软骨和骨

nullnull 第 4 章 软 骨 与 骨nullnullnull同源细胞群( isogenous group )： 2～8 个成熟软骨细胞聚集成群，由一个软骨细胞分裂而来，位于软骨中央 The cells in central area may be arranged in grounds,each groung representing the offspring of asingle parent chondrocyte.Such a group of cells,2 to 8 cells,within asingle lacuna is referred to as a cell nest or isogenous group. 功能：产生软骨基质 Fountions: The cells produce cartilage matrixnullnullnullnullnullnullnull间质性生长（软骨内生长）： 软骨细胞增殖和生长→产生新基质→软骨由内至外扩大 Interstitial（or endogenous ） growth occures only in relatively young cartilage which is malleable enough to allow expansion.Young chondrocytes,which retain the ability to divide,proliferate and produce new matrix. nullnull(一)骨组织（osseous tissue）: 由细胞和钙化的细胞外基质构成；细胞由骨祖细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、骨细胞 Osseous tissue is composed of cells and carcific extrcellular matrix that is characterized by plentiful of deposit of bone minerals.The sells contains osteoprogenitor cslls,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,and osteocytes. nullnull无机成分（骨盐） ：羟基磷灰石结晶, 细针状，长10～20nm 类骨质：新生成的细胞外基质无骨盐沉积， 骨质：钙化后成类骨质为骨质 The new extracellular matrix without deposition of bone minerals called osteoid which is calcified into bone matrix.nullnull密质骨（compact bone）:骨板层数多，规 则，紧密排列 松质骨（spongy bone）：骨板层数少，不 规则，形成针、 片状骨小梁 Numerous bone lamellae at surfaces of long bone,flat bone and short bone are arranged regularly and conbined closely each other,which form compact bone.At surfaces of epiphysis of diaphyses and inner surface of long bone,diploes of flat bone,and center of short bone,lamellae consist of trabeculae or plates forming a network,called spongy bone.nullnull2.成骨细胞（osteoblast） 分布：单层排列于骨组织表面 LM：立方或矮柱状，有突起，核圆形，位于远离骨表面的细胞一端，胞质嗜碱性 Osteoblast is associated with surface of osseous tissue,single layer arranged,cuboidal or short columnar in shape,has some processes stretching from lateral and basal surfaces a round nucleus is located far from the bone surface.Cytoplasm is basophilic. 图13、14nullnullnullnullEM：溶酶体和线粒体发达；皱褶缘侧多 突起，皱褶缘深面有许多吞噬泡 功能：释放多种水解酶和有机酸，溶解 骨质；吞噬分解的骨质成分 The functions of osteoclastts are melting bone,phagocytosis and digestion.In osseous tissue,osteoclasts and osteoblasts cooperate and supplment each other in growth and reconstruction of bones.null 长骨的构成：骨干、骨骺，表面覆盖骨膜和关节软骨；内为骨髓腔，骨髓充填 骨干 = 密质骨 + 少量松质骨 Long bone consists of diaphysis or bone shaft.Its surface covered with periosteum and articular cartilage.Marrow cavity or medullary cavity is located interior of the long bone and filled with bone marrow. Diaphysis consists of compact bone and bone trabeculae consisted of spongy bone.图22软 骨骨骨 发 生骨基质骨的细胞长骨结构null密质骨：环骨板、哈弗斯系统、间骨板 穿通管：横向穿行于骨板的管道，与骨干长轴 垂直，内含血管、神经和结缔组织 Compact bone forms circumferential lamellae at the extra and inner surfaces of bone,the Haversian systems and interstitial lamellae in middle part of bone.Perorating canal is filled with a little connective tissue containing osteoprogenitir cells,blood vessels,nerves,and opens to the surface of bone,called nutrient foramen nullnullnullnullnull(periosteum)(endosteum)(peristeum)nullnullnullnullnullnull本章重点本章重点骨组织的构成（骨基质，骨祖细胞，成骨细胞，骨细胞，破骨细胞） 骨单位的结构和功能意义 骨外膜的结构和作用 长骨的一般组织学结构 骨发生的一般过程 软骨的一般结构和分类特点nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull