Unit5西方文化导论(课堂PPT)

U5_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesGetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusInGetStarted_1.1GetStartedGetStarted_1.2GetStartedAfterthelastRomanemperorwasdethronedbytheGermanmercenarytroopsinthe5thcentury,EuropeenteredtheMiddleAges,whichlastedabout1000yearsorsoandwasdominatedbyGermanicpeoplewhomtheRomanshadcalled“thesavage”.Consequently,theintellectualdevelopmentoftheEuropeancivilizationwasretardedorevenregressedtosomeextentbecauseoftheseso-calledDarkAges.ItwasalsoaperiodofsomenegativeandrepressiveinfluencefromtheRomanCatholicChurch.Thisperiodwascharacterizedbyfrequenteconomicandpoliticalcrisesandgreatlyaffectedbydeep-seatedsocialcontradictionsandconflicts,whichwerefirstdemonstratedinthedistressanddisastersoftheordinarypeopleandtheninthefrequentlyoccurringrevoltsandclashesarisingfromthecrueltyoftyrannicalrulersandtheirunrestraineddemandsformorepowerandterritory.GetStarted_1.3GetStartedHowever,theintellectualdeclineandretardedsocialdevelopmentoftheMiddleAgesalsobroughtforwardsomenotablepersonalties,eventsandachievementsinculturalandsocialaffairs.Theymadeupforalongandtortuousintervalbeforethedawnofthemodernage,whichwasmarkedbythearrivaloftheRenaissanceinthe14th-15thcenturies.GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryoftheperiodoftheMiddleAgesTogettoknowtheformationanddevelopmentofGermancultureandByzantinecultureTobefamiliarwithMedievalsocialideologyandliteraryandartisticachievementsTounderstandthesignificanceandspecialfeaturesofMedievalcultureandpoliticsTextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheSettingoftheMiddleAgesII.TheFormationandDevelopmentofGermanCultureIII.ByzantineCultureIV.MedievalSocialIdeologyV.LiteratureandArtVI.TheSignificanceandSpecialFeaturesofMedievalCultureandPoliticsTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheMiddleAges:aperiodinEuropeanhistoryfromthecollapseoftheRomanCivilizationinthe5thcenturyADtotheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthe14thcenturyTextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFormationstages:AttheendoftheRomanEmpire,somebarbaroustribesincludingCelts,GermansandSlavswereformed.Attheendofthe1stcenturyAD,theGermanswerestillinaprimitivesociety.Fromtheendofthe1stcenturytothe3rdcentury,Germansintroducedclassdivision,anduntiedtheirtribesintoalliancesandoftenharassedandstagedattacksontheRomanborders.LatertheymovedintoRomanterritorytilltheendofthe6thcentury.AnumberofsmallkingdomswereestablishedinRomanterritories.TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasWiththeoverthrowoftheWesternRomanEmpire,aseriesofkingdomsweresetup.Amongthesekingdoms,thelargestwastheonefoundedin481ADbyCloviswhoconqueredGaulandinitiatedacooperativelylargenationcalledtheMerovingianDynasty.GraduallyitbecamethemostpowerfulGermankingdom.In752,TheMerovingianDynastywastoppledandtheCarolingianDynastyfounded.In800,LeoIIIendowedthecrownwiththetitleofHolyRomanEmperortoCharlemagne,andtheFrankKingdombecametheCharlemagneEmpire.TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasDuringthereignofCharlemagnetheGreat,theconflictbetweenthefeudalistplantationownersandserfsdeepened.Andsocialdisintegrationoccurredaftertheexpansionoftheempire,especiallyafterthedeathofCharlemagne.AcivilwartookplaceamongthreegrandsonsofCharlemagnefrom817to843.TheyconcludedthecivilwarbysigningtheTreatyofVerdunanddividedtheempireintothreeparts:theEasternFrankKingdom(laterdevelopedintoGermany),theWestFrankKingdom(laterdevelopedintoFrance),andMiddleKingdom(latermadeupofItaly).TheborderlineofthethreemodernEuropeancountrieswerebeginningtotakeshape.TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRomanCatholicChurch罗马天主教:thepartoftheChristianChurchwhichacceptstheauthorityofPope,indistinctiontotheOrthodoxEasternChurchseparatedfromitin1054andtotheProtestantChurchwhichbrokeawayinthe16thcenturyTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsserfdom奴隶制:asocialsystemofproductioninwhichlabourersareboundtoworkforanestate,ratherthanbeingownedbythelordofthatestateandcouldchoosetoworkelsewherethoughfewwoulddosoinrealityTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTacitus,PubliusCornelius(55–120AD)塔西佗:ARomanhistorian.HisworksincludeDialogueonOrator,Germaniaandtwofragmentsoflongerworks:HistoriesandAnnals.Hisstyleisextremelyterseandpolished,whichearnedhimmuchreputationinthelatergenerations.