pet3教材之一种

Pets-3 依据教材——《全国公共英语等级考试 coursebook for PETS level 3》 （全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会组编，高等教育出版社,58.00元） Lesson 1 Kip Keino Kipchoge Keino is a modest man，and it takes prodding to get the great Kenyan runner to recall how he felt on Oct ，20，1968 — when he won his first gold medal，in the 1,500 meters in Mexico City.The day hadn’t started out well，Keino was suffering from stomach pains that later turned out to be a severe gallbladder infection. His doctors advised against running；he ignored them.During the race，Keino was so focused on competing against American ace Jim Ryun that，in retrospect，“Without watching a video, I wouldn’t know what happened at the finish.” He does remember what happened next. “I ran an honor lap. I ran it to celebrate and to let my body recover. I felt overcome by the excitement.” It was not the only memorable event in his life that day. Back home, his wife, Phyllis, gave birth to their third daughter, named Milka Olympia Chelagat in celebration of her father’s victory. Keino went on to win a silver medal in the 5,000 meters in Mexico City and a gold and a silver four years later in Munich. He then became Kenya’s Olympic running coach from 1976 to 1986, furthering his nation’s dominance in distance events. Kenyan runners have captured 32 Olympic track medals since 1964 and won the last six consecutive Boston Marathons. This summer, Keino will be in Atlanta as chief of the 120-athlete Kenyan delegation, which could include his son Martin, 23, a former NCAA 5,000-meter champion at the 1,5000 meters. But Keio’s athletic accomplishments are not the only reason he is a hero in the town of Eldoret in northwestern Kenya. Thirty years ago, Keino and his wife—who now have seven children of their own—began taking orphans into their home. Their house became so crowded that they raised funds to build a dormitory and a dining hall on a nearby farm Keino owns. Income to support the facility comes from the farm, his sports shop and fees he has received from the Kenyan government over the years. Today, 73 children and young adults—aged 2 to 22—live on the farm. “I think I have been lucky,” Keino says. “Now what is important is how I use what I have to help others.” 1.prod v. 刺激 n. 刺激物，提醒物 He''s forgetful, so I''ll give his memory a prod. (it''s a noun. here) 他很健忘,所以我要提醒他一下 He won''t do anything if he''s not prodded into it. (It is a verb here). 不催他，他不会做事的。 2.Kenyan adj. 肯尼亚的，肯尼亚人的。 3.recall v. 回想，回忆，使回忆 Dick recalls having been in Paris to study music when he was a child. 迪克忆起小时候曾经到巴黎学音乐 4.suffer v. 受痛苦，患病 He suffered many humiliations before he became a football star. 他在成为足球名将前受过许多屈辱 5.stomach n. 胃 I have no stomach for any food now. 现在我什么东西都不想吃。 6.gallbladder n. 胆囊 7.infection n. 感染，传染，侵染 Are you sure there is no danger of infection now? 你敢不敢肯定现在已没有传染的危险？ He suffered from a lung infection. 他肺部受到了感染。 8.focus on 集中于 He focused his eyes on me. 他注视着我。 9.ace n. （任何一行中的）能手 He is an ace at chess. 他是个棋艺极精的人。 10.retrospect n. 回顾，回想 a brief historical retrospect 简单的历史回顾 11.video n. 影像，录像 They use video for teaching these students. 他们运用录像来教授这些学生。 12.lap n. （跑道的）一圈，（竞赛中规路程的）全长 He overtook the other runners on the last lap. 他在最后一圈时超过了其他的赛跑选手。 13.coach n. 教练 Our football team has got a very experienced coach. 我们的足球队有了一个很有经验的教练。 14.Mexico City 墨西哥城。 Mexico 拉丁美州国家 墨西哥 15.ran an honor lap 光荣的跑了一圈 16.Olympic track medals 奥林匹克田径奖牌 17.dominance n. 优势，控制 18.distance events 长跑运动 19.consecutive adj. 连续的，连贯的，顺序的 It has rained for four consecutive days. 已连续下了四天雨。 20.Marathon n. 马拉松 a marathon runner 一位马拉松赛跑选手 21.athlete n. 运动员 The athlete won two gold medals in the Olympics. 这位运动员在奥林匹克运动会上获得两块金牌。 22.delegation n. 代表团 The French delegation is just arriving at the conference. 法国代表团刚到会。 23.champion n. 冠军 He is a champion at writing familiar essays. 他是写小品文的好手 24.orphan n. 孤儿 The boy became an orphan at six. 那男孩六岁时成了孤儿。 25.raise funds 集资 26.income n. 收入，所得税 She lives within her income. 她过着量入为出的生活。 27.facility n. 设施 She had no cooking facilities in the room. 她房间里没有烧煮设备。 28.Boston （美国城市名）波士顿 29.Atlanta (美国城市名） 亚特兰大 30.NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) (美国)大学生体育协会 【译文】 　克普·凯诺 克普乔格·凯诺是一个很谦虚的人,要使这位伟大的肯尼亚长跑运动员回想起他在1968年10月20日那一天的感受不是一件很容易的事——(当天地)在墨西哥城参加1,500米长跑比赛时赢得了一生中的第一枚金牌.那天天未亮,凯诺忍受着剧烈的胃痛,后来证实他患了严重的胆囊炎.鉴于这种特殊情况,他的保健医生们都反对他参加长跑,然而他却不予理会.在赛跑中,凯诺集中精力,全力以赴与美国长跑能手木姆·润恩竞赛,后来他回忆说,"如果没有看实况录象,我都不知道比赛的最后时刻发生了什么事情."但他确实记得下面的事情,"为了庆祝胜利并恢复体力,我光荣地跑了一圈,兴奋得筋疲力竭."那天,这不是惟一值得他纪念的事情,回到家,妻子菲利斯生了个女儿,为了纪念他的胜利就给她取名为米尔卡·奥林匹克·克拉哥特. 接着,凯诺在墨西哥城举行的5,000米长跑比赛中赢得一枚银牌,而四年后在慕尼黑的比赛中又赢得一枚金牌和一枚银牌.1976到1986年,他成为肯尼亚奥运长跑教练,使得肯尼亚继续在长跑比赛中保持绝对的优势地位.自1964年以来,肯尼亚长跑运动员已经获得32枚奥运田径奖牌,而且在波士顿马拉松比赛中赢得了六连冠.今年夏天,凯诺将以120名肯尼亚运动员代表团团长的身份去亚特兰大,代表团中包括他的儿子马丁.马丁,23岁,亚利桑那州大学的全美大学生运动会5,000米前冠军,有希望在1,500米长跑比赛中获胜. 但是,凯诺的运动成就不是他成为肯尼亚西北方埃尔多雷特市镇英雄的惟一理由.30年前,凯诺和他的妻子开始收养孤儿,现在她已是七个孩子的母亲.他们的房子变得如此拥挤,以致他们在凯诺自已的农场附近集资建造了宿舍和餐厅.维持这些设施的经费来自他的农场、体育用品商店以及多年从肯尼亚政府获得的酬金.今天,仍有2到22岁不同年龄段的73个孩子和年轻的成年人继续生活在农场."我想我是幸运的",凯诺这样说道,"现在重要的是如何用我所拥有的去帮助其他人" Lesson 2 A Gift of New Life 新年的礼物 First came a boy weighing 3 pounds 14 ounces: Robert Jared Screws. After Robert Jared came his three sisters: Briannia Rae, 3 pounds 1 ounce; Brinkley Faye, 3 pounds 13 ounces; and Buckley Lenay, 4 pounds 2 ounces. All were tiny, but they were strong, healthy babies. In the hallway outside the operating room, friends and relatives wept and cheered as the quad wheeled them by, one by one, in their incubators. 第一个男孩生下来了，就是罗伯特.贾里德,重三磅十四盎司.继罗伯特.贾里德之后,他的三个妹妹也相继出生了：布莉娜。拉尔，重三磅一盎司；布琳斯雷.菲尔,重三磅十三盎司;还有布克雷.勒奈，重四磅两盎司。尽管他们个个都很小，可是他们都既健康又强壮。当四胞胎从早产儿保育室里一个接着一个被推出来的时候，手术室外门厅里焦急等待着的朋友和亲戚们都高兴地哭了。 The babies stayed in the hospital about a month. Keith went there too, for more chemotherapy, and the nurses took one or two babies at a time to his room for a visit. That seemed to help him more than the medication. 这些婴儿 在医院住了大约一个月。为了再次接受化疗，凯斯也去了医院，护士父一次抱着一个或两个孩子到他房里去探望他，那似乎比药物治疗更有效。 