新世纪大学英语3综合教程 U1 TEXT A 详解

Unit1Book3FriendshipI.DifficultSentences1.Whenweapproachthenotionoffriendship,ourfirstproblemisthatthereisalackofsociallyacknowledgedcriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend.(1)Whatare“sociallyacknowledgedcriteria”?(=“Sociallyacknowledgedcriteria”areestablishedstandardsthatareacceptedbyallthepeopleinthesociety.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。)2.Inonesetting,wemaydescribesomeoneasafriend;inanother,thelabelmayseemlessappropriate.Whatdoesthissentenceimply?(=Thecriteriaforfriendshipvaryfromsettingtosetting.)3.Theytakepleasureineachother’scompanyonlyinsofarastheyhavehopesofadvantagefromit.(1)Dotheyenjoybeingtogetherpurelybecausetheylikeeachother?(=No,theyaretogetherjustbecausetheyexpecttobenefitfromtheirrelationship.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。)4.Friendshipbetweentheyoungisthoughttobegroundedonpleasure,becausethelivesoftheyoungareregulatedbytheirfeelings,andtheirchiefinterestsareintheirownpleasureandtheopportunityofthemoment.(1)Whatdoyoungpeoplecaremostwhenmakingfriends?(=Theycaremostabouttheirownfeelings,theirownpleasureandwhetherthereisanimportantopportunityatthepresenttime.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。)5.Thatiswhytheyfallinandoutoffriendshipquickly,changingtheirattitudeoften,evenwithinthesameday.Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?(=Youngpeople’sfriendshipistemporary,becausetheattitudetheyholdtofriendshipisalwayschanging.)6.Onlythefriendshipofthosewhoaregood,andsimilarintheirgoodness,isperfect.(1)Whatdoesthissentenceimply?(=Perfectfriendshipexistsonlybetweenpeoplewhoareequallygood.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。)7.Itisbetweengoodmenthatbothloveandfriendshiparechieflyfoundandinthehighestform.Paraphrasethissentence.(=Loveandfriendshiparemainlyfoundbetweengoodpeopleandtheloveandfriendshipareofthebestquality.)8.Andnotwopersonscanaccepteachotherandbecomefriendsuntileachhasprovedtotheotherthatheisworthyoflove,andsowonhistrust.(1)Howcantwopersonsbecomerealfriends?(=Onlywheneachhasprovedthathedeservestheloveoftheotherandthushaswontheother’strust.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。)9.Hefurtherdefines“thegood”as“thosewhoseactionsandlivesleavenoquestionastotheirhonor,purity,equity,andliberality;whoarefreefromgreed,lust,andviolence;andwhohavethecourageoftheirconvictions.”(1)Whatdoestheexpression“havethecourageoftheirconvictions”mean?(=Itmeans“bebraveenoughtosayandactonwhattheythinkisrighteventhoughotherpeoplemaynotagreeorapprove.”)(2)Translatethissentence.(=他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”)10.…andtheymustshareacommitmenttothegood.Paraphrasethissentence.(=…andtheybothmustdevotethemselvestopursuingwhatismorallyrightorworthyofpraise.)II.WordsandExpressions1.notion:n.anidea,belieforconcept*Ourmanagementsystemisbasedonthenotionsofpersonalequalityandliberty.我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的。(=Shehasnonotionofthedifficultyofthisproblem.)CF.idea,concept¬ion这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。idea最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的比较系统的概念或看法。notion指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Sheseemedunfamiliarwiththe______thateveryoneshouldhaveanequalopportunity.(=concept)(2)Ihaveno_____howshemanagedtodothis.(=idea/notion)(3)Ihadasilly_____thathewouldcomebackandbegmeforforgiveness.(=notion)(4)Don'tgetany_____aboutrevenge.(=ideas)2.criterion:n.standardbywhichsth.isjudged*Thecompany’scriterionforsuccessishighsales.对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。(=Tosomepublishers,thecriterionofabookwhichwillsellwellislengthratherthancontent.)CF.standard&criterion这两个名词均含“标准”之意。standard指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。例如：*Allrestaurantsinthetownwithalowstandardofhygienehavebeenforcedtoclose.城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。criterion较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。例如：*Whatarethecriteriafordecidingwhogetstheprize?评定获奖者以什么作标准。3.appropriate:adj.correctorsuitableforaparticularsituationoroccasion*Suitsarealwaysappropriateforajobinterview.