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsCelt凯尔特人:OneoftheancientpeoplesinEurope,originatedinthesouthwestofGermanyandthenspreadtothenorthofSpainandtheBritishisles.LaterontheywereconqueredandabsorbedbyRomansandbarbarians.SomeofitsdescendentsandculturewerestillfoundinBritain,Ireland,SpainandFrance.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsAttila阿提拉:kingofHuns,famousforhisbraveryandmilitancy,whichallowedhimtooverrunmuchoftheByzantineandWesternRomanempiresandwonmanyvictoriesuntilhediedofillnessbeforehisempirecollapsedTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsGaul高尔人:TheRomanprovinceofGallia,dividedintotworegions:CisalpineGaulinNorthernItalyandTransalpineGaul.TheareanowcomprisingFrance,Switzerland,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.TheformerwasconqueredbytheRomansin222whilethelatterwasravagedbyVisigothsbeforeitwasfinallyconqueredbyClovisandmergedintotheFrankishkingdom.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsmayorofthepalace宫相:thechiefministeroftheFrankishkings,whoseizedmoreandmorepowerfromthekingsduringthelateryearsoftheMerovingianKingdomuntiltheeventualusurpationofthethroneandtheestablishmentoftheCarolingianDynastyTextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.(1)AfterthelastRomanemperorwasoverthrownbytheGermanmercenarytroops,theEuropeancivilizationmovedinto_____.A.themoderneraB.theMiddleAgesC.thenewperiodD.theRenaissanceComprehensionExercisesA.FrenchB.ItaliansC.SlavsD.TartarsTextStudy_I_3.2TextStudyComprehensionExercises(2)ThebarbaroustribesincludedCelts,Germansand_______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.theelderleaderB.themilitarychiefC.thewisemanD.thenoblemanTextStudy_I_3.3TextStudyComprehensionExercises(3)Thenortherntribesweremostlyruledby_______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.seizingterritoriesB.stagingwarsC.collectingtreasuresD.inter-marriageTextStudy_I_3.4TextStudyComprehensionExercises(4)TheCarolingianDynastywasexpandedby_______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.ministersB.generalsC.generalassemblyD.deputiesTextStudy_I_3.5TextStudyComprehensionExercises(5)Charlemagneofferedhisreignthroughthecourtwhichworkedfortheemperorintheguiseofthepeopleassymbolizedby______.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussWhichpartoftheEuropeanhistoryiscalledtheMiddleAges?Andtellbrieflyabouttheformationoftheperiod.PleaseseeMainIdeasofPartI:TheSettingoftheMiddleAges.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_I_pop1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_pop2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_pop4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasTheCarolingianCultureTheCarolingianculture,developedundertheinfluenceoftheChristianChurch,wasmorebackwardthanitscontemporaryculturesofByzantium,Arabia,IndiaandChina.Apartfromtheless-developedeconomyandcultureoftheGermans,yearsofwars,politicalandsocialinstabilityalsocontributedtotheculturalinferiority.Onlypriestsandmonksreceivededucation.AndthelanguageusedinteachingwasLatinandthesevensubjects.Ancientmanuscriptsweregatheredandcopied,whichhavebeenkepttillthisday.Inarts,thebuildingofpalacesalsoencouragedthedevelopmentofpaintingandcarvingandotherartforms.Inall,MainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasCarolingianliterature,educationandcultureingeneraladvancedthroughborrowingfromlateRomanandcontemporaryByzantinemodelsandtechniques.TheMythsofScandinaviansandGermansTheancientGermanandNorsepeopleshadmadeasystematicrecordoftheirdivinitiesandreligiousbeliefs.ThebasisoftheirnorthernreligioncamefromabookcalledEdda,whichwasdividedintoElderEddaandYoungerEdda.Eddatellsastoryoftheformationoftheworldandlegendsofgodsandspirits.ModernEnglishnamesoftheweekdaysaremostlyderivedfromthenamesofnortherngods.TextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasNameofGodCharacterOdinThemostimportantgodamongnortherngods.Hewasnotperfect,butheisdevotedtothehappinessofman.FreyjaOdin’swifewhoisfierceandinflexiblebynatureinthemannerofHeraandherdutyistoprotectmarriageandfamilies