Then came a wonderful surprise. When we were ready to go home, we learned that a physicians’ fund had provided a brand-new van for us, complete with four infant car seats. Keith was waiting for us at hone, frail mow and in constant pain, but also very happy. 然后，奇迹出现了。当我们准备回家时，获悉医疗基金会我们提供了一辆崭新的面包车，车上装备有四个婴儿车座。凯斯正在家里等着我们，由于持续的疼痛，他的身体现在更加虚弱，但是非常高兴。 The whole community of Swainsboro and surrounding towns united in trying to help us. Countless women offered to baby-sit. Members of Keith’s high school class prepared dinners for us twice a week. All sorts of fund-raising events were organized. A Kroger store on Wilmington Island near Savannah donated a year’s supply of diapers and other baby needs. That helped, because the quads required 40 to 50 diapers a day! 整个斯温斯伯勒社区和附近的村镇联合起来尽力帮助我们,无数的女士提供临时的保姆服务.凯斯的中学同学们一周两次为我们准备宴会.人们组织了各种集资活动.在(南美)大草原附近的威尔岛上，有一家克罗格商店捐赠了可以用一年的婴儿尿布和其他婴孩用品。这些东西帮了大忙，因为四个孩子每天都需要40到50块尿布！ A man named Ricky Stevens came to measure our farmhouse for central air-conditioning, but went away concerned that the house was too small for six people. That night he could not sleep. He consulted a friend in real estate, Ken Warnock, and the two of them invited a group of Swainsboro businessmen to lunch. By the time Lunch was over, they had enough pledges to begin building a new house. 了安装中央空调，一个名叫里基·史蒂文的男士来测量我们农舍，但是考虑到住六个人屋子太小，他就走了，那天晚上，他睡不好，就与一位房地产商朋友肯。沃诺克商议，之后这两个人就邀请斯温斯伯勒的一些商人共进午餐。到午餐结束的时候，他们已有了足够的资金保证来建一所亲房子了。 There was a site on our land with a view of the pasture and grazing cattle. Our new house would be built there, a spacious home with five bedrooms-a master bedroom and one for each of the quads. 在我们的土地上，有一小块地方可以俯瞰牧场，也可以放牧。我们的新家将建在那里，是有五间卧室的宽敞屋子，一间是主人卧室，另外四间每个孩子各一间。 As spring came to Georgia, Keith’s health continued to decline. Still, he took great delight in his four babies. In the mornings he would hold them and play with them and help feed them. He got to be good at handling two bottles at a time. Before we left home for a chemo-treatment or doctor’s appointment Keith would spend time alone with each baby. 随着乔治亚洲春天的来临，凯斯的健康状况每况愈下。尽管如此，他仍然非常喜爱四个孩子。每天早上，他都抱着他们，和他们一起玩耍，并且帮着喂他们。他渐渐能熟练地一次操作两个奶瓶。在人们离开家去化疗或去看医生之前，凯斯都要和每天一个孩子在一起玩耍一会。 Later in the spring another operation was necessary, and complications followed. It became difficult for Keith to talk or breathe, and at last consciousness. His final words to me were,“I love you.”The doctors put him on a respirator, but they said it was only as matter of hours. I sat beside him holding his hand and whispering,“Be at peace. Be at peace.”And finally, on June 11, peace did come. He was 32 years old. 春末夏初，由于不得不进行的另一个手术，凯斯患了并发症。他说话和呼吸变得越来越困难，最后失去了知觉。他对我说的最后一句话就是“我爱你”。医生给凯斯戴上呼吸器，但是他们说，他只能维持几个小时。我就坐在他身边，抓着他的手，并轻声说，“安静一点，安息吧”。在6月11日，平静真的到来了。他年仅32岁。 Life went on. Ground was broken for the new house on a blue-and-gold day in December. The quads were old enough to stand, and each was old enough to stand, and each was given a little gilded shovel to mark the occasion. Many friends and neighbors were there, and the mayor of Swainsboro put our feelings into words:“We hope that when these babies are grown, they will look at this house and understand how much their father was respected and admired by everyone who knew him.” 岁月依旧。在12月的一天，蓝蓝的开空洒下金色的阳光，新盲房子的地基也破土动工了。四个孩子每个都能站立起来了。为了纪念这个特殊的日子，每上孩子都得到了一把小小的镀金铁铲。那天，许多朋友和邻居都在那里，而且斯温斯伯勒的市长也发表了演说，同样表达了我们的心声，他说，“我们衷心希望，当这些孩子长大后，看到这座房子时能够感受到每一个熟悉他们父亲的人是多么地敬重和钦佩他们的父亲。” I have gone back to teaching. Devoted friends and relatives and fully qualified helpers take good care of the quads while I am away. Without Keith’s illness we never would have recognized the amazing goodness that lies in people. The outpouring of love and compassion and caring that has surrounded us is almost beyond belief. One life was taken away from me, but four other lives were given to me to sustain and to comfort me. Facing death with Keith made me realize how precious life is. I cherish it and am grateful for it every single day. 我又重新开始教师生涯。每当我外出的时候，都有许多热心的朋友和亲戚,以及友善的帮助者照看这四个孩子。如果不是凯斯的病，我们很难有机会认识到人们内心的善良.人们对我们的爱、同情和关怀之情简直难以让人相信。虽然老天从我身边夺走了一个人的生命，但是却给了我另外四个活生生的生命，这给了我莫大的支持和安慰。和凯斯一起面对死亡，使我认识到生命是多么的珍贵，我每天都会珍惜和感激生命。 第一个男孩生下来了,就是罗伯特·贾里德,重三磅十四盎司.继罗伯特·贾里德之后,他的三个妹妹也相继出生了:布莉娜·拉尔,重三磅一盎司;布琳斯雷·菲尔,重三磅十三盎司;还有布克雷·勒奈,重四磅两盎司.尽管他们个个都很小,可是他们既健康又强壮.当四胞胎从早产儿保育室里一个接一个被推出来的时候,手术室处门厅里焦急等待着的朋友和亲戚们都高兴地哭了. 这些婴儿在医院住了大约一个月.为了再次接受化疗,凯斯也去了医院,护士们一次抱着一个或两个孩子到他房里去探望他,那似乎比药物治疗更有效. 然后,奇迹出现了.当我们准备回家时,获悉医疗基金会为我们提供了一辆崭新的面包车,车上装备有四个婴儿车座.凯斯正在家里等着我们,由于持续的疼痛,他的身体现在更加虚弱,但是非常高兴. 整个斯温斯伯勒社区和附近的材镇联合起来尽力帮助我们,无数的女士提供临时的保姆服务.凯斯的中学同学们一周两次为我们准备宴会.人们组织了各种集资活动. 在(南美)大草原附近的威尔明藤岛上,有一家克罗格商店捐赠了可以用一年的婴儿尿布和其他婴孩用品.这些东西帮了大忙,因为四个孩子每天需要40到50块尿布! 为了安装中央空调,一个名叫里基·斯蒂文斯的男士来测量我们农舍,但是考虑到住六个人屋子太小,他就走了.那天晚上,他睡不好,就与一位房地产商朋友肯·沃诺克商议,之后这两个人就邀请斯温斯伯勒的一些商人其进午餐.到午餐结束的时候,他们已有了足够的资金保证来建一所房子了. 在我们的土地上,有一块地方可以俯瞰牧场,也可以放牧.我们的新家将建在那里,是有五间卧室的宽敞屋子,一间是主人卧室,另外四间每个孩子各一间. 随着格鲁吉亚洲春天的来临,凯斯的健康状况每况愈下.尽管如此,他仍然非常喜爱四个孩子.每天早上,他都抱着他们,和他们一起玩耍,并且帮着喂他们.他渐渐熟练地一次操作两个奶瓶.在我们离开家去化疗或去看医生之前,凯斯都要和每一个孩子在一起玩一会. 春末夏初,由于不得不进行的另一个手术,凯斯患了并发症.他说话和呼吸变得越来越困难,最后失去了知觉.他对我说的最后一句话就是“我爱你.＂医生给凯斯戴上呼吸器,但是他们说,他只能维持几个小时.我就坐在他身边,抓着他的手,并轻声说,＂安静一点,安息吧.＂最后,在6月11日,平静真的到来了.他年仅32岁. 岁月依旧.在12月的一天,蓝蓝的天空洒下金色的阳光,新房子的地基也破土动工了.四个孩子每个都能站立了.为了纪念这个特殊的日子,每个孩子都得到了一把小小的镀金铲.那天,许多朋友和邻居都在那里,而且斯温斯伯勒的市长也发表了演说,同样表达了我们的心声,他说,＂我们衷心希望,当这些孩子长大后,看到这座房子时能够感受到每个熟悉他们父亲的人是多么地敬重和钦佩他们的父亲.＂ 我又重新开始老师生涯.每当我外出的时候,都有许多热心的朋友和亲戚,以及友善的帮忙者来照看这四个孩子.如果不是凯斯的病,我们很难有机会认识到人们内心的善良.人们对我们的爱、同情和关怀之情简直难以让人相信.虽然老天从我身边夺走了一个人的生命,但是却给了我另外四个活生生的生命,这给了我莫大的支持和安慰.和凯斯一起面对死亡,使我认识到生命是多么的珍贵,我每天都会珍惜和感激生命. lesson 3                              The Cause of the El Nino Phenomenon El Nino is the Spanish name for the baby Jesus. The phenomenon is so-called because warm water moving across the Pacific traditionally reaches South America around Christmas. Scientists have now applied the term El Nino to the major warming episodes over large South American coastal areas and westernly along the equator and the Dateline area. Scientists noted the El Nino has a return period of four to five years and lasts between 12—18 months.     In the late 1960s, it became apparent that the year-to-year variations in the sea surface temperature and consequently El Nino events, were closely linked to the Southern Oscillation, a relationship between atmospheric pressure over the southeastern Pacific and Indian Ocean. When pressure is high in the Pacific Ocean, it tends to be low in the Indian Ocean from Africa to Australia. These conditions are associated with low temperatures in both these areas and rainfall varies in the direction opposite the pressure.Thus, the combination of El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the linkage atmospheric and oceanic events and involves changes in circulations of the atmosphere and oceans across the Pacific Basin. The strongest El Nino this century occurred in 1982—1983 and resulted in droughts and disastrous forest fires in Indonesia and Australia, wreaking economic damage of at least US $8 billion.     A major warming of the ocean waters across the eastern and central tropical Pacific Ocean, known as ENSO, has developed since March 1997. The El Nino developed very rapidly during April—May, and reached strong intensity by June. This event is currently comparable in magnitude and extent to the 1982/1983 episode. 厄尔尼诺现象的起因 厄尔尼诺来源于西班牙语＂圣婴＂,这种现象之所以这么命名是因为穿越太平洋的暖流总是在圣诞节前后到达南美.科学家现在用＂厄尔尼诺＂这个术语命名在大片南美沿海区域和沿赤道、国际日期变更线以西的主要暖流.科学家指出厄尔尼诺回车需要4~5年的时间,并持续12~18个月. 在20世纪60年代后期,海面温度的年度变化和厄尔尼诺现象的持续、南部振动现象有很密切的联系这一点是显而易见的.太平洋东南部和印度洋大气压力之间存在关系,当太平洋的气压高时非洲到大洋洲的印度洋气压就胝.这种情况和这两个地方的低温有关,降雨量和气压以相反方向变化.因此,厄尔尼诺与南部振动现象的结合是大气和海洋现象之间的连接,也牵涉到大气和穿越太平洋盆地的大洋环境的变化.本世纪最强的厄尔尼诺现象发生在1982~1983年间,导致印度尼西亚和澳大利亚的干旱和森林大火,造成至少800万美元的损失. 从1997年3月起,穿越东部和中部热带的太平洋海水开始变暖,这就是众所周知的厄尔尼诺现象.厄尔尼诺在4月到5月快速发展,6月达到顶峰,这在数量和广度上可以和1982~1983年间的厄尔尼诺现象相比. lesson 4 Our Changing Diet What do most Americans and Canadians usually eat? Many people think that the typical North American diet consists of fast food-hamburgers, hot dogs, French fries, pizza, fried chicken, and so on. They think Americans and Canadians also eat a lot of convenience foods, usually frozen or caned, and junk food-candy, cookies, potato chips, and other things without much nutritional value. Unfortunately, this description is mot totally inaccurate. The American diet is generally high in sugar, salt, fat, and cholesterol, and these substances can cause health problems. However, some people’s eating habits are changing. They are becoming more interested in good health, and nutrition is an important part of health. North Americans are eating less red meat and fewer eggs, and they are eating more chicken and fish. Chicken and fish contain less fat than meat and eggs. Many people are also buying more fresh vegetables and eating them raw or cooked quickly in very little water in order to keep the vitamins. Restaurant menus are also changing to reflect people’s growing concern with good nutrition. The “typical” North American diet now includes food from many different countries. More ethnic restaurants are opening in big cities in the United States and Canada. Foods from China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, India and the Middle East are very popular. Even fast-food places now offer “lean” (low-fat) hamburgers, broiled or roasted (instead of fried) chicken, and salad bars with a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables. How are we going to eat in the future? Because we now know about the importance of nutrition, we will probably continue to eat more fish and vegetables and less meat. We will still buy convenience foods in supermarkets, but frozen foods may be more nutritious and canned foods may have less salt and sugar. Our junk food will not be “junk” at all because instead of candy bars we will eat “nutrition bars” with a lot of vitamins and protein. In the future, our diet will probably be even more interesting and healthful than it is now. In the United States and Canada, food is a very common topic of conversation. People are always discussing new dishes, restaurants, diet plans, and ideas about nutrition. The arguments about the best diets and foods will continue: Are vegetables better than a diet of cooked foods? Is a little alcohol good for relaxation, or is all alcohol harmful? Is some caffeine good for energy, or is caffeine always bad? Can yellow vegetables really prevent cancer? Will eating garlic help avoid heart attacks? One thing we do know for sure:the key to good nutition is balance. How do we achieve that balance? We can choose foods from a variety of sources, control the quantities that we eat, limit fats, and exercise. 变化中的饮食 大多数的美国人和加拿大人经常吃什么呢?许多人认为典型的北美饮食包括汉堡包、热狗、炸薯条、比萨饼、炸鸡等.他们认为美国人和加拿大人也吃很多方便食品,通常是冰冻食品、罐装食品和垃圾食品——糖果、饼干、薯片和其他没有太多营养价值的东西.不幸的是,这些描述并非完全正确.美国人的饮食通常是高糖粉、高盐、高脂肪和高胆固醇,这些物质都会导致健康隐患. 但是有些人的饮食习惯正在发生变化.他们对健康更为关注,而且认为营养是健康的重要组成部分.北美人现在很少吃肥肉和鸡蛋,更多地吃鸡和鱼. 鸡和鱼含的脂肪比肥肉和鸡蛋的要少.许多人也购买更新鲜的蔬菜,生吃或放在一点水里烹饪很短的时间,以避免维持生活素的流失. 餐馆菜单为反映人们对营养的日益关注也在发生变化.现在＂典型＂的北美人的饮食包括来自不同国家的食物.越来越多的民族餐馆在美国和加拿大的大城市里开业.来自中国、日本、韩国、台湾、印度和中东的食物非常流行.甚至连快餐店也提供低脂肪汉堡、烧烤鸡(代替炸鸡)和有大量新鲜水果和蔬菜的沙拉. 将来我们应如何安排饮食?因为已了解到营养的重要性,我们将会继续食用更多的鱼、蔬菜和更少的肉.我们仍会在超市中购买方便食品,但冰冻食品将会更有营养,罐装食品将会含有更少的盐和糖.垃圾食品将不再是垃圾,因为我们将用富含维持生活素和蛋白质的＂营养棒＂代替＂糖果棒＂.将来我们的饮食可能比现在更为丰富和健康.在美国和加拿大,食物是一个非常普遍的谈话主,人们经常谈论新菜式、餐馆、饮食和营养观.关于最佳的食品的争论将会继续:蔬菜比烹饪食品好吗?喝一点酒有益于放松,还有所有的酒精都是有害的?喝咖啡有益于提神,还是咖啡总是有害的?黄色蔬菜真的能够预防癌症?吃大蒜对预防心脏病会有帮助吗?但有一点是确定的:平衡膳食是营养的关键.如何达到平衡呢?我们可以选择不同的食品,控制我们的饮食量,限制脂肪的摄入量,并且经常进利锻链. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.Many people think that the typical North American diet consists of fast food hamburgers,hot dogs,French fries,pizza,fried chicken,and so on. 许多人认为典型的北美饮食包括汉堡包、热狗、炸薯条、比萨饼、炸鸡等. That引导的是宾语从句,是许多人认为的内容.consist of由……组成、由……构成,没有被动结构.consist of与be composed of同义,但:前者为主动结构,后者为被动结构.and so on等等,与and so forth同义,表列举. 2.However,some people＇s eating habits are changing. 但是一些人的饮食习惯正在发生变化. However可以放在句首、句中和句末,要用逗号隔开.此句也可以说成:Some people＇s eating habits are changing,however. 3.They are becoming more interested in good health,and nutrition is an important part of health. 他们对健康更感兴趣,同时营养也成为健康的重要组成部分. be interested in对……感兴趣;have no interest for对……没兴趣.be important=be of importance,即be+形容词=be of+该形容词的名词形式,如:This book is very important.也可以说成This book is of great importance. 4.Many people are also buying more fresh vegetables and eating them raw or cooked quickly in very little water in order to keep the vitamins. 许多人也购买更新鲜的蔬菜,生吃或放在水里很快地烹饪,以避免维持生活素的流失. In order to为了……,表目的,与so as to同义.in order that 与so that同义,后接句子.如:I study hard in order to get good marks也可以说:I study hard in order that I can get good marks 5.Because we now know about the importance of nutrition,,we will probably continue to eat more fish and vegetables and less meat. 因为已了解营养的重要性,我们将可能继续食用更多的鱼、蔬菜和更少的肉. continue to do sth.继续做某事.continue指＂持续而无终止＂,通常强调＂不间断＂,如:continue one＇s work继续工作.last指持久、延续＂,如:The rain will not last long. endure指＂持久、持续,如:He fame will endure for ever. persist指＂持续存在下去＂如:The snow is likely to persist in most areas. lesson 5                                                                            I Did It “I did it.” This is what newly-crowned Olympic gymnastics champion Li Xiaoshuang wanted to say most after his victory here on Sunday night at the 25th Olympic Games. Li scored 9.925 points by successfully completing his somersault tuck, becoming the first male gymnast ever to execute this maneuver in the optional apparatus finals. The program was extremely difficult. Failure could have been met by his head slamming the mat. Former Soviet Valery Liukin had once done this tuck in the team competition. “all the gymnasts before me had pretty high scores and this was the only way out for me,” said Li. “I knew I could end up either first or last.” Li also won a bronze in the rings with a 9.862. Grigori Misutin of the Unified Team scored 9.875 points to share second place with Japanese Yukio Iketani. Right after his safe landing, Li rushed to his coach and former world parallel bars champion Huang Yubing. The two broke into tears and embraced each other after the final gymnast, Vitali Scherbo of the Unified Team, failed to surpass Li. Li’s gold was China’s first in the floor exercises since 1984, when Li Ning won at the Los Angeles Olympic Games. Until the 1987 World Championships in Amsterdam where Lou Yun won the floor exercise, the event was dominated by the former Soviet Union gymnasts. “Though the floor is his specialty, Li still performed above his normal level,” said coach Huang, who shed from the award ceremony and watched it on TV at the back of the gymnasium. “It’s not an easy job,” Li said. “It’s the result of my hard training. And that three backward somersaults was the first rime that I have done it successfully.” “I want to thank my parents and especially my coach Huang who contributed greatly to my success.” Li joined the national team at the end of 1989 and his highest international achievement was first place in the floor exercises of the Beijing Asian Games. At last year’s Indianapolis World Championships, he was the best non-Soviet gymnast in the all-around competition, placing fourth, though he failed to score higher than 9.75 points in any apparatus. He was only sixth in the floor competition. He was still so little-known that even with his World Championship achievement here at the Olympics, computer statistics erroneously listed him as having done badly competing in two women’s events, the uneven bars and the balance beam. Li said he learned a lot here in Barcelona, both in gymnastics and manhood. He said in the team all-around competition, he repeatedly got low scores, and did not get the amount of points he should get for the degree of difficulty and execution of routines. But he kept the complaints to himself. Yet his execution in the floor final was so perfect that nobody doubted he was the gold medal winner. The 18-year-old from Hubei Province said that his regular training was not only technical but also mental. He said to himself three times, “Start and leap, accelerate and land,” which he said was crucial in winning. Li also took part in the 1990 Seattle Goodwill Games and finished second in the floor exercises, and is now regarded as the Chinese team’s best all-around gymnast, especially after former best Li Ning missed both in the pommel horse and high bar finals Sunday night. 我可以做到 “我可以做到.＂这是星期日晚上刚刚夺得第25届奥运会体操冠军的李小双在胜利之后最想说的话. 李小双成功地完成团身空翻,取得了9.925的高分,成为第一位在决赛的自选项目中运用这个动作的男体操运动员.这个动作难度很大,如果他的头碰到垫子则会导致失败.前苏联选手瓦儿瑞·刘肯在团体比赛中已经做过这个动作了. 李小双说: “在我之前所有的体操运动员都得到了很高的分数,这是我惟一的出路,要么第一,要么倒数第一.＂李小双还在吊环比赛中以9.862分赢得一枚铜牌. 联队的格林格·密丁和日本的池谷幸雄以9.875分并列第二. 李小双一落地,就冲到他的教练黄玉斌面前,黄玉斌是前世界双杠冠军.当最后一名独联体选手卫塔里·司且保没有超过李小双时,李小双和他的教练相拥而泣. 自1984年李宁夺得洛杉矶奥运会冠军后,这是中国在自由体操中取得的又一枚金牌.1987年在阿姆斯特丹举行的世界锦标赛上,楼云赢得了自由体操冠军.在此之前,自由体操的奖项一直都是被前苏联选手独揽. “虽然自由体操是李小双的强项,但他仍是超常发挥了,＂黄教练这么说.黄教练没有参加颁奖仪式,而是在体育馆后面看电视. “这不是一件容易的事,＂李小双说. “这是我艰苦训练的结果,我是第一次成功地完成那三个后空翻＂. “我要感谢我的父母,尤其要感谢黄教练,我的成功离不开他.＂ 李小双是在1989年底参加国家队的,他的国际比赛最好成绩就是在北京亚运会上夺得了冠军. 在去年的印第安那波里世界冠军赛上,虽然在任何一个项目中都没有突破9.75分,但他在全能比赛中排名第四,是除前苏联体操选手之外的运动员中成绩最好的,但在自由体操中只得了第六.虽然是奥运冠军,他的名气仍然很小.计算机统计时竟把他错误地列为在高低杠、平衡木这两项女子项目中表现很差的选手. 李小双说,在巴塞罗那无论是体操还是做人方面他都学到了很多.他在团体赛和全能赛中都得了低分,在难度和常规上没有赢到应得的分数,但是他把自已的痛苦都咽了下去. 在自由体操决赛中,他的动作如此完美,没有一个人怀疑他拿冠军的资格. 来自湖北省18岁的李小双说,他的训练不但重视技术而且还强调心理.他默念三遍“开始、跳跃、加速、着地＂,他说这是他成功的关键. 李小双也参加了1990年西雅图友好运动会,而且在自由体操项目中夺得银牌.星期天晚上,李宁在鞍马和单杠项目失利后,这块银牌就成为中国代表队全能赛中的最好成绩. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.All the gymnasts before me had pretty high scores and this was the only way out for me. 我之前所有的体操运动员都得到了很高的分数,(我必须拿到好成绩)这是我惟一的出路. 2. way out摆脱因境的办法.如:If we can not find the way out,we will die. I knew I could end up either first or last. 我知道我要么第一,要么倒数第一. end up的用法:1)竖起,直立.如:The dog can end up. 2)结束,各终.如:He end up the head of the company. 3)死.如:The old man ended up after he said his last words. 3. end with以……结束.如:The concert ended with the sweet music.音乐会在悦耳的音乐中结束. Grigori Misutin of the Unified Team scored 9.875 points to share secod place with Yukio Iketani. 独联体的格林格·密丁和日本队的池谷幸雄以9.875分并列第二. share+名词+with(among,between)+名词意为＂分享,共有＂.如:The boy shared his toy with other children. 4. share+in+名词意为分担,共享.如:We have shared in our sorrows as well as joys. He was still so little-known that even with his World Championship achievement here at the Olympics,computer statistics erroneously listed him as having done badly competing in two women＇s events,the uneven bars and the balance beam. 即使是奥运会的冠军,他的名气仍然很小.计算机错误地把他列为在高低杠、平衡木这两项女子项目中表现很差的选手. so……that……的句型用法: 1)太……以至于……,……达到……程度.口语中that可以省略.如:It is so cold that the pond has frozen. 2)如……般,如:This book is so rewritten that children can enjoy it. so that的句型用法:1)为了……,以便……We left early so that we could catch the first train. 2)因此,所以,如:I was caught in a shower,so that all my clothes got wet. 5.The 18-year-old from Hubei Province said that his regular training was not only technical but also mental. 来自湖北省18岁的李小双说他平时的训练不但重视技术而且还重视心理方面的锻練. that his regular training was not only technical but also mental为宾语从句.not only……but also……引导的并列成分作表语. not only……but also……,不但……而且……,有时also可以省略,如:She can not only sing well,but (also) dance perfectly. lesson 6 Our Changing Lifestyles:Trends and Fads These days urban lifestyles seem to change very fast. It is more than just clothing and hairstyles that are in style one year and out of date the next; it’s a whole way of living. One year people wear sunglasses on top of their heads and wear jeans and boots; they drink white wine and eat sushi at Japanese restaurants; for exercise they jog several miles a day. However, the next year everything has changed. Women wear long skirts; people drink expensive water from France and eat pasta at ltalian restaurants; everyone seems to be exercising at health clubs. Then, suddenly, it has changed again. People wear only natural fabric (safe for the environment); they drink gourmet coffee and eat Thai food; for both leisure and exercise, they go rollerblading. Almost nothing in modern life escapes the influence of fashion; food, music, exercise, book, slang words, movies, furniture, places to visit, even names go in and out of fashion. For a while, it seems that all mew parents are naming their babies Heather, Dawn, Eric, or Adam. These names are “in.” then, suddenly, these names are “out,” and Tiffany and Jason are “in.” It’s almost impossible to write about specific fads because these interests that people enthusiastically follow can change very quickly. In the United States, even people can be “in” or “out.” Like people in any country, Americans enjoy following the lives of celebrities: movie stars, sports heroes, famous artists, politicians, and the like. But Americans also pay a lot of attention to people who have no special ability and have done nothing very special. In 1981, for example, an unknown elderly woman appeared in a TV commercial in which she looked at a vary small hamburger and complained loudly, “Where’s the beef?” These three words made her famous. Suddenly she appeared in magazines and newspapers and on TV shows. She was immediately popular. She was “in.” In 1987, an exterminator in Dallas, Texas, decided that he would be very happy if he could find more customers for his small business; he needed more people to pay him to kill the insects and rats in their houses.He put an unusual advertisement in a Dallas newspaper. He offered to pay $1,000 to the  person who could find the biggest cockroach. This strange offer made him suddenly famous. There were stories about him nationwide-from New York to California. He was “in.” However, this kind of fame does not last long. Such people are famous for a very short time. This is the essence, the central, quality,of a fad. It doesn’t last long. Some fads disappear before we have all even heard of them. How many people remember Green peace swimsuits? They changed color to indicate polluted water. And then there was “Beethoven Bread.” Popular in Japan in 1994, it was expensive-$20 for one loaf. It was made while classical music played in the kitchen. The woman who created this bread emphasized that “bread doesn’t like rock music.” A person who participates in fads should remember that they come and go very fast, and they often come back in style after 10 to 15 years of being “out.” It might be a good idea never to throw anything away. Mickey Mouse watches and Nehru Jackets may soon be “in” again! 我们变化的生活方式:潮流和时尚 如今都市的生活方式变化非常快,不仅是服装和发型,甚至包括整个生活方式都在变.往往是今年流行,明年就过时了.有一年流行将太阳镜戴在头上,穿牛仔裤和长靴;喝白酒、在日本餐厅吃寿司;每天慢跑好几公里以锻链身体.然而第二年又变了:女人穿长裙;人们喝昂贵的法国进口的水,在意大利餐厅吃面食;几乎每个人都在健身房锻链.然后,突然又变了.人们开始穿纯天然织物(环保);喝咖啡并且吃泰国风味;去滑旱冰作为消遣和锻链的方式. 现代生活中几乎没有什么不受时尚的影响:食物、音乐、运动、书、俚语、电影、家具和游览圣地,甚至名字都在追风.有一段时间,似乎年青的父母都给他们的宝宝取名叫希斯,道恩,艾力克或是亚当,因为这些名字很“时髦＂.然后这些名字又突然“过时了＂,而泰芬尼和杰森“流行＂起来.几乎不可能写出特定的时尚,因为它变的非常快. 在美国,甚至“人＂都能“流行＂或“过时＂.就像其它国家的人一样,美国人喜欢追随名人的生活方式:影星、体育明星、着名艺术家、政治家等等.但美国人也非常关注那些没有特殊本领和特殊作为的人们.比如:1981年,一个毫无名气的老太太出现在影视里,她看着一个非常小的汉堡大声地抱怨说, “哪儿有牛肉＂?因为这句话她出名了.她突然在杂志、报纸和电视上出现,并很快名噪一时.1987年,达拉斯(德州)的一个即将破产的人很想为他的小生意拉到较多的客户.他需要更多的人们请他帮忙清除家里的昆虫和老鼠,从中赚钱.他在达拉斯(德州)报纸上登了一个不寻常的广告:对可以找最大蟑螂的人,他将支付1000美元.这个奇特的悬赏使他突然出了名,从纽约到加州,全国都在传扬他的事情,他“出名＂了.然而,这种出名都不持久.这样的人也只是在一段时间内扬名. 不会持续太久,这就是时尚的本质、中心和性质.有些时尚我们还没有听说就已经销声匿迹了.有多少人记得绿色和平泳衣呢?人们改变颜色以示污染.后来又有“贝多芬面包＂,这种面包1994年在日本流行,贵到20美元一片,是在放着古典的厨房中做的.发明这种面包的女士强调说“面包是不喜欢摇滚乐的＂. 喜欢时髦的人应记住,时尚来得快去得也快,而且常会在“过时＂10年到15年后又重新流行起来.不要把所有不流行的东西都扔掉是明智的.米老鼠手表和尼赫鲁夹克可能会很快流行的. 1. 课文中部分句子讲解: It seems that all new parents are naming their babies Heather,Dawn,Eric,or Adam. 似乎刚做父母的人都给他们的宝宝取名叫希斯、道恩、艾力克或是亚当. it seems+(to+名词)+(that……)(在某人看来)好像……,仿佛…….seem在这里是联系动词,that引导一个表语从句.如:It seems (that) he is lying.=He seems to be lying. 2. It seems to him (that) he would never be able to work out the question for good. Americans enjoy following the lives of celebrities:movie stars,sport heroes,famous artists,politicians,and the like. 美国人喜欢追踪名人的生活:影星、体育明星、艺术家、政治家等等. 3. Enjoy+v.-ing,意思是:喜欢……,如:I enjoy going shopping. But Americans also pay a lot of attention to people who have no special ability and have done nothing very special. 但美国人也非常关注那些没有特殊能力和特殊作为的人们. who引导的定语从句,people是先行词,关系代词who在定语从句中作主语.定语从句是用来修饰某一事物的从句,被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系代词.常用的关系代词有:that,who,whose,where,when,which等.其中that,which,who在定语从句中可以作主语,也可以作宾语,但who用来指人,that和which用来指物;whose在定语从句中作定语.where,when在定语从句中分别作地点状语和时间状语.如: The young man who wears glasses is the president of this university. That＇s her whose brother was selected as the director. We are climbing the will where we will have a picnic. lesson 7 Compulsive Spenders Are you a compulsive spender, or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay cash? Your answer to those questions will reflect your personality. According to psychologists, our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values, but can also develop from past problems. Experts in psychology believe that for many people, money is an important symbol of strength and influence. Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that they are loosing power in their marriage. Wives, on the other hand, may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry with their husbands. In addition, many people consider money a symbol of love. They spend it on  their families and friends to express love, or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love. People can be addicted to different things, for example, alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. They are compulsive in their addictions, that is, they must a satisfy these needs to feel comfortable. In the same way, according to psychologists, compulsive spenders must spend more money. For those who buy on credit, further more, charge accounts are even more exciting than money: in other words, these people feel that with credit they can do anything. Their pleasure at spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure they get from the things they buy. There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budget, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy something for less than other people, they are winning. It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business. They consider people’s need for love, power or influence, as well as their values, beliefs and opinions, in their advertising and sales methods. Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy” to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money. They give them “assignments.” If a person buys something in every store that he enters, for instance, a therapist might teach him self-discipline in this way. On the first of his therapy, he must go into a store, for five minutes, and then leave. On the second day, he should stay for ten minutes and try something on. On the third day he stays for fifteen minutes, asks the sales clerk a question, but does not buy anything. Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’s buy anything, and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying. 有购物癖的人 你是一个有购物避还是极为节检的人呢?你是否是一个到处寻找便宜货的人?你是否更愿意使用信用卡而不付现金?对这些问题的回答将会反映出你的个性.据心理家所言,个人的花钱习惯不仅反映了我们的信念和价值观,而且是由于过去的经历所引起的. 心理学专家认为,对很多人来说,钱是力量和权势的一种重要象征.那些抱怨妻子消费习惯的丈夫们,可能是惧怕他们正在失去在婚姻中所掌握的大权.而另一方面,妻子们则可能因为她们正在生丈夫的气而大把地花钱.另外,许多人把钱当作爱的象征,他们通过在家人和朋友身上花钱来表达爱;或者给自已买贵重的礼物,因为他们需要爱. 人们会沉溺于不同的事物,如酒精、毒品、某些食物甚至电视.他们在这些事物面前难以自制,也就是说,他们必须满足对这些东西的需求以获得平衡.同样,根据心理学家所言,有购物癖的人必须花更多的钱.此外,对那些信用卡消费的人而言,信用卡比钱本身更让他们感到刺激.换句话说,这些人觉得在巨额钱财上获得的乐趣,实际上比从所购买的商品上获得的乐趣要大得多. 甚至有一种到处寻找便宜货的特殊心态存在.当然,为了省钱,大多数人在寻找展销会、低价和打折商品.然而有不少到处寻找便宜货的购物癖者,他们常常会买那些他们不需要的东西,仅仅因为它们便宜.他们宁愿相信,他们正在节省开支,但事实上,他们正在玩一种充满刺激的游戏.当他们以比其他人更低的价格买到某物时,他们胜利了. 当然,不仅是科学家们了解消费者的心态,商人们也了解.商店、公司和广告商都利用心理学来增加他们的销售额.他们在广告和销售方式中考虑到了人们对感情、权势的需求,以及他们的价值观、信念和. 心理学家经常使用一种"行为疗法＂来帮助人们解决他们的个性问题.同样,他们可以帮助那些觉得自已碰到了金钱问题的人.他们布置了"作业＂,如:如果一个人在他所进入的每一个商店都买了东西,一个治疗学家可能会教他以这种方式进行自我约束.在疗程的一开始,他必须进入一家商店,等上5分钟,然后离开.第二天,他必须在商店等上10分钟,并且试用某些物品.第三天他要等上15分钟,问销售员一个问题,但不买任何东西.很快,他将会学到:即使他不买任何东西,也不会发生任何坏事.然后,他就可以改掉购买癖这种习性. 1. 课文中部分句子讲解: Would you rather use charge accounts than pay cash? 你更愿意记帐而不付现金吗? Would rather do…than do…更愿意做…..胜于做……. 2. rather than 宁可,宁愿.如:I＇d rather play tennis than swim. According to psychologists,our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values,but can also develop form past problems. 据心理学家所言,个人的金钱观不仅反映了我们的信念和价值观,也可能是因过去所遇到的问题发展而来的. According to根据,与on the basis of 同义.not only…but also…不但……而且…….当not only放在句首时,句子前半句要倒装,后半句不需要倒装.如此句可以改为:Not only will our individual money habits show our beliefs and values,but also it can develop from past problems. 3. belief的复数形式为直接加s ,是特殊用法,这样的名词还有handkerchief,proof等. Husbands who complain about their wives＇ spending habits may be afraid that they are loosing power in their marriage. 那些抱怨妻子消费习惯的丈夫们,可能是惧怕失去他们在婚姻中所掌握的大权. who引导的是定语从句complain about their wives＇ spending habits,修饰husband.that引导宾语从句,是afraid的内容.complain about抱怨.如:She is always complaining about something.她总是怨天尤人. 4. complain of sth.诉说(病痛等).如:The boy complained of a pain in his stomach. Wives,on the other hand,may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry with their husbands. 另一方面,妻子们则可能因为她们正在生丈夫的气而浪费大量的金钱. on the other hand常常用于on the one hand…on the other hand…中,意为“一方面……,另一方面……＂.如:I want to go to the party,but on the other hand I ought to be studying. 5. Be angry with sb.生某人的气; get angry at sb.for……因……生某人的气. In addition,many people consider money as a symbol of love. 此外,许多人把金钱视为爱的象徵. In addition另外;in addition to加上,除……外,又;with the addition of 外加. consider……as……中的as可以省略,意为＂把(某人、某事)看作……,认为(某人、某事)如何(as…,of…,to be…)＂.如:We consider that it is true.我们认为这是真的.consider侧重＂经过考虑而认为＂,表示＂一种比较客观的看法.＂,如:I consider what he said (as) reasonable.我认为他说的有道理.regard指＂把……看作＂,表示＂以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观认识＂,如:He was regarded as the foremost authority on chemistry.他被认为是化学界的权威. 6. treat表示在＂某种认识的基础上看待工对待＂,重在行动,如:They will not be treated as enemies.他们不会被当作敌人看待. For those who buy on credit,further more,charge accounts are even more exciting than money:in other words,these people feel that with credit they can do anything. 