(=HHeHisformalstyleofspeakingwasappropriatetotheoccasion.)4.thin:adj.nothavingthenecessaryqualitiestogaintheintendedresult*Histhinattemptsurelyresultedinnothing.书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。(=Thecriticsfoundherlatestnovelratherthin.)5.classical:adj.basedonorbelongingtoanoldorestablishedsystemofprinciplesormethods,e.g.inartorscience*Dressedinballetskirt,shedancedwithaclassicalelegance.他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。(=HeisgoingtoChinatostudyChineseclassicalpoetry.)6.distinguishbetween:recognizedifferencesbetween*Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecandistinguishbetweenthem.不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。(=Peoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blind.)7.utility:n.thequalityorconditionofbeinguseful;usefulness*Farmanimalshaveeconomicvaluebecauseoftheirutility.祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。(=Grandmahasalwaysdoubtedtheutilityvalueofadishwasher.)8.ground:n.reason(s)orjustificationforsaying,doingorbelievingsth.*Shecan’taccepthisgroundfordivorce.(=Hehasbeenfiredfromthejobonthegroundsofincompetence.)Patterns:agound/groundsfor………的理由onthegroundsof…基于……的原因onthegroundsthat…因为……9.breakup:tocomeorbringtoanend,especiallybyseparating*Theirmarriageeventuallybrokeupduetolackofcommunication.警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗。(=Policearrivedatthebarintimeandbrokeupthefight.)10.pursue:vt.trytoachievesth.;continuesteadilywith;carryon*Shedecidedtopursueherstudiesafterobtainingherfirstdegree.她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。老板决定不再追查那事。(=Ourbosshasdecidednottopursuethematteranyfurther.)Collocations:pursuesb.追求某人pursueavocation从事一份职业pursueahobby从事一项爱好pursueagoal追求一个目标11.takepleasurein(doing)sth.:toenjoy(doing)sth.*Theaudiencetookpleasureinwatchingthegracefulskaters’dancing.老人很享受回忆往事。(=Theoldmantakespleasureinrememberingthepast.)12.insofaras:tothedegreethat*Theymovedtothedowntownareainsofarastheycouldspendlesstimeonthewaytowork.为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。(=Hestillcontinuedhisresearchinthisfieldinsofarashecouldmakesomediscoveries.)13.regulate:vt.tocontrol,especiallybyrules;bringorderormethodto*Sweatingcanhelptoregulatethebody’stemperature.出汗有助于调节体温。长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。(=Thosewhoenjoyalonglifeusuallyregulatetheireatinghabits.)(=Wagesandworkinghoursareregulatedbyaseriesoflaws.)Collocations:regulatethetraffic管理交通regulateexpenditure控制费用regulatethespeed调整速度regulateaclock校对时钟regulatefoodsupplies调节食物供应14.asto:onthesubjectof;concerning*Wearepuzzledastohowtheaccidenthappened.关于事故是如何发生的我们很迷惑。在记者招待会上他拒绝就此事发任何评论。(=Herefusedtomakeanycommentsastothiseventatthepressconference.)(=Heisveryuncertainastowhetherit'stherightjobforhim.)15.equity:n.thestate,quality,oridealofbeingjust,impartial,andfair*Thejudgmentarousedpeople’sangerforitslackofequity.大家都同意裁判员的公正裁判。(=Theequityofthereferee'sdecisionwasacceptedbyeveryone.)16.liberality:n.thequalityorstateofbeingliberalorgenerous.*Liberalitycontributestothesuccessofleadership.一个慷慨的人会处处受人欢迎。(=Amanofliberalitywillbewelcomeeverywhere.)17.greed:n.anexcessivedesiretoacquireorpossessmorethanwhatoneneedsordeserves,especiallywithrespecttomaterialwealth(=Thelargecompany’sgreedtoswallowupitssmallercompetitorsisapparent.)我们被他们渴求知识的眼神深深触动了。(=Weweredeeplytouchedbythegreedforknowledgeintheireyes.)18.conviction:n.afixedorstrongbelief.*It'smyconvictionthatcomplacencyisattherootofourtroubles.我深信自满情绪是我们各种问题的根源。(=Doyoualwaysactinaccordancewithyourconvictions?)CF.belief,faith&conviction这些名词都有“相信”、“信任”之意。belief较为普通，指单纯从主观上的相信，不涉及这种相信是否有根据。例如：*Ifindhisbehaviorirresponsiblebeyondbelief.我发觉他的所作所为不负责任到了简直令人难以置信的地步。faith语气较强，强调完全相信，有时也指仅凭感觉产生的相信。例如：*Ihaven'tmuchfaithinthismedicine.我对这种药没有多大信心。conviction多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，强调其坚定性。例如：*She'dmadesuchpromisesbefore,andtheylackedconviction.她以前也作过这样的许诺,但都不足信。19.possess:vt.tohaveasone’sproperty,asaquality,etc.*Theypossesspropertyallovertheworld.他们在世界各地均拥有财产。他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗?(=Doeshepossessthenecessarypatienceandtacttodothejobwell?)