考博英语范文35篇

v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改考博英语范文35篇博士生入学英语考试协作部分试题说明根据教育部1992年颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》（以下简称大纲《大纲》的要求：“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平。”《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能（如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等），能按具体要求，在一小时内写出250词左右的短文，正确达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。”、第一部分写作文的要求，评分及考试中普遍存在的问题一考试要求1．文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。2．表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图。3．意义连贯。文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力；4．语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实，最终避免中式英语。二作文的评分标准及样卷介绍14分:内容符合要求,包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容;语言流畅;层次分明,句式有变化。词汇丰富,句子结构和用词准确,文章长度符合要求。11分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容；文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。8分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中多数内容；基本清楚表达的主题的内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误，个别是大错。文章长度符合要求。5分：内容基本切题，基本表达了标题或提纲中的内容；文字连贯，语言可以理解，但有较多的结构和用词错误，且大错较多。文章长度基本符合要求。2分：基本切题，但语句支离破碎，只有少数句子可以理解。0分：文不切题。只将预先背诵的某篇文章默写下来，或语句混乱，无法理解。附：14分样卷Topic：WithherentryintoWTO,Chinaisbeingplungedintoaninternationalcompetitionfortalents,andinparticular,forhigher-leveltalents.Tofacethisnewchallenge,Chinamustdosomething,amongotherthings,toreformhergraduate(postgraduate)educationsystem.Stateyouropinionaobutthisreform,andgivethesolidsupportingdetailstoyourviewpoint.WithChina’sentryintoWTO,sheisfacingalotofchancesandchallengesinmanyaspects.Asfarastalentsareconcerned,Chinaisbeingplungedintoaninternationalcompetitionfortalents,especiallyforhigher-leveltalents.Inordertoadaptthisnewchallenge,Chinamustdosomething,amongotherthings,toreformhergraduateeducationsystem.Inmyopinion,wemustmakesomereformandadjustmentingraduateeducationsysteminmanyaspectsasfollows.Firstofall,fromtheviewofthegovernment,itmustadjustitspolicyofusingtalents,especiallyhigher-leveltalents.Forexample,itmayprovidemanyprivilegesforthem.Secondly,fortheviewpointoftheuniversities,theyshouldadjusttheirconstructureofcurriculum.Theyshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofgraduate’scapability.Theyshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestodirecttheireducationalgoalfromexam-orientededucationtoeducationforall-rounddevelopment.Finally,asfaraspersonnelisconcerned,astudentshouldpaymoreattentiontothelearningofallkindsofknowledgetomeettheneedsofsociety.Ina,itishightimethatwereformedthegraduateeducationsystem.Ifwedonotmakesomechangesinthegraduateeducationsystem,wemaybefailureintheinternationalcompetition.Sowemustreformourgraduateeducationsystem.(219words)点评：该文紧扣主题，结构严谨，内容充实，语言流畅，句式变化多样。虽有个别小错，但英语表达能力较强，长度符合要求。万能框架Asisimpliedinthetable(orcartoon)andwellknowntoallofus,…Take…inthetable(cartoon)forexample,it’s…forthe…to…Butwhen…Ontheotherhand,theredoexistsome…that…Theyaremakingallpossiblemeansto…andtryingtheirbestto…Comparedwithwhatthose…,It’sapitythat…Andwhat’smore,withthedeepeningandfurtheringofourcountry’sopeningandreforming,more…areallowedto…WithChinaenteringtheWTO,…arealsopermittedto…Ifstillblindtothis,the…issureto…So,it’surgentandessentialfor…toanalyze…morerationallyandmustkeepinmindthat…shouldneverbeunheard.Althoughtheconditionisunsatisfactorynow,withtheawarenessofthe…inthetable(orcartoon)andallthesocietyefforts,improvementandanevenbrighterfuturearenotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitable.三历年考试中存在的典型问题分析1．不会审题，偏离主题。2．汉语思维，逐字翻译。常见考生用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语。3．用词搭配不当。4．词汇量小，表达困难，拼写错误。5．句法逻辑关系混乱。例如：OurEnglishclassoftentoldstories.正确的应是:StoriesareoftentoldonourEnglishclass.6．不会用关联词转承上下句和段落。关联词即过渡词，使用过渡词，可使上下句子和段落合理衔接，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，常见过渡词如asfaras,however,well,though,inspiteof。7．语法错误。主要表现为：（1）分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise，raise；hear,listen（2）被动语态和主动语态的误用,例如:interesting和interested（3）词类混淆,将动词或形容词误用作名词,将名词或动词误用作形容词,例如:benefit和beneficial;difficult和difficulty;pleasure和pleased等。（4）混淆可数名词和不可数名词，例如：help，practice等。（5）冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：aEnglishbook,shoulddid,mustdone等。四．如何写出漂亮的文章文章要内容切题，表达清楚，意思连贯，语言比较规范。这就要求考生在写作时，把握如下方面：1．统一性（Unity）内容切题，实际上就是要求文章统一性。所谓统一性，就是指短文必须围绕着主题扩展，不能多中心。统一性表现在句子、段落和篇章三个层次上。我们写汉语文章的要求是首先不能跑题，实际上就是对统一性的要求。2．连贯性(Coherence)指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接要自然通畅，主要体现在文章的逻辑发展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。1）逻辑顺序按照时间先后，或空间位置的相互关系，我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序，描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点（指段落）或发展段（指文章）的顺序，这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序安排一般是先谈最次要的内容，继而谈较为重要的内容，最后再谈最重要的内容，从而形成文章高潮。2）过渡词语的运用——语篇的外在连贯手段有时，单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的，因而过渡词语的运用必不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”，英语的连贯属“形合”，而借助过渡词语取得语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。所以，在英语文章内，诸如等过渡词语特别多。它们的运用挑明了句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的关系，使文章更加显得连贯。由于受汉语“意合”的影响，中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。、3．语言规范语言的规范涉及面广。小至遣词造句，大到语篇结构，无不体现语言使用的质量。根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作文试卷统计，许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至不能保证单词拼写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著，从中学习语言用法，没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要在作文中使用，切忌中国式英语。、、第二部分35篇范文1.TelevisionProgramandTheirEffectonchildrenTelevisionprogramsregularlyentertain,educate,effectandevenfrightenthemajorityofourchildren.Mostchildrenareallowedtowatchwhateverprogramison,withlittlethoughtontheeffectthatparticularshowwillhaveonachild.Mostprogramscanbeclassedasbeneficialorharmful,accordingtowhateffecttheprogrammighthaveonachild.Thebeneficialtelevisionprogramsaremainlythousethateducatetheyoung.Thereareoftenspecialsonanimallife.Afewregularchildren’sprogramsdevelopthechild’sinterestinschool-typelearningbystressingnumbersandthealphablt,andthatencourageshimorhertobecreative.Thebeneficialcommercials,suchasthoseonanti-smoking,anti-litter,andhealth,shouldbeincludedinthiscategory.Ontheoppositesidearetheshows,whicharegenerallyharmfultochildren.Manycommercials,especiallythosesponsoringthechildren’sprograms,aredeliberatelywrittentocreateadesireforanunnecessaryproductsuchassugarcoatedcerealsandcandy.Alladultprogramsthatincludeviolenceorsexscenescanatbestfillachild’smindwithconfusingormisleadingideas,andcouldpossiblyhardenthechildtoviolence.Thoughtfulparentswilldefinitelynotallowtheirchildrentoviewthebadprograms.Achild’sviewingtimeshouldbelimitedtowatchingeducationllybeneficalprograms.2.HowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCitiesWiththedevelopmentofmodernindustryu,moreandmorepeopleareflowingintobigcities.Accordingly,thehousingprobleminbigcitiesisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Peoplehaveofferedmanysolutionstothisproblem.Ithinkbuildingsatellitecitiesinthesuburbsismorepractical.Thefreshairandbeautifulsecneryinthesuburbswillbeappealingtothecitycitizens,whosufferfromairpollution,noises,etc.intheovercrowdedcity.Withmorepeopleleavingthecity,morespacewillbeavailableforthoseremaining.Thehousinmgprobleminbigcitieswillthusbesolved.3.