此外,对那些用信用卡消费的人而言,使用信用卡比用现金本身更使他们感到刺激.换句话说,这些人觉得有了信用卡,他们什么都能做. 7. for就……而言.如:He is tall for his age. who引导的是定语从句,修饰those,指＂那些用信用卡购物的人＂.further more是插入语,表示进一步的陈述.in other words换句话说. Their pleasures at spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasures they get from the things they buy. 他们从花费巨额钱财上得到的乐趣,实际上比从所购买的物品上得到的乐趣要大得多. than the pleasures they get from the things they buy.这句中有两个定语从句:一个是they get from the things省略了引导词that,修饰the pleasures;另一个是they buy,也省略了引导词that,修饰the things. lesson 8 Stories of Christmas In many countries of the world, The celebration of Christmas on December 25th is a high point of the year. From November onward, it is impossible to forget that Christmas is coming. Colored lights decorate many town centers and shops, along with shimmy decorations and artificial snow painted on shop windows. In streets and shops, “Christmas trees” (real or plastic evergreen conifer trees) will also be decorated with lights and Christmas ornaments. Shopping centers become busier as December approaches and often stay open till late. By mid-December, most homes will also be decorated with Christmas trees, colored lights and paper or plastic decorations around the rooms. These days many more people also decorate garden trees or house walls with colored electric lights, a habit, which has been long popular in USA. In many countries, most people post Christmas greeting cards to their friends and families, and these cards will be hung on the walls of their homes. The custom of sending Christmas cards started in Britain in 1840 when the first “Penny Post” public postal deliveries began. (Helped by the new railway system, the public postal service was the 19th century’s communication revolution, just as e-mail is for us today.) As printing method improved, Christmas cards were produced in large numbers from about 1860. Today, pictures are often about jokes, winter pictures, Father Christmas, or romantic scenes of life in past times. Father Christmas (or Santa Claus) has become the symbol of Christmas. Pictures will be seen everywhere of the old man with long white beard, red coat, and bag of toys. Children are taught that he brings them presents the night before Christmas, and many children up to the age 7 or 8 really believe this is true. In most countries, it is said that he lives near the North Pole, and arrives through the sky on a sledge (snow-cart) pulled by reindeer. He comes into houses down the chimney at midnight and places presents for the children in socks or bags by their beds or in front of the family Christmas tree. In shops or at children’s parties, someone will dress up as Father Christmas and give small presents to children, or ask them what gifts they want for Christmas. Christmas can be a time of magic and excitement for children. Father Christmas is based on a real person, St. Nicholas, which explains his other name “Santa Claus” which comes from the Dutch “Sinterklaas.” Nicholas was a Christian leader from Myra (in modern-day Turkey) in the 4th century AD. He was very shy, and wanted to give money to the poor people without their knowing about it. It is said that one day, he climbed up the roof of a house and dropped a purse of money down the chimney. It happened to land in the stocking which a girl had put to dry by the fire! This may explain the belief that Father Christmas comes down the chimney and places gifts in children’s stockings. In English speaking countries, the day following Christmas Day is called “Boxing Day.” This word comes from the custom which started in the Middle Ages around 800 years ago: Churches would open their “alms box” (boxes in which people had placed gifts of money) and distribute the contents to poor people in the neighborhood on the day after Christmas. The tradition continues today. 圣诞节的故事 在许多国家,12月25日圣诞节的庆祝活动是一年中的顶峰时期.从11月份开始,人们便期盼着圣诞节的到来.许多城镇的购物中心和商店都用彩灯装点着,同时,闪亮的装饰物和人工造雪被喷在商店的窗户上.在街上和商店里,圣诞树(真树或塑料的常青针叶树)也被灯和圣诞装饰物点缀着.12月将要来临时,购物中心更繁忙,经常开到很晚.12月中旬,许多家庭的房间里被圣诞树、彩灯、纸和塑料饰物装点着.这段时期,很多人用彩色的电子灯装饰花园的树木或房子的墙壁,这是一个习俗,在美国非常流行.在许多国家,大部分人寄圣诞贺卡给他们的朋友和家人,这些卡片被挂在家里的墙壁上. 在英国,1840年当最初的邮递业务开始时,寄圣诞贺卡的习俗开始.(得益于新的铁路系统,公共邮递业务是19世纪通讯的革命,正如今天的电子邮件对于我们的意义).随着印刷术的提高,圣诞贺卡大约从1860年开始就被大量生产.今天,贺卡上的图案多是幽默、冬景、圣诞老人或旧时代的浪漫情调. 圣诞老人已经成为圣诞节的象徵.一个留着长长的白胡子,穿着红色衣服和背着一袋玩具的老人的图画随处可见.孩子们都知道这样一个事实:圣诞老人在圣诞的前夜会带给他们礼物,而且,许多7到8岁的孩子相信那是真的.在许多国家,据说圣诞老人住在北极附近,而且,坐在一个由驯鹿拉着的雪橇中从天空降临人间.在午夜,他通过烟囱进入人们的家中,把给孩子的礼物放在他们的床边或圣诞树上的袜子或袋子里.在商店或孩子们的聚会上,有些人会打扮成圣诞老人,给孩子们礼物,或问他们圣诞节想要什么礼物.圣诞节充满神秘和梦幻色彩,对孩子们而言,也是一段令人兴奋的时间. 圣诞老人源于一个真实的人物 圣·尼可拉斯,这也解释了圣诞老人的另一个名字“Santa Claus＂来源于荷兰语中的一个单词“Sinterklaas＂.尼可拉斯是公元4世纪一个来自马亚(现今的土耳其)的基督教的领袖.他非常害羞,想捐钱给贫苦的人们,但不让他们知道.据说,有一天,他爬上了一间屋子的房顶,把一小袋的钱从烟囱中扔进屋子去,钱碰巧落在一个女孩刚放在火旁想烘乾的长筒袜里.这也解释了圣诞老人从烟囱爬进来并把礼物放在孩子们的长筒袜中的原因. 在说英语的国家,圣诞节的第二天被称为“节礼日＂.这个词来源于大约800年前中世纪的一个习俗:在圣诞节的第二天,教堂会打开他的的布施箱(箱子里装着人们放的值钱礼物),并且将里面的东西分给附近的穷人,这个传统一直延续到今天. lesson 9                                           White House The USA Chief Executive Mansion, White House, stands on a knoll on the Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington overlooking the Potomac River. The cornerstone was laid in 1792 and in 1800 it was initially completed. Since the second President John Adams first moved into the house, all the US presidents have lived and worked there. However, in 1814, when the English was at war with America, the White House was set on fire by the British army. Only its enclosing wall survived but stained with scorch marks. It took three years to hide the White House renovated and be available for use.In order to hide the scars of war, the burnt wall was covered with many layers of white paint, hence the name White House was given. It was President Theodore Roosevelt who officially named it first in 1902. The White House is an 18-acre-estate, yet the major of the ground is filled with lawns, gardens, tennis courts, outdoor swimming pools, bowling alleys, game rooms, movie theaters, horseshoe pits and other subsidiary