(=Thefamilypossesseddocumentsthatprovedtheirrighttoownership.)CF:hold,own,possess&keep这些动词均有“有”、“具有”、“持有”之意。hold指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。own不及possess正式多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。possess较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。keep指长时间地保有、保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Asaleader,he______greattact.(=possesses)(2)Hisfamily______agreatdealofrealestateallovertheworld.(=holds)(3)Thoughhe______therestaurant,heisnotinvolvedinthemanagementofit.(=owns)(4)Idon'tknowwhichismoredifficult—toearnmoneyorto_____it.(=keep)20.preserve:vt.toprevent(someoneorsth.)frombeingharmedordestroyed*Motheralwaystriestopreservefamilyharmony.母亲总是在努力维持家庭和睦。*Moreandmoreteenagersfailtopreservetheireyesightandwearglasses.(=Shemanageddespiteeverythingtopreservehersenseofhumor.)21.commitment:n.aresponsibilityorpromisetofollowcertainbeliefsoracertaincourseofaction*Manyyoungpeopleremainsingleforlackofcommitmenttofamilyandmarriage.我们只给忠诚而勇于承担的人丰厚的报酬。(=Weonlypaythosewellwhohaveloyaltyandfullcommitment.)22.bind:vt.totietogetherorunite*Sheboundherhairupwithribbon.这些老人因为对太极拳的共同爱好而结合到了一起。(插入图片bind)(=Theseoldpeoplewereboundbyacommoninterestinshadowboxing.)CF:fasten,tie,bind&chain这些动词都有“扎牢”、“捆”、“绑”之意。fasten指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。tie普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。bind多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。chain专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)She____hershoesandkeptjogging.(=tied)(2)Thefeelingthat_____himtoherisquitestrong.(=binds)(3)_____yourseatbeltplease.(=Fasten)(4)He____hisdogtoatreeandwentinsidethehouse.(=chained)23.permanent:adj.lastingorintendedtolastforalongtimeorforever(=Peoplealwaysyearnforsomethingpermanent,enduring,withoutshadowofchange.)他受伤后就一直瘸了。(=Theinjurylefthimwithapermanentlimp.)Collocations:permanentaddress固定地址permanentemployment固定工作permanentcommittee常设委员会permanentforce常备军24.unite:v.tomakeorformasinglecompletewhole;tojoin*Christmasistheonlychancetounitemybigfamily.她觉得将想象力与常识联系起来有点困难。(=Shehasdifficultyunitingcommonsensewithvision.)(=Weshoulduniteinfightingpovertyanddisease.)CF:join,combine,unite&connect这些动词均有“连接”、“结合”、“联合”之意。join强调把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。combine指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。unite指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。connect指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.Theattackontheircountry______squabblingpoliticalfactionsinacommonpurpose.(=united)(2)Mostwomen______theunionaskingforequalpayforequalwork.(=joined)(3)Whenbadmen______,thegoodmustassociate.(=combine)(4)Thetwomenare______bymarriage.(=connected)25.attribute:n.apartofsomeone’scharacter,esp.apartthoughttobegood*Oneattributeofagoodmanageristhathelistensverycarefullytootherpeople.好的管理者所具备的一个特点就是耐心倾听。(=Hopeisoneofmankind’smostenduringandrewardingattributes.)III.UsefulExpressions社会公认的sociallyacknowledged在一种情况下inonesetting肤浅的理解athinunderstanding区分distinguishbetween解散breakup追逐个人利益pursueone’sownadvantage喜欢做某事takepleasurein(doing)sth.到……程度insofaras建立在……基础上begroundedon…受感情支配beregulatedbyone’sfeelings眼前的重要机会opportunityofthemoment在……相似besimilarin…常言道asthesayinggoes值得爱beworthyoflove摆脱贪婪befreefromgreed物质利益materialbenefits相伴为乐enjoyeachother’scompany同样忠诚于shareacommitment高尚品德moralexcellence达成共识developasharedideaIV.ProverbsandQuotations1.Afatherisatreasure,abrotherisacomfort,butafriendisboth.父亲是财富，兄弟是安慰，朋友兼而有之。2.Anearfriendisbetterthanafar-dwellingkinsman.远亲不如近邻。3.Friendshipisaplantofslowgrowthandmustundergoandwithstandtheshocksofadversitybeforeitisentitledtotheappellation.—GeorgeWashington,AmericanPresident友谊就像一棵生长缓慢的植物，只有经受住了逆境的考验才配得上这个称呼。——美国总统乔治·华盛顿4.Tofindafriendonemustcloseoneeye;Tokeephim,two.—NormanDouglas,Britishwriter交朋友得闭一只眼，留住朋友得闭两只。——英国作家诺曼·道格拉斯5.Itiseasiertoforgiveanenemythantoforgiveafriend.—WilliamBlake,Englishpoet原谅敌人比原谅朋友来得容易。——英国诗人威廉·布莱克6.Theholypassionoffriendshipissosweetandsteadyandloyalandenduringinnaturethatitwilllastthroughawholelifetime,ifnotaskedtolendmoney.—MarkTwain,Americanwriter圣洁而热情的友谊甜蜜，稳固，忠诚而持久，它能长存一生，只要别借钱。——美国作家马克·吐温1