatesfromtheLatinwordcultura.Ithadbeenusedasakindofculturewhichwastotrainpeoples’moralandabilityinplantingandfarmsincethe15thcenturyB.C.Nowadays,fromtheextensiveperspect,thecultureisdefinedasthesumofmaterialandmentalproductsmancreated.Whilefromthenarrowperspect,thecultureisdefinedasthementalproductthatconcludesthelanguage,art,literatureandsoon.Tylor,socialanthropology,describedcultureinthefollowingway:"Cultureor civilization,takeninitswideethnographicsense,isthatcomplexwholewhichincludes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety." Variousdefinitionsofculturereflectdifferingtheoriesforunderstanding,orcriteriaforevaluating,humanactivity.Thedifferentconnotationsarealsoresultedindifferentdietstyles. 2.2Value Thevalueisthecriteriathatmembersinsocietyvaluatethesesuitablethingswhichcanbemettheirtargetssuchasthebehavior,objectsorotherpossiblethings. Individualismisthecorevalueofwesterncivilizationanditisamoral,political,andsocialphilosophy.Itstressesonpersonalindependence,theimportanceofindividualself-confidenceandpersonalfreedom. Chinahasalonghistorywithextensiveandprofoundtraditionalculture.Comparedwithothernationalities,ithasmoreuniqueandtypical“dietcolor”,italsoreflectedtheconfusionvalue,thecoreofthecollectivism.Itadvocatesthatindividualsshouldbesubordinatetothesociety,andindividualinterestsshouldbesubjecttothegeneralgoodofthegroup. 3/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] 3ThemainaspectsofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmerican 3.1Thedifferenceofideaaboutfood BecauseofthedifferentphilosopherbetweentheChinaandtheWestern,theWesterndietisarationalconcept,nutritionmustbeassured.Itcaresabouttheintakeofcalories,vitamins,proteinandsoonduringaday.Regardlessofthecoloroffood,incense,flavorandshape,thefocusofwesterndietisonlytheextensionoftheoriginaldietpracticality.Ittastesstereotyped,assimpleaschewingthecandle,butthesensetellsthem:Wemusteatthemallbecauseofthenutrition.Westernersthinkthefoodistoeat,eatingspecial"hardvegetables"suchaslargepieceofmeat,chickenblock.Incelebration,itstressestableware,stressesthestaple,stressestheservings,andstressesthecolorandshapemixofrawmaterials.Butnomatterhowluxuriousthegradeis;onlyonetasteofsteak,itisnoarttospeakof.Andasdishes,thechickenischicken;steakissteak,eveningroups,whicharealsoconductedinashallowdish.Colorisonclear,butthetastesofthevariousmaterialsareseparated,nottoreconcile,andtheentireflavorisalsosimpleandclear. TheChinesediettendstobeartandsentimentalandpursuesthedeliciousness,regardlessofnutrition.TheemphasisontheflavorofChinesecuisinecatersthediettotheartsfield.Onlydeliciousthingscansatisfypeople'sappetiteandthengivethearrivalofphysicalandmentalpleasure.WhensomeonesayssomethingaboutChinesefoodculture,theymustpraisethecolor,taste,smell,shapeoftheChinesedishandthetypesofthedish,whatChinesepursueindietisonekindof“theidealcondition”withdifficultytoexplain.InChina,thepursuitofthebeautyofthedietprevailsovertherationalityobviously.ThisconceptofdietisalsocoincidingwiththetraditionalChinesephilosophy. Whilethewesternersfocusesonnutritionandbalancedintheirdiet,whichisbenefitfortheirhealth. 