FlaireagoddessofloveandbeautyThorOdin’sson,theThunderGodTextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasNameofGodCharacterFrayThor’sbrother,agodoffertility,in chargeofsunandrainTyrFray’sson,theGodofWar BalderThemostrespectablegod,who’sregardedverypowerfulinthatnodeadlyweaponsorspearscanhurthim. Yetheisvulnerabletomistletoe,withwhichhewasattackedandkilledbytheFireGod.TextStudy_2_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheCharlemagneLegendsOnepartofthelegendisabouthowCharlemagnesupportedtheactivitiesoftheChristianChurch,helpingPopeLeoIIItodefeattheRomanaristocratsandrecoverthepapalsovereignty.AnotherpartisabouthowCharlemagnedefeatedonebranchofGerman-Saxonsaftertheirattack,thusconsolidatinghisruleandexpandinghisborders.TextStudy_2_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsAachen亚琛:Itwashistoricallyaspatown,andafavouredresidenceofCharlemagne,andtheplaceofcoronationoftheKingsofGermany.Geographically,AachenisthewesternmosttownofGermany,locatedalongitsborderswithBelgiumandtheNetherlands.AachenCathedralwaserectedontheordersofCharlemagnein786ADandwasoncompletionthelargestcathedralnorthoftheAlps.OnhisdeathCharlemagne’sremainswereinterredinthecathedralandcanbeseentheretothisday.Thecathedralwasextendedseveraltimesinlaterages,whichturneditintoacuriousanduniquemixtureofbuildingstyles.TextStudy_2_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRoland罗兰:ItwasapopularlegendaryfigureinmedievalEurope.Overthenextseveralcenturies,Rolandbecamea“popicon”inmedievalminstrelculture.Accordingtomanylegends,hewasanephewofCharlemagne(whetherornotthiswastrueisunknown),andturnedhislifeintoanepictaleofthenobleChristiankilledbyIslamicforces,whichformspartofthemedievalMatterofFrance.(1)CarolingianculturewasfeaturedwithChristianitybecauseofthelatter’sstronginfluenceonthebarbaroustribes.(2)EddaisacollectionofGermanicmythswhichprovidestheprototypesforlatertalesofEuropeannations.(3)AlltheEnglishnamesoftheweekdaysderivefromtheNortherngods.(4)ThelegendsinCharlemagne’slifeanddeedswerefrequentlyreferencedbymanypoetsoftheRenaissanceandlaterperiods.(5)IntheGermanandNorsemythology,thegodsarenotperfect.TheyrepresentdifferentforcesoftheGod,strugglingagainsttheprimevalgiants.TextStudy_2_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueorfalsequestions.ComprehensionExercisesF__F__T__T__T__TextStudy_2_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscuss(1)TellbrieflythemeasuresCharlemagnetheGreattooktoimprovetheculturalconditionsofhisempireandtheresultsofthesemeasures.ThemeasuresCharlemagnetookincludedcareforeducationandacademicstudiesbyaskingthechurchtorunschoolsandinvitingfamousscholarstolectureattheroyalcourt,thecollectionandrecoveringofclassicalbooksbycopyingbooksborrowedfromelsewhere,thereestablishmentofculturalcustomsandethicalnorms,andfoundingofmagnificentbuildingsbypullingdowntheoldbuildingsinRomeandotherhistoricalcitiesandtransportingtheirmaterialstotheemperor’scapital.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_2_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThereforeliteracywasgreatlyimprovedandenhancedamongtheaverage,especiallyamongtheyoungerpeople,whowouldbechosentoservetheempire.Moreandmoreattentionwaspaidtoculturalaffairsandmoralvalueswiththeobvioussignsofsocialprogressandculturalprosperity.ThecitiesbecamebeautifulwiththeincreasingnumbersofgrandbuildingsputupofRomantype.Inaway,culturalrevivaloftheempirewasbasicallylaunchedandmodeledonRomanorclassicalpatternandthusensuredcontinuityandconsistenceofWesterncultureandcivilizationinspiteofthechangeofpoliticalregimes.