Unit 7 French and English

Unit7FrenchandEnglish新世纪院校英语专业本科生系列教材（修订版）英语1电子3DetailedReadingContents24516WarmUpGlobalReadingConsolidationActivitiesTextAppreciationFurtherEnhancementSection1:WarmUpReadastoryshowingdifferentreactionstheFrenchandtheEnglishhavetothesameeventandanswerthefollowingquestions.Lead-inBackgroundInformationSection1:WarmUpLead-inBackgroundInformationOnceuponatimeacoachcontainingsomeEnglishmenandsomeFrenchmenwasdrivingovertheAlps.Thehorsesbegantorun,andastheyweredashingacrossabridgethecoachcaughtonthestonework,tottered,andnearlyfellintotheravinebelow.TheFrenchmenwerefranticwithterror:Theyscreamedandgesticulatedandflungthemselvesabout.TheEnglishmen,however,satquitecalmly.Anhourlater,thecoachdrewupataninntochangehorses.BythattimetheFrenchmenhadforgottenallaboutthedanger,sotheychattedgaily;buttheEnglishmenhadjustbeguntofeelit,andonehadanervousbreakdownandwasobligedtogotobed.Section1:WarmUpWhataretherespectivelydifferentreactionsoftheFrenchandtheEnglishtothesameevent?Howwouldyoucommentonthedifference?ArethereanyotherdifferencesyouknowbetweentheFrenchandtheEnglish?HowwouldChinesepeoplereacttothesamesituation?Lead-inBackgroundInformationSection1:WarmUpAbouttheAuthorGilbertKeithChesterton:Britishmanofletters,journalist,scholar,novelist,short-storywriter,andpoet.HisworksofsocialandliterarycriticismincludeRobertBrowning(1903),CharlesDickens(1906),andTheVictorianAgeinLiterature(1913).1874-1936BackgroundInformationLead-inSection1:WarmUpHisfictionincludesTheNapoleonofNottingHill(1904),thepopularallegoricalnovelTheManWhoWasThursday(1908),andhismostsuccessfulcreation,theseriesofdetectivenovelsfeaturingthepriest-sleuthFatherBrown.BackgroundInformationLead-inSection1:WarmUpVoltaireFrançois-MarieArouet,betterknownbythepennameVoltaire,wasaFrenchEnlightenmentwriter,essayist,deistandphilosopher.Voltairewasknownforhissharpwit,philosophicalwritings,anddefenseofcivilliberties,includingfreedomofreligionandtherighttoafairtrial.1694-1778BackgroundInformationLead-inSection2:GlobalReadingDecidewhichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor’spurpose.StructuralAnalysisMainIdeaA.TocomparethenationalcharactersoftheEnglishandtheFrench.B.ToexplainhowtheEnglishandtheFrenchhavedevelopedtheirrespectivenationalcharacters.C.Tostressthatinternationaldifferencescanbeunderstoodandappreciatedonlyonthebasisofunderstandingone’sownnationalcharacters.D.Toillustratetheeffectofanyattempttoimitateforeigncharacters.C.Tostressthatinternationaldifferencescanbeunderstoodandappreciatedonlyonthebasisofunderstandingone’sownnationalcharacters.Section2:GlobalReadingPleasesummarizethemainideaofeachofthefourparagraphsofthetext.StructuralAnalysisMainIdeaPartI(Paragraph1)IntroductionParagraph1pointsoutthatoneshouldpaymuchrespecttothedistinctivefeaturesofanynationandthatanycasualsimplificationoftheso-callednationalcharacterwouldbequitedangerousorevendisastrous.StructuralAnalysisMainIdeaPartII(Paragraph2)UnderstandingtheFrenchParagraph2givesreadersakeytothestudyoftheFrenchnationalcharacter,whichistogobeyondthevisiblesurfaceanddelveintotheconcealeddepth.Italsopointsoutthedangerofasuperficialobservationandunderstandingofthenationalcharacterofacountry.Section2:GlobalReadingStructuralAnalysisMainIdeaPartIII(Paragraph3)UnderstandingtheEnglishParagraph3doesareversedresearch,supposingaFrenchmanhassomeerroneousknowledgeabouttheEnglishpeople,andthenpointsouttheridiculousnessofhismisunderstandingoftheEnglishpeople.Theconclusionisthatthenationalcharactercannotbeunderstoodsoeasily,sinceitisacondensedembodimentofcultureandtradition.Section2:GlobalReadingStructuralAnalysisMainIdeaPartIV(Paragraph4)AnExampleTheauthorrecountsanincidentinlifetofurtherprovewhathewantstosayinthisarticle:Ifonedoesnotknowthenationalcharacterofhisowncountry,itwouldbeimpossibleforhimtoknowthatofanothercountry.Withoutathoroughandcompleteknowledgeofthecharacterofacertainnation,one’sso-calledlovetowardsorappreciationofthatparticularcharactercangonofurtherthanblindandsuperficialimitation.Withoutduerespecttopeculiaritiesofdifferentnations,therewouldbenosuchthingasdiversityintheworld,andtherefore,nogenuinepeaceorhappinesscaneverbeachieved.Section2:GlobalReadingSection3:DetailedReading1Itisobviousthatthereisagreatdealofdifferencebetweenbeinginternationalandbeingcosmopolitan.Allgoodmenareinternational.Nearlyallbadmenarecosmopolitan.Ifwearetobeinternationalwemustbenational.Anditislargelybecausethosewhocallthemselvesthefriendsofpeacehavenotdweltsufficientlyonthisdistinctionthattheydonotimpressthebulkofanyofthenationstowhichtheybelong.Internationalpeacemeansapeacebetweennations,FrenchandEnglishQUESTIONSection3:DetailedReadingnotapeaceafterthedestructionofnations,liketheBuddhistpeaceafterthedestructionofpersonality.ThegoldenageofthegoodEuropeanisliketheheavenoftheChristian:itisaplacewherepeoplewillloveeachother;notliketheheavenoftheHindu,aplacewheretheywillbeeachother.Andinthecaseofnationalcharacterthiscanbeseeninacuriousway.Itwillgenerallybefound,Ithink,thatthemoreamanreallyappreciatesandadmiresthesoulofanotherpeoplethelesshewillattempttoimitateit;hewillbeconsciousthatthereissomethinginittoodeepandtoounmanageabletoimitate.Section3:DetailedReadingTheEnglishmanwhohasafancyforFrancewilltrytobeFrench;theEnglishmanwhoadmiresFrancewillremainobstinatelyEnglish.ThisistobeparticularlynoticedinthecaseofourrelationswiththeFrench,becauseitisoneoftheoutstandingpeculiaritiesoftheFrenchthattheirvicesareallonthesurface,andtheirextraordinaryvirtuesconcealed.[3]Onemightalmostsaythattheirvicesarethefloweroftheirvirtues.2[4]Thustheirobscenityistheexpressionoftheirpassionateloveofdraggingallthingsintothelight.Section3:DetailedReadingTheavariceoftheirpeasantsmeanstheindependenceoftheirpeasants.WhattheEnglishcalltheirrudenessinthestreetsisaphaseoftheirsocialequality.Theworriedlookoftheirwomenisconnectedwiththeresponsibilityoftheirwomen;andacertainunconsciousbrutalityofhurryandgestureinthemenisrelatedtotheirinexhaustibleandextraordinarymilitarycourage.Ofallcountries,therefore,Franceistheworstcountryforasuperficialfooltoadmire.LetafoolhateFrance:ifthefoollovesithewillsoonbeaknave.QUESTIONSection3:DetailedReadingHewillcertainlyadmireit,notonlyforthethingsthatarenotcreditable,butactuallyforthethingsthatarenotthere.Hewilladmirethegraceandindolenceofthemostindustriouspeopleintheworld.Hewilladmiretheromanceandfantasyofthemostdeterminedlyrespectableandcommon-placepeopleintheworld.ThismistaketheEnglishmanwillmakeifheadmiresFrancetoohastily;butthemistakethathemakesaboutFrancewillbeslightcomparedwiththemistakethathemakesabouthimself.AnEnglishmanwhoprofessesreallytolikeFrenchrealisticnovels,reallytobeathomeinaFrenchmoderntheatre,Section3:DetailedReadingreallytoexperiencenoshockonfirstseeingthesavageFrenchcaricatures,ismakingamistakeverydangerousforhisownsincerity.Heisadmiringsomethinghedoesnotunderstand.Heisreapingwherehehasnotsown,andtakingupwherehehasnotlaiddown;heistryingtotastethefruitwhenhehasnevertoiledoverthetree.HeistryingtoplucktheexquisitefruitofFrenchcynicism,whenhehasnevertilledtherudebutrichsoilofFrenchvirtue.3ThethingcanonlybemadecleartoEnglishmenby[8]turningitround.SupposeaFrenchmancameoutofdemocraticSection3:DetailedReadingFrancetoliveinEngland,wheretheshadowofthegreathousesstillfallseverywhere,andwhereevenfreedomwas,initsorigin,aristocratic.IftheFrenchmansawouraristocracyandlikedit,ifhesawoursnobbishnessandlikedit,ifhesethimselftoimitateit,weallknowwhatweshouldfeel.WeallknowthatweshouldfeelthatthatparticularFrenchmanwasarepulsivelittlegnat.HewouldbeimitatingEnglisharistocracy;hewouldbeimitatingtheEnglishvice.Buthewouldnotevenunderstandtheviceheplagiarized:especiallyhewouldnotunderstandthattheviceispartlyavirtue.QUESTIONHewouldnotunderstandthoseelementsintheEnglishwhichbalancesnobbishnessandmakeithuman:thegreatkindnessoftheEnglish,theirhospitality,theirunconsciouspoetry,theirsentimentalconservatism,whichreallyadmiresthegentry.TheFrenchRoyalistseesthattheEnglishliketheirking.ButhedoesnotgraspthatwhileitisbasetoworshipaKing,itisalmostnobletoworshipapowerlessKing.13TheimpotenceoftheHanoverianSovereignshasraisedtheEnglishloyalsubjectalmosttothechivalryanddignityofaJacobite.TheFrenchmanseesthattheEnglishservantisrespectful:Section3:DetailedReadingSection3:DetailedReadinghedoesnotrealizethatheisalsodisrespectful;thatthereisanEnglishlegendofthehumorousandfaithfulservant,whoisasmuchapersonalityashismaster;theCalebBalderstone,theSamWeller.HeseesthattheEnglishdoadmireanobleman;hedoesnotallowforthefactthattheyadmireanoblemanmostwhenhedoesnotbehavelikeone.14Theylikeanobletobeunconsciousandamiable:theslavemaybehumble,butthemastermustnotbeproud.ThemasterisLife,astheywouldliketoenjoyit;andamongthejoystheydesireinhimthereisnonewhichtheydesiremoresincerelythanthatofgenerosity,ofthrowingmoneyaboutamongmankind,or,tousethenoblemediaevalword,largesse—thejoyoflargeness.Thatiswhyacabmantellsyouyouarenogentlemanifyougivehimhiscorrectfare.Notonlyhispocket,buthissoulishurt.Youhavewoundedhisideal.Youhavedefacedhisvisionoftheperfectaristocrat.Allthisisreallysubtleandelusive;itisverydifficulttoseparatewhatismereslavishnessfromwhatisasortofvicariousnobilityintheEnglishloveofalord.AndnoFrenchmancouldeasilygraspitatall.Hewouldthinkitwasmereslavishness;andifhelikedit,hewouldbeaslave.Section3:DetailedReadingSoeveryEnglishmanmust(atfirst)feelFrenchcandortobemerebrutality.Andifhelikesit,heisabrute.Thesenationalmeritsmustnotbeunderstoodsoeasily.Itrequireslongyearsofplentitudeandquiet,theslowgrowthofgreatparks,theseasoningofoakenbeams,thedarkenrichmentofredwineincellarsandininns,alltheleisureandthelifeofEnglandthroughmanycenturies,toproduceatlastthegenerousandgenialfruitofEnglishsnobbishness.Anditrequiresbatteryandbarricade,songsinthestreets,andraggedmendeadforanidea,toproduceandjustifytheterribleflowerofFrenchindecency.Section3:DetailedReadingSection3:DetailedReading4WhenIwasinParisashorttimeago,IwentwithanEnglishfriendofminetoanextremelybrilliantandrapidsuccessionofFrenchplays,eachoccupyingabouttwentyminutes.Theywereallastonishinglyeffective;buttherewasoneofthemwhichwassoeffectivethatmyfriendandIfoughtaboutitoutside,andhadalmosttobeseparatedbythepolice.Itwasintendedtoindicatehowmenreallybehavedinawreckornavaldisaster,howtheybreakdown,howtheyscream,howtheyfighteachotherwithoutobjectandinamerehatredofeverything.Andthentherewasadded,Section3:DetailedReadingwithallthathorribleironywhichVoltairebegan,asceneinwhichagreatstatesmanmadeaspeechovertheirbodies,sayingthattheywereallheroesandhaddiedinafraternalembrace.MyfriendandIcameoutofthistheatre,andashehadlivedlonginParis,hesaid,likeaFrenchman:“Whatadmirableartisticarrangement!Isitnotexquisite?”“No,”Ireplied,assumingasfaraspossiblethetraditionalattitudeofJohnBullinthepicturesinPunch—“No,itisnotexquisite.Perhapsitisunmeaning;ifitisunmeaningIdonotmind.ButifithasameaningIknowwhatthemeaningis;Section3:DetailedReadingitisthatunderalltheirpageantofchivalrymenarenotonlybeasts,butevenhuntedbeasts.Idonotknowmuchofhumanity,especiallywhenhumanitytalksinFrench.ButIknowwhenathingismeanttoupliftthehumansoul,andwhenitismeanttodepressit.IknowthatCyranodeBergerac(wheretheactorstalkedevenquicker)wasmeanttoencourageman.AndIknowthatthiswasmeanttodiscouragehim.”“Thesesentimentalandmoralviewsofart,”beganmyfriend,butIbrokeintohiswordsasalightbrokeintomymind.“Letmesaytoyou,”Isaid,Section3:DetailedReading“WhatJaurèssaidtoLiebknechtatthesocialistConference:‘Youhavenotdiedonthebarricades.’YouareanEnglishman,asIam,andyououghttobeasamiableasIam.Thesepeoplehavesomerighttobeterribleinart,fortheyhavebeenterribleinpolitics.Theymayenduremocktorturesonthestage;theyhaveseenrealtorturesinthestreets.TheyhavebeenhurtfortheideaofDemocracy.TheyhavebeenhurtfortheideaofCatholicism.Itisnotsoutterlyunnaturaltothemthattheyshouldbehurtfortheideaofliterature.But,byblazes,itisaltogetherunnaturaltome!Section3:DetailedReadingAndtheworstthingofallisthatI,whoamanEnglishman,lovingcomfort,shouldfindcomfortinsuchthingsasthis.TheFrenchdonotseekcomforthere,butratherunrest.Thisrestlesspeopleseekstokeepitselfinaperpetualagonyoftherevolutionarymood.Frenchmen,seekingrevolution,mayfindthehumiliationofhumanityinspiring.ButGodforbidthattwopleasure-seekingEnglishmenshouldeverfinditpleasant!”QUESTIONACTIVITYSection3:DetailedReadingWhatisthedifferencebetweenbeinginternationalandbeingcosmopolitan?(Paragraph1)Theauthorthinksthatbeinginternationalisbasedonbeingnational,whichmeansgivingduerespecttothespecificfeaturesofeachnationandalwaystakingthemintocarefulconsideration,andthatbeingcosmopolitanmeansonlybearinginmindanintangiblenotionof“thewholeworld”whileignoring,orevenrejectingrudely,thespecificfeaturesofeachnation.An“international”worldisaunitywithdiversifiedfeatures,whilea“cosmopolitan”worldisonedevoidofpeculiarfeatures,withitsindividualpartscompletelyerased.Section3:DetailedReadingWhyisitthat“Franceistheworstcountryforasuperficialfooltoadmire?”(Paragraph2)Accordingtotheauthor,theFrenchisapeculiarpeoplewhosevicesareallonthesurface,andwhoseextraordinaryvirtuesconcealed.AsafoolcannotunderstandprofoundlythecharactersandvirtuesoftheFrench,hewillimitateonlytheindecentvices,whicharesuperficial.Asaresult,hewillnotfollowthevirtuesoftheFrenchwhilecopyingtheirvices,andhewillthereforeturnhimselfintoaknave.Section3:DetailedReadingHowdoestheauthorbelieveanEnglishmanmayfeelifaFrenchmansayshelikesEnglisharistocracyandtriestoimitateit?Howdoesheaccountforthat?(Paragraph3)AnEnglishmanmayfeelthattheFrenchmanisagnatifhesayshelikesEnglisharistocracyandtriestoimitateit.ItisbecausetheFrenchmanmaynothaveunderstoodthecultureunderlyingtheclassdistinctioninEngland,andthereforefailstounderstandthatsnobbishness,aviceoftheEnglish,canbepartofavirtueembracingkindnessandhospitality.Section3:DetailedReadingWhydidtheauthorquarrelwithhisfriendovertheplay?(Paragraph4)Theauthorquarreledwithhisfriendovertheplaybecausehisfriendpretendedtoliketheplay.Hebelievedthathisfriend,anEnglishmanashewas,shouldhavefeltuncomfortablewiththethemeoftheplaymorereadilyacceptabletotheFrenchpeoplewhohadbeengoingthroughrevolution,findingthehumiliationofhumanityinspiring.Section3:DetailedReadingClassDiscussions1)Howdoyouthinkanationhasfosteredandformeditsdistinctiveanddominantcharacteristics?2)Willtheemphasisonthedistinctivenessofthenationalcharacterbecomeanobstacleinculturalcommunication?Section3:DetailedReadingcosmopolitan:a.containingorhavingexperienceofpeopleandthingsfrommanydifferentpartsoftheworlde.g.acosmopolitanatmospherethisgreatcosmopolitancitymodernprogressivepeoplewithatrulycosmopolitanoutlookSection3:DetailedReadingdwellon:tospendalotoftimethinkingortalkingaboutsth.e.g.Hetendstodwellonthenegativeaspectsofhisperformance.Don’tdwellsomuchonyourpast.Shedidnotdwellonthedetailsofthematter.Section3:DetailedReadingbulk:n.sth.thatisverylarge,wideandsolide.g.Sheheavedherformidablebulkoffthefrailchair.Welookedupatthegreatdarkbulkofthecathedral.Collocations:thebulkof:mostofe.g.inbulk:inlargequantitiese.g.thebulkofpopulationWomenstilldothebulkofdomesticworkinthehome.Theeldestsoninheritedthebulkoftheestate.Theofficebuyspaperinbulktokeepdowncosts.Section3:DetailedReadingBuddhistpeace:AreligionfoundedbytheBuddha,Buddhismemphasizesphysicalandspiritualdisciplineasameansofliberationfromthephysicalworld.ThegoalfortheBuddhististoattainnirvana,astateofcompletepeaceinwhichoneisfreefromthedistractionsofdesireandself-consciousness.Section3:DetailedReadingHindu:n.anadherentofthediversebodyofreligion,philosophyandculturalpracticenativetoandpredominantinIndia,characterizedbyabeliefinreincarnationandasupremebeingofmanyformsandnatures,andbyadesireforliberationfromearthlyevilsSection3:DetailedReadingobstinately:ad.inawaythatindicatesstubbornness;inamannerthatisdifficulttoalleviate;persistentlye.g.Istayedobstinatelyinmyroom,sittingbythetelephone.Smithobstinatelyrefusedtocarryouttheorder.Thedoorobstinatelystayedclosedwhenhetriedtopushitopen.Theswellingobstinatelyrefusedtosubside.Unemploymentremainsobstinatelyhigh.Section3:DetailedReadingSynonym:obstinate:a.unreasonablydetermined,especiallytoactinaparticularwayandnottochangeatall,despiteargumentorpersuasion;difficulttosubdueoralleviatee.g.stubbornlyanobstinatefeverShewasalwaystheoutsider,refusingtoconformtotraditions,obstinateandimpudent.Transformation:Section3:DetailedReadingpeculiarity:n.astrangeorunusualhabitorcharacteristic;adistinguishingtrait,etc.thatischaracteristicofaparticularperson;idiosyncrasye.g.England’shistoricalpeculiaritylayinthefactthataristocracywastheonlymodelforsocialambition.Itisapeculiarityoftoday’sculturethatsomuchinsincerityiscalledfor.Synonym:oddity,quirk,characteristicSection3:DetailedReadingtheflowerof:thebestpartorbestexampleofsth.Practice:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1)theflowerofthenation’syouth（）2)intheflowerofone’sage/life（）3)theflowerofscholarship（）=国家的青年才俊=年富力强的时期=学术精英Section3:DetailedReadingobscenity:n.thestateorqualityofbeingobscene;anobsceneact,statement,word,etc.e.g.Thepeoplewhomadethatfilmcouldbeprosecutedforobscenity.Hewasshoutingandscreamingobscenities.Transformation:obscene:a.offensiveinasexualway;oftenusedtodescribesth.thatismorallywrongbecauseitistoolargeSection3:DetailedReadingSynonym:e.g.indecent,offensiveobscenevideosanobscenemassacreHewasfinedformakinganobscenegestureattheumpire.Theamountofmoneythattop-classfootballersearnispositivelyobscene.Section3:DetailedReadingavarice:n.anextremelystrongdesiretoobtainorkeepwealthe.g.Herbusinessempirebroughtherwealthbeyondthedreamsofavarice.Transformation:avariciousa.e.g.Itwasthenthatsheshowedjusthowavariciousshewas—demandingahalf-shareofeverythingIhadbeforeshewouldmoveout.Synonym:greedSection3:DetailedReadingknave:n.anunprincipled,craftyfellowe.g.ThereisnoultimateanswertothequestionofwhetherChurchillwasaherooraknave.Transformation:knavish: a.deceitfulordishoneste.g.Afterafewmonths,despiteourbestefforts,hewentbankruptandhisknavishcontractorswereawardedallhehad.Section3:DetailedReadingcreditable:a.deservingofpraise,trustorrespecte.g.Hefinishedaverycreditablefifthintherace.Thecompanyhasproducedacreditableperformancethisyear.Section3:DetailedReadingindolence:n.adislikeofworkoreffort;laziness;idlenesse.g.Hewasnotedforhisindolence.Ilikedpicturesdensewiththehumorsandvaporsofindolence.Frequentnappingorlengthysleepisbynomeansasignofindolence.Strengthlurkedsomewherebutindolencewaspleasant,andhepreferredtolettimedoitswork.Section3:DetailedReadingTransformation:indolenta.e.g.anindolentwaveofthehandanindolentreplySection3:DetailedReadingprofess:v.toclaimsth.,sometimesinawaythatisnotsinceree.g.HeprofessesgreatadmirationfortheNewZealandplayers.Manywildlifesmugglersprofesstohaveaninterestinconservation.Ihaveafancyforcountrymusic,butIhaveneverprofessedtoknowanythingaboutmusic.Synonym:claim,stateSection3:DetailedReadingFrenchrealisticnovels:TheRealistMovementinFrenchartflourishedfromabout1840untilthelate19thcentury,andsoughttoconveyatruthfulandobjectivevisionofcontemporarylife.RejectingtheidealizedclassicismofacademicartandtheexoticthemesofRomanticism,Realismwasbasedondirectobservationofthemodernworld.Realistsrecordedinoftengrittydetailthepresent-dayexistenceofhumblepeople,parallelingrelatedtrendsinthenaturalistliteratureofÉmileZola,HonorédeBalzac,andGustaveFlaubert.Section3:DetailedReadingZolaBalzacFlaubertSection3:DetailedReadingsavageFrenchcaricatures:PoliticalcartoonsproducedduringtheFrenchRevolutiontoinformpeopleaboutthemeaningofarecentdecreeorthesignificanceofthelatestbeheading.Caricaturesfueledtherevolutionarystruggleinawaythatmaybedifficulttoimaginetoday,butrepresentativesoftheRepublicanandtheRoyalistsidesenergeticallyviedthroughthismeanestofartisticformstoshapeFrenchpublicopinion.Section3:DetailedReadingpluck:v.topullsth.,especiallywithasuddenmovement,inordertoremoveite.g.apluckedchickenIpluckedagreyhairfrommyhead.Hepluckedtheletterfrom/outofmyhand,andranoffwithit.Collocation:plucksb.tosafety:torescuesb.;tosavesb.fromdangere.g.Rescuecrewspluckedthemtosafety.Section3:DetailedReadingplucksb.fromobscurity:togiveapersonwhoisnotwellknownanimportantjoborpositionsothattheysuddenlybecomefamouse.g.plucksth.outof/fromtheair:tosaysth.quickly,usuallybecauseareplyisexpected,