4/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] 3.2Thedifferencesofdietstructures Foodisbasedonagriculture,differentagricultureresultedinthedifferencesofthediethabitandstructures.SinceancientChinesepeoplemainlyliveonwheatandriceastheirstaplefoodbycultivatingthefarmland,theharvestofthecrops,dependsheavilyonnature，andtheydon’tliketodrinkmilkandcheese.ChinesecuisineincludesavarietyofdifferentflavorsduetoChina’svastgeographyanddiversenationalities. Incomparison,westernworld’sfarmingstructurewasamixedagriculturewithanimalhusbandry.Meat,ofcourse,wastheirbasicfoodsourceandgraduallytooktheplaceofstaplefood.Theircookingstyleissimplebuthavingrichnuturion.Chinesepeoplelikeeatingallkindsoffreshvegetables.Accordingtoasurveyofwesternplantsscholar,thereare600varietiesofvegetables,sixtimesmorethaninthewestandChinesepeopleeatrichfoodsuchasrice,noodles,beansandvegetablesforbreakfast,lunchandsupper.AmericandishesarenotsorichasChinesedishes.Theydon’tcookandtheyjustsimplymixthesedisheswithamachine.Afterdinner,Chineseordinarypeoplelikeeatingfruitanddrinkgreentea,whileAmericaliketotastesomesweets. Structuredifferencesarealsoresultedinthedifferencesofdiningtools.Becauseofusingchopsticks,insteadofusingspoon,whenChinesepeoplehavingriceorsoup,it’slikelyforustoholdupourbowls.ButthishabitisconsideredrudeintheWesterncountries.Butwecannotdenyanyoftheremarks,instead,weshouldgettolearnhowtocoordinatethedifferentcultures.TheetiquetteintheWestrequeststhatwheneating,bowlsandplates cannotleavethetables.Foodshouldbecutbyknivestofitintothemouths.Ofcourseyourmouthcannottouchtheplatesorbowls.Sotheregularprocessislikethis.Youcutyoursteakontheplatewithforkandknife,sendthemeatcubeintothemouthwithforkandnothingwillbereturnedbackbuttheforkalone. 3.3Thedifferencesofcookingskill 5/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] Inchina,cookingisanart,amentalenjoy,sometimesafun.TheChinesehaveemployedmanycookingmethods,suchasbraising,boiling,braisingwithsoysauce,roasting,baking,grilling,scalding,deep-frying,steaming,drying,salt-preserving,etc,whichgivescustomersacolorfulvisual.ItalwaysneedstotakealongtimetopreparefortheChinesedishes.Toomanykindsofingredientsandcondimentsareaddedineverydishtheycook. Whilethewesternersfocusesonnutritionandbalancedintheirdiet,sotheypreparetheirfoodaccordingtoscientificinstructionsstrictlywithoutanyexception。Intheireyes,foodoreatingisjustawaytokeephealthy,havinglittletodowithartistry.Norwilltheybeparticularaboutthetasteoffoodtoomuch. 3.4Thedifferenceoftablemanners Theso-calledtablemannersistherulethatisnotbrokenoutbutcanhappilyholdduringthedinner.Inchina,anybanquet,nomatterforwhatpurpose,isheldinaatmosphereofunityandhappinessandpoliteness.EspeciallyduringtheSpringFestivalorWedding,peoplesitaroundaroundtableeatinganddrinkingandtakevegetablestoothersandexchangetheirfeelingsandemotions.Theytoasttoeachotherinamannerofgreatjoy.Itshowstherespectsandcomityamongpeopleinfrontofthefantasticthing.Anditmatchesthecommonthought“reunion”ofourrace.Inthewest,peoplehavetheirmeals,theydonotallowpeoplemakeanoise,theydonotallowtakevegetablesforothers,donotallowcompellingothersdrinkingwine,donotallowtakeoffclothesinpublic,donotallowdiscusssickening.Althoughthefoodandwineareveryimportant,butinfacttheyarejustfoil.ThecoreofBanquetisfriendship,bytheconversationwiththeguestswhosittingnexttoachievethepurposeofrecreation Thearrangementofguests’seatsisalsoanimportantwaytoshowpeople’ssocialstatusandpersonalrelationshipindifferentcountries.Whereaguestisseateddependsonhisage,socialstatusandsoon.Theolder,theguestofhonor,thehigher-levelisseatedintheupperseat.Inancienttimes,Chinesewomenhadnosocialstatus,beingsubordinatetomen.6/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] AlthoughChinesewomen’ssocialstatushasbeenprobingandwomencanhavedinnerwithmennow,thereisstillsuchaphenomenonthatwomensittogetheratonetable,andmensitatanothertable Whileinwest,thereisaslogancalledwomanfirst.Womenandmenhavedinnertogetherandtheyusuallysittogether,whichembodiesthatwomenandmenareequal.Andifyouhavefinishedfoodinarestaurant,youshouldleaveatenpercenttipforlunch,fifteenpercentfordinner.Thetipshouldbecalculatedonthebasisofthetotalbeforetheadditionoftax. 4.Differenceofthecoreofvalue 7/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] 4.1IndividualismandCollectivism Individualismreferstothedoctrinethattherightsoftheindividualarethemostimportantonesinasociety.Mostwesternersbelievethateachpersonhashisownseparateidentityandpersonality,whichshouldberecognizedandreinforced.Therefore,onecannotcomprehensivewesternanditspeoplewithoutunderstandingindividualism.Onlywiththecognitionofindividualismcanweunderstandhowwesternersconceptualizefamily,friendships,andprivacy.Thecoreofindividualismisthepursuitofpersonalandachievements.Itishighlyvalued,earnestlybelievesandwellappreciatedasafundamentalsocialvirtue.InChristianitytraditions,individualsareimportantnotonlytoeachother,butalsotothesocietyandGod.Individualismhasbeenhandeddownfromtheirancestors.Therefore,towesterners,individualismisnotselfishnessbutrathervirtue.Theyemphasizeindividualismsomuchthattheybelievethattheremustbesomethingwrongwithsomeonewhofailstodemonstrateindividualism.Thatlikesthesentence“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.” HowevertoChinesepeople,theword“individualism“isrelatedtothederogatorymeaningasegoism,withrepresentsselfishnessinqualityandloosenessindiscipline.IntraditionalChinesebeliefs,esp.inConfucianism,collectivismisappreciated.Itemphasizescooperationamonggroupmembersandindividualsuccessisduetothecollectiveeffortofthestaffinaunit,anorganizationoracommunity.ThesacrificeofindividualinterestforthatofthecollectiveisanoblequalityeulogizedsomuchbyChinesepeoplethatbeingmodestandthoughtfulofothersarehighlypraised。 8/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] Conclusion NomatterwhattheChinesedietorAmericandietis,eachhasitsowndeepcultureandsocialbase.Iflosethese,itwillbeindanger.Astheirdifferencescanbemadebydifferentculture,customers,atmosphere,history,nutritionandeconomy,wecaneasilyfindsomeproblemsfromthedietculturesunderdifferentcircumstancesandassimilateadvantagesoftheothercountries’culture,abandonitsshortcoming,andcanformakindofdiethabitwhichisgoodandsuitabletoextendourownculturefuturethroughtheirdevelopments.Inaddition,itwillbebenefitforourhealthatthesametime... Withthedevelopmentoftheinternationalism,thewholeworldisbecomingmoreandmorelikeabigfamily.Moreandmorepeopleovertheworldwilljointhisfamily,and accordingly,allkindsoffrictionwillbemadewiththecross-culturalcommunicationbecauseoftheirdifferentdiethabits.Tosomeextent,itisunavoidable.Soitshouldbeformedanunitedandoppositeintheprocessofcross-culturalcommunicationtotrytounderstandeachotherwell,sothatitcanbeadaptedtoeachothereasilyandquickly.Butnevergiveupitsowncustomandhabitsandvalues. Inaword,therearesomanydifferecesindietculturebetweenChinaandthewesternworld.Wecanhardlysaywhichprecedetheother,butwearesurethatitwillappearnewchangesandfeaturesinfoodculturewiththecross-culturalcommunicationinfuture.TheinterculturalcommunicationundertheglobalizationalsowillpromotethespreadanddevelopmentoftheChinesefoodcultureintheworld. 9/16 [毕业论文（设计）题目] 参考文献 [1]孙太群.中美饮食文化的对比研究[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2009，（01）. [2]罗艳丽.从饮食文化差异透视中美核心价值观[J].广西青年干部学院学报，2007，（02）. [3]蒋艳.中西饮食文化差异的原因及其研究意义[J].湖北教育学院学报，2007，（04）. 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