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_2_1.1_pop1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.1_pop2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_2_1.1_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_3_1MainIdeasTextStudy(1)CulturalAchievementsByzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofGreeceandRomewiththeEasterncultureinitsuniqueway.TheforemostculturalaccomplishmentoftheEasternChurchwasthefoundingoftheUniversityofConstantinoplewhosehead,Leo,andhissuccessorsturneditintoasuccessfulinstituteoflearninginliteraryandreligioussubjects.MainIdeasTextStudy_3_2MainIdeasTextStudyLiterature:EpicofDigenesAkritasPhilosophy:ThefoundingofNeo-Platonism,whichwasasyntheticresultofcombiningStoicism,Pythagoreanism,PlatonicandAristotelianphilosophywithEasternmysticism.ItfocusedonthepowerofspiritandassertedmancouldjoinGodinHisactions.ItisaresultoflinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticism.TheprincipalbooksofthisperiodincludedToursamongtheOrientalCountries,TheHistoryoftheJustinianWar,andTheSecretHistory.MainIdeasTextStudy_3_3MainIdeasTextStudyArchitecture:characteristicofboththeclassicalagesandtheEasterncountries.TheSophiaCathedralinConstantinoplewasarepresentationoftheByzantinearchitecturalandartisticstyle.MainIdeasTextStudy_3_DVD_SophiaCathedralMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_3_1DVD_ByzantinesculptureMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_3_4MainIdeasTextStudy(2)ChristianCultureAdministration:LegalcodesandadministrationpolicieswerefurtherimprovedandmademorepreciseintheByzantineEmpire.Itcouldbeseeninthemanagementofecclesiasticalaffairs,wheretheEmperorJustiniangaveorderstocontrolthesizeofchurchesandmonasteries.Inthe7thcentury,ByzantineEmpirebecameareligiouscommunityunderecclesiasticalleadership.Andthisperiodprovidedsteadyurbandevelopmentandculturalprosperity.MainIdeasTextStudy_3_5MainIdeasTextStudyMusic:HymnswrittenbySt.Romano’sMelodosmarkedthestrikingmusicaldevelopmentoftheliturgyduringJustinian’sreign.MainIdeasTextStudy_3_6MainIdeasTextStudyLiterature:BiographybecamemarkedlyChristianandmarkedlypopular.Followingthepatternusedinthe4thcenturybyAthanasiusinwritingthelifeofSt.Anthony,hagiographersrecordedthedeedsoftheseextraordinaryholymen,creatinginthesaint’slifetimeaformofliteraturethatwenttoflowerinthe6thand7thcenturies.Spirit:Theincreasingvenerationaccordedwiththeicon,anabstractandsimplifiedimageofChrist,theVirgin,oroneofthesaints.Iconsappearedinbothprivateandpublicuseduringthelasthalfofthe6thcentury.Theyprovidedachannelofdivinityfortheindividualsandwerecarriedastalismanstoguaranteesuccessesinbattle.MainIdeasTextStudy_3_7MainIdeasTextStudyTheology:AmovementknownasHesychasmsprungup,butwasconsistentlyundercontroversy.Intellect:RediscoveryofancientGreeklearning.ThescholarMaximusPlanudescompiledafamousanthologyandtranslatedanumberofLatinworksintoGreek.OtherfamousintellectualsareDemetriusCydones,NicephorusGregoras,etc.History:TherewasaglorioustraditionofByzantinehistoriography,whichwasmaintainedbyanumberoffigureslikeGeorgeAcropolites,GeorgePachymeres,Gregoras,andEmperorJohnVICantacuzenus.MainIdeasyourclosettopray”,hesychasmintraditionhasbeentheprocessofretiringinwardbyceasingtoregisterthesenses,inordertoachieveanexperientialknowledgeofGod.ItsspokesmanwasGregoryPalamas,amonkfromAthos.TextStudy_3_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyHesychasm静修：Itisaneremitic(隐士的)traditionofprayerintheEasternOrthodoxChurch,andsomeoftheEasternCatholicChurches,suchastheByzantineRitebytheHesychast.BasedonChrist’sinjunctionintheGospelofMatthewto“gointoInterpretationofCulturalTerms(1)Byzantinecultureachievedremarkableprogressbycombiningtheculturalessenceofandwiththeculture.(2)isaphilosophylinkingGreekphilosophyandtheEasternmysticism,whichfocusedonthepowerofspiritandtranscendentalism.