“Theyoungergeneratonknowsbest”Oldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.Thesamecommentsismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.Ithasneverbeentruerthantiistoday.Theyoungarebettereducated.Theyhavealotmoremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.Theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotsodependentontheirparents.Theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheideasoftheirelders.Events,whichtheoldergenerationremembersvividly,arenothingmorethanpasthistory.Thisisasitshouldbe.Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheoneprecededit.Todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed.Theoldalwaysassumethatytheyknowbestforthesimplereasonthattheyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.Theydon’tliketofeelthattheirvaluesarebeingquestionedorthreatened.Andthispreciselywhattheyoungaredoing.Theyarequestioningtheassumptionsoftheireldersanddisturbingtheircomplacency.Theytakeleavetodoubtthattheoldergenerationhascreatedthebestofallpossibleworlds.Whattheyrejectmorethananythingisconformity.Officehours,forinstance,arenothingmorethanenforcedslavery.Wouldn’tpeopleworkbestiftheyweregivencompletefreedomandresponsibilityAndwhataboutclothingWhosaidthatallthemenintheworldshouldweardrabgreysuitsandconvicthaircutsIfweturnourmindstomoreseriousmatters,whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeansWhosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeansWhosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeansWhyhavetheoldergenerationsooftenusedviolencetosolventheirproblemsWhyaretheysounhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives,soobsessedwithmeanambitionsandthedesiretoamassmoreandmorematerialpossessionsCananythingberightwiththerat—raceHaven’ttheoldlosttouchwithallthatisimportantinlifeTherearenotquestionstheoldergenerationcanshrugofflightly.Theirrecordoverthepastfortyyearsorsohasn’tbeenexactlyspotless.Traditionally,theyounghaveturnedtotheireldersforguilance.Today,thesituationmightreversed.Theold—iftheyarepreparedtoadmitit—couldlearnathingortwofromtheirchildren.Oneofthebiggestlessonstheycouldlearnisthatenjoymentisnot“sinful”.Enjoymentisaprincipleonecouldapplytoallaspectsoflife.Itissurelynotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandenjoyyourleisuretoshedrestrictinginhibitions.Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.Thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpressedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb:theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.Thisistheirgloriousheritage.Canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit4.PublicTransportationAspartofdomesticmodernization,publictransportationneedstobedevelopedurgentlyinChina.Icanillustratesomeexamples.Theredoesnotonlyexistserioustrafficjamsbutalsocrowdedbuses,undergroundandrailways.Commutersfindithardtogettoworkontimeduetoovercrowdedbusesortubes.Travelerscouldhardlygetonbusesinbigcitiesduringweedendsowingtofewerbusesandmorepeople.WhenSpringFestivalisdrawingnear,thereismuchgreater–ressureonpublictransportationsinceithastodealwithalargenumberoftravelersrushinghome.Andtravelersneedspecialarrangementstogohome.Inaword,publictransportationhasbecomebottlenecktotheadvancofChineseeconomy.Tosolvetheabove-mentionedproblems,thedepartmentsconcernedshouldcarryoutthefollowingsteps:tobuildmoreroads,highwaysorrailwaysandtoaddbusesortrainstotheoriginallines.Buttherfundshavetoberaisedbothfromthegovernmentandthepublic.Therearethreesourcesforfundraising.Oneistoraisethefaresforallkindsofalltransportationvehicles.Anotheristoincreasethepricesforvariousvehiclesonsale.Thethirdistoraisethepricesofpetrolanddieseloilinaddtiontothegovernmentalfunds.Ifallthismoneytoraisethepricesofpetrolanddieseloiilinaddtiontothegovernmentalfunds.Ifallthismoneycollectedisusedtoimprovetransportationservices,thesituationwillbebetteredandfavorable.Thethirdsteptotakeistointroducenewtechnologyinordertoraisetheefficiencyofvehicles.Forinstance,thespeedoftrainscanbeincreasedasmuchastwotimessothattwotimesasmanypeoplecanbeheld.Inthisway,thepressureonpublictransportationcanbedramaticallyalleviated.Soinaword,weneedtointroducenewtechnologytoraisethespeedofvehicleswhilehavingbuiltevenwiderroadsandaddedmoreefficienttrainsandhuses.5.HumanEducationTheotherday,aprofessorfromPekingUniversitygavealecture“ChineseIntellectualsandWrittenCulturalText”.Inhislecture,heheldthatChineseintellectualshavelostthewrittenculturaltextsincetheMay4thmovement.Hisopinionsetusthinkingthatthelossoftraditionalhumaneeducationresultedinacrisisofculturaleducation.Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,thelivingstandardoftheChinesepeoplehasimprovedalotintermsofmaterialwealth.Inaperiodwheneconomicstakepriority,peoplepaymoreanedmoreattentiontoprofit.Atpresent,moneymakingandpleasureseekingarebecomingapopularfashion.Ontheotherhand,thereappearsabarrenfieldofspiritintoday’ssociety.Ithasbecomeunexpectedlyhardtorebuildtheparadiseoftraditionalconfusion,moraldeclineandachaoticculturalmarket,allthisshowsthatitisthehightimetohavesomethingdoneinordertotackletheproblemofculturalorientation.Ourtimescallforanidealhumaneeducation.ItisunwisetodiscardtraditionalChinesecultureasawhole.Someoftheelementsofthisculturecanbemadeuseofinthereconstructionofourspiritualcivilizaitondirectlyorwit5hsomeadaptation.Ourattitudetowardstraditionshouldbe“discardingthedrossandselectingtheessence”.ThehumaneeducationofthepastcanserveasasupplementtoourMarxisteducation.Itshouldstartfromprimaryschool.Inthisway,ourchildrenwillgeteducatedsoastobepossessedofaperfectpersonality.Thenationalmoralewillbedeeplyrootedinpeople’smind,andwillhelppushforwardthegrowthofeconomy.Tosumup,wecanfinditbadlynecessarytobuildupanidealhumaneeducation.Weshouldfindanefficientwaytodevelopourhumaneeducationanddigout5moreresourcesformtraditionalChineseculture.6.CriticismonTelevisionAlotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchldren.Afewyearsago,thesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.Butalthoughchildpsychoilogistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyinghisproblem,thereisnotmuchevidencethattelevisionbringsaboutteenager’scrimes.Forpeopleinthemodernworldssharetheviewsofparentsahundredyearsago.Inthosedays,writersforchildrencarefullyavoidedanyreferencetosexintheirbooks,buthadnotinhibitionsaboutincludingscenesofviolence.Theevidencecollectedsuggests,however,thatneitherthesubject,northeactioninitselffrightenschildren.Thecontextinwhichcruelyorviolenceoccursismuchmoreimportant.Agoodguidetowhatispsychologicallyhealthyforasmallchildisthereforeprovidedbyatelevisionseriesinwhichaboyandagirlaresupposedtobeexploringdistantplanetswiththeirparents.Ineachstory,theyencounterstrangemonstersandfindthemselvesindangeroussituationsbuttheparentsarereassuringandsensible,asachild’spaprentsshouldbeinreallife.Thereisanadultcharacterwhoisacowardandliar,butboththechildrenarebraveand,ofcourse,everystoryendshappily.Inmyview,childrenshouldbeexposedtotheproblemsofreallifeassoonaspossible,buttheycannonthelpseeingthesethroughnewsprograms.Whentheyarebeingentertained,thehealthiestatmosphereisonewhichtheheroandheroinearechildrenlikethemselveswhobehavenaturallyandconfidentlyinanysituation.7.TheonythingpeopleareinteresedintodayisearingmoremoneyOnceuponatimetherelivedabeautifulyoungwomanandahandsomeyoungman.Theywereverypoor,butastheyweredeeplyinlove,theywantedtogetmarried.Theyoungpeople’sparentsshooktheirheads.“Youcan’tgetmarriedyet.”Theysaid.Waittillyougetagoodjobwithgoodprospects.Sotheyoungpeoplewaiteduntiltheyfoundgoodjobswithgoodprospectsandtheywereabletogetmarried.Theywerestillpoor,ofcourse,theydidn’thaveahousetoliveinoranyfurniture,butthatdid’tmatter.Theyyoungmanhadagoodjobwithgoodprospects,solargeorganizationslenthimthemoneyheneededtobuyahouse,somefurniture,allthelatestelectricalappliancesandacar.Thecouplelivedhappilyeverafterpayingoffdebtsfortherestoftheirlves.Andsoendsanothermodernromanticfable.Weliveinamaterialisticsocietyandaretrainedfromourearlistyearstobeacquistive.Ourpossessions,yoursandmineareclearlylabeledfromearlychildhood.Whenwegrowoldenoughtoearnaliving,itdoesnotsurpiseustodiscoverthatsuccessismeasuredintermsofthemoneyyouearn.Wespendthewholeofourliveskeepingupwithourneighbors,theJoneses.Ifwebuyanewtelevisionset,Jonesisboundtobuyabiggerandbetterone.Ifwebuyanewcar,wecanbesurethatJoneswillgoonebetterandgettwonewcars:oneforhiswifeandoneforhimself.ThemostamusingthingaboutthisgameisthatJonesesandalltheneighborswhoarestrugglingfranticallytokeepupwiththemarespendingborrowedmoneykindlyprovided,atasuitablerateofinterest,ofcourse,byfriendlybanks,insurancecompanies,etc.Itisnotonlyaffluentsocietiesthatpeopleareobsessedwiththeideaofmakingmoremoney.Consumergoodsaredesirableeverywhereandmodernindustrydeliberatelysetsouttocreatenewmarkets.Gonearethedayswhenindustrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Thewheelsofindustrymustbekeptturning.Built-inobsolescenceprovidesthemeans;goodsaremadetobediscarded.Carsgettinnierandtinnier.Younosooneracquirethisyear’smodelthanyouarethinkingaboutitsreplacement.Thismaterialisticoutlookhasseriouslyinfluencededucation.Fewerandfeweryoungpeoplethesedaysacquireknowledgeonlyforitsownsake.Everycourseofstudiesmustleadsomewhere..toabiggerwagepacket.Thedemandforskilledpersonnelforexceedsthesupplyandbigcompaniescompetewitheachothertorecruitstudentsbeforetheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.Temptingsalariesand“fringebenefits”areofferedtothem.Recruitingtacticsofthiskindhaveledtothebraindrain,theprocessbywhichhighlyskilledpeopleoffertheirservicestothehighestbidder.Thewealthiernationsdeprivetheirpoorerneighborsoftheirmostablecitizens.WhileMammonisworshippedasneverbefore,therichgetrichersandthepoor,poorer.8.CommunicationandLanguageOneofthefirstthingswethinkaboutwhenwehearthewordcommunicationlanguage.Therearethousandsoflanguagesspokenaroundtheworldtoday.Infact,linguistissaythattheremaybeasmanyas10000.Speakingwithothersisanimportantmeansofcommunication,butwecanalsocommunicatewithoutusingwords,thatisbynonverbalcommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationincludesvoicequality,eyesmovement,facialexpressionandbodymovementssuchasgesturesandchangeinbodyposition.Butmanypeopledonotrealizethateveryoneusesnonverbalcommunication.Sometimes,we“say”morewithourfaceandgesturesthatwedowithourvoices.Books,magazines,newspapers,radio,television,areothermeansofcommunication.Todaywecanalsocommunicateoverlongdistancewiththehelpofcommunicationssatellites.Somescientistssaythatsoonmachineswillbedevelopedforsendingmessagethroughtheearth.Thetechnologynecessarytobuildthesemachinesisverycomplex.Butthelanguagewespeakeverydayismuchmorecomplexthanthemostmoderncommunicationtechnology.9.CooperationGoeswithCompetitionInourtimes,cooperationandcompetitionspreadovertheworld.Bothofthemspeedupthewheelofeconomyandenrichtheintelligenceofmankind.Itispossibletoaccomplishacomplicatedprogrambyonlyonepersonnow.Asweknow,themorecooperationacompanydependson,themoreefficientitwillbecomeinbusiness.Furthermore,wecan’tavoidcompetitioninourexchanges.Fromtimetotime,wecompareourselveswithothers,expectingtocatchupwithothers.Thisisthespiritofcompetition,bywhichwepursuethehighestgoal.Itisonlybycompetitioninthemarketthatacompanycanraiseitsreputation.Wereitnotforcompetition,say,allofuswouldnotenjoywhatwehaveachieved.10.TheRiseofIntellectualPropertyProtectionIntellecturalpropertyscarcelyexistedinthevocabulariesofacademicresearchersandadministratorseven15yearsago.Nowitisanever-presentpartofdiscussionsonresearchpoliciesanddirections.Thisnewimportanceofintellectualpropertyinacademiareflectsachangingviewontherrelationshipsofresearchatuniversitiestothesurroundingsociety.Untilrecently,researchatuniversitieshasbeenrelativelyisolatedfromdemandsofeconomicutility,andeducationofgraduatestudentshasemphasizedacareerinacademicresearchasthefinalgoal.NowalmostallresearchuniversitiesintheUnitedStateshavetechnologylicensingoperations.Thenumberof.patentsgrantedtoAmericanuniversitiesinayearrosefromabout300in1980toalmost2000in1995.Thedirecteconomicimpactoftechnologylicensingontheuniversitiesthemselveshasbeenrelativelysmall.Incontrast,theimpactofuniversitytechnologytransferonthelocalandnationaleconomieshasbeensubstantial,andleadstotheconcusionthattheLicensingAct()isoneofthemostsuccessfulpiecesofeconomicdevelopmentinrecenthistory.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmorethan200000jobshavebeencreatedintheUnitedStatesinproductdevelopmentandmanufacturingofproductsfromuniversitylicenses,withthenumberincreasingfairlyrapidlyasthelicensesmature.Intellectualpropertytermshavebecomevitallyimportant.Thecompanywantstobeassuredthatitcanusetheresultsoftheresearch-andthattheseresultswillnotbeavailabletotheircompetitors.Butmostuniversitiesinsistthattransferofresearchresultsiskeytotheiridentityandmissionandwillnotagreetokeeptheprojectresultssecret.Thekeytoresolvingthisdilemmanistograntpatents:theuniversitywillpublishtheresults,butwillfirstagreetofilepatentsthatwillprotectthecompany’sprivilegeinthecommercialmarketplace.11.GenerationGapDespitevariousimprovementsinallaspectsofsociallife,thegenerationgapbetweenthegrown-upandtheyoungremainsunbridged.Instead,itgrowswiderapart.Nowadays,theyouthsdonotblindlyfollowwhattheireldersay.Owingtowidespreadedcuation,theinfluenceofwesterncivilization,tocertainextent,givesthemanewcodeofphilosophy,whichiscompletelydifferentfromthatoftheirelders.Aninvisiblecoldwallthusappearsbetweenthetwogenerations.Modernyouthsaretryingtobemorerevolutionary.Theyhavetheirowninterpretationfrodifferentmatters;theyalsohavetheirownideals.Theirreluctancetolearnoldteachingandsayingsbecomestheconstantfrictionbetweenthetwogenerations.Theyalwaysintroducenewchanges.However,theoldpeople,weddedt