(3)Spirituallyandculturally,centuryinByzantiumshowedremarkablevitality.TextStudy_3_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesFillintheblanks.Greece______Rome_____Eastern______Neo-Platonism____________14th____TextStudy_3_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)CitesomefactstomanifesttheculturalachievementsoftheByzantineEmpire.Generally,theByzantineEmpireenjoyedalessharshandmorecomfortableintellectualclimateandenvironmentthanRomanEmpireduetotherelaxationofideologicalandculturalcontrolaftertheOrthodoxEasternChurchbrokeawayfromVatican.Therelaxationpolicyallowedfortheoccurrenceofanumberofculturaleventsortendencies,suchasthefoundingoftheUniversityofConstantinoplewhichwasturnedintoasuccessfulinstituteoflearningbasedonliteraryandreligiousThinkandDiscussTextStudy_3_4.2ThinkandDiscussTextStudysubjects,theemergenceofaseriesofliteraryandartisticworksliketheEpicofDigenesAkritas.Moreimportantthanthesechangeswasthefashionofadvocatingclassicalculturewhichpromotedthedevelopmentofclassicalideas.Asaresult,Neo-Platonism,asynthesisofavarietyofGreekphilosophiesandEasternculture,cameforwardasanewfashionpopularamongtheelitefirstinAlexandriaandthenintherestoftheempire.Thecombinationofdifferentcultureswasfurtherextendedfromideologytosomepracticalareaslikearchitecture,whichwitnessedtheerectionofanewkindofbuilding,suchasSophiaCathedral.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_3_4.3ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss(2)TrytoworkoutthereasonswhytheByzantineEmpirecouldstaymuchlongerthantheWesternRomanEmpirebymovingintoreligiousandethnicaldiversities.ThereareanumberofreasonsforthelongersurvivaloftheByzantineEmpireincomparisonwiththeWesternRomanEmpire.Firstly,geographicaladvantageseemedimportantfortheByzantineEmpirewhenitfounditsrivalwasseparatedbylongdistanceandaliencultureoftheeast.Theempiretooktheopportunitytoconsolidateitsnewpositioninamorefriendlyneighbourhood.TextStudy_3_4.4ThinkandDiscussTextStudySecondly,theempiretooklessonsfromtheWesternRomanEmpireandmadeitspolicymoretolerantofdifferentviews,likeallowingfortheemergenceofclassicalideasinassociationwithaliencultureoftheeast.Thirdly,theempireencouragedthemeetingofdiversenationalitiesandtheirculturessothatakindofharmonycouldbeachievedoveritsvastterritory.Fourthly,Christianitywasgreatlychangedinitsnewform,theOrthodoxEasternChurch,andofferedmorefreedomandindependencetoitschurchesanddisciplesandthusattractedmorepeopletojoinitsactivities.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_3_4.7ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscussBecauseofthesefactors,theempireachievedpoliticalagreement,socialstability,intellectualequalityandculturalharmonyandthuspreparedforthebasicconditionsrequiredforalong-termdevelopmentandexistence.TextStudy_3_1DVD_IconMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_3_St.Romano’sMelodosMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_4_1MainIdeasTextStudyBackground(1)IntheearlyandmiddleperiodsoftheMedievalAges,majorprinciplesofChristianlostacceptanceandwereevenopposedbymoreandmoreenlightenedpeople.(2)ThedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandscientificandtechnologicaladvancesinthemiddleandlaterperiodsoftheMiddleAgesprovidedtheideologicalconditionsfortheRenaissancewithitsresurgenceofartandliterature.(3)Itwashighlynecessaryforthechurchtoconvincetheaveragepeoplethatitofferedareasonableandacceptabletheology.MainIdeasTextStudy_4_2MainIdeasTextStudyTwocontroversialtheologiesNameofPhilosophyRepresentativesFeaturesofPhilosophyScholasticismAnselm,ThomasAquinasTodefendandconsolidatethestatusofChristianity.ThescholarsusedPlatoandAristotle’sphilosophiestoexplainChristiandoctrines.MainIdeasTextStudy_4_3MainIdeasTextStudyNameofPhilosophyRepresentativesFeaturesofPhilosophyMaterialismAverroes, RogerBaconTheuniversewasnotcontrolledbyGod,butbyitsownlaws. Theoreticalprinciplescouldonlybeachievedbyexperiments.MainIdeasTextStudy_4_4InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsSyllogism(orLogicalAppeal)直言三段论:Itisakindoflogicalargumentinwhichoneproposition(theconclusion)isinferredfromtwoothers(thepremises)ofacertainform.TextStudy_4_5ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercisesChoosetherightsentencesaboutScholasticism.A.ScholasticismwasinitiatedbythemedievaltheologianstodefendandconsolidatethestatusofChristianity.B.TheScholarsemployedAristotle’sstatementandPlato’stheoryofideastoexplainGod