facilities. The 26-meter highs 3-floored main section consisting of 132 rooms is mot quite spacious. In the west are the magnificent State Dining Room and the bright and commodious East Room which is the place for balls and art performances. The other three smaller rooms are resplendent in their decorations. Each of them has its distinctive features and has its name matching the colors of the wall, ceilings, carpets, and the like in it. The Blue Room in the middle is an oval office used officially for receiving heads of state and foreign diplomats. The Red Room in the west characterized in the US style in early 19th century, is a family parlor, and the Green Room is used as an all-purpose parlor for playing cards and chess or having a chat. The second floor is president family’s private living quarters, and on the third floor are offices of president’s secretaries’ store rooms and service center. President’s office complex is in the west wing. In addition to the Cabinet Room, The Diplomat Reception Room, the Treaty Room, etc., the most important one is the Oval Office, the heartland for president to formulate policies and make decisions. Just outside the Oval Office is the charming Rose blooming with flowers and plants, where state dinners and ceremonial events are sometimes held. In the East Wing, are offices of First Ladies’ and wording staffs. The Kennedy Garden lying outside of those offices is for press conferences and tea parties. The well-known South Lawn is often used for arrival ceremonies in honor of visiting heads of state. 美国总统宫邸,白宫,位于华盛顿市的宾夕法尼亚大街的一座小山上,俯瞰波托尼克河.1792年动工,1800年初竣工.自从第二任美国总统约翰·亚当搬进白宫后,历届美国总统都在那里居住和工作.然而,1814年,英国人与美国开战的时候,白宫被英军付之一炬,只残留了外围墙壁,并留下了斑斑烧痕.美国人花了3年时间翻修,白宫才重新可以使用.为了掩盖外围墙壁,焚烧过的残壁被白色的油漆涂了许多层,因此人们叫它白宫.1902年,泰德·罗斯福总统正式将它命名为白宫. 白宫占地18英亩,然而大部分地方是草坪、花园、网球场、室外游泳池、保龄球场、活动室、电影院、溜马场和其他一些辅助设施组成.26米高的3层主楼有132个房间,占地并不大.西部是富丽堂皇的餐厅,东部宽敞明亮的房间是专为艺术表演用的.其他三个较小的房间装饰得很辉煌,每个房间都有自已的特色,而且都有和它内部的墙壁、天花板、地毯等等颜色相称的名字.中央的蓝厅是椭圆形办公室,用来接待外国元首和外交官.西部的红厅具有19世纪初美国西部特色,是家庭客厅.绿厅为玩牌、下象棋和闲谈的多功能厅.二楼是总统家人生活区.三楼是总统的秘书办公室和服务中心. 总统的办公区位于西侧,西侧还有内客会议室、外交官会晤厅、缔约室等等.最重要的椭圆形办公室是总统制定政策的中心.椭圆形办公室外面就是迷人的玫瑰圆,种植了各种花草植物,州晚餐和仪式有时在这里举行.东侧是第一夫人和工作人员的办公室.办公室外面的肯尼迪花园经常召开记者招待会和茶会.众所周知的南草坪经常用来举办办外国元首的欢迎仪式. 1. 课文中部分句子讲解: It took three years to have the White House renovated and be available for use. 花了三年时间翻修,白宫才可以使用. 2. it takes(took)(sb.)some time to do sth.花(某人)多长时间做某事. The White House is an 18-acre-estate,yet the major part of the ground is filled with lawns,gardens,tennis courts,outdoor swimming pools,bowling alleys,game rooms,movie theaters,horseshoe pits and other subsidiary facilities. 白宫占地18英亩,然而大部分地方是草坪、花园、网球场、室外游泳池、保龄球场、活动室、电影院、溜马场和其他一些辅助设施 fill的含义:1)(常与with连用)注满,装潢.如:He filled the bucket with water. 2)填空,补缺,任职:如,George＇s the best person to fill this vacancy. 3)补(牙),满足需要.to fill a prescription按药主抓药. 3. The 26-meter high 3-floored main section consisting of 132 rooms is not quite spacious. 26米高的3层主楼由132个房间构成,占地并不大. consist的含义:1)(与of连用)组成,构成,包括,由……组成. 2)(与in连用)在于.如:The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity. 3)(与with连用)一致,符合.如:Theory should consist with practice. lesson 10                                                   Paris, France A short time later our plane began to slow and bank. Lovely, green England came into view, but we soon left England behind. After watching the English Channel slip by, France appeared, the land carved into squares of green and brown. Paris, lovely, green romantic Paris, a city of contrasts-I fell in love with her as so many others have before me. Magnificent modern buildings were everywhere, but in between them stood tiny ancient shops and apartments. As long as I live, I’ll remember my first night in Paris when I stood on Montamarte, the highest hill in the city, the lights of Paris spread in a panorama below while the cool autumn breeze whispered through the trees. I could not believe I was really there! The next morning, we enjoyed a tour of Paris, which is just as beautiful by day as by night. The tree-lined streets were spotless, for each morning, water from the River Seine flows from drains onto the streets where shopkeepers with long reed brooms sweep the streets clean. We drove past many famous restaurants, shops and apartment houses. At the end of the most famous street in Paris, the Champs Elysse, stood the golden Arch of Triumph through which the Allies in World War Ⅱ marched after driving defeated Germans from the city. As we walked through the grounds around Notre Dame, I gazed above me at imposing Gothic towers silhouetted like giant sentinels against the gray sky. From the top of the Cathedral wall rain spouts jutted about every twelve feet, each spout made in the face of an animal, the rain pouring from its mouth. Inside the Cathedral, exquisite, elegant rosette stained glass windows gleamed from a sudden burst of sunlight forcing its way through the clouds as though heaven had opened long enough to light them for us. One of the windows had been badly damaged during World War Ⅱ. All the colors in the replacement glass perfectly match the undamaged window except blue; the formula for this shade of blue had been lost and could not be duplicated no matter how hard the artists tried. To my untrained eye, it was undetected. The Eiffel Tower, an extraordinary edifice made of interlocking steel girders soared into the sky, glittering brightly in the sunlight. The Eiffel Tower, a skeleton iron tower, is 934 feet high, built as a feature of the World’s Fair held in Paris in 1889. The lower section consists of four arched columns, each providing a supporting base 330 feet square. The columns curve toward each other until they unite in a single column 620 feet above the ground. Platforms are at the 189 ft., the 380 feet and 906 feet levels on the first level is a restaurant. Each platform has its own observation deck. The Eiffel Tower plays an important part in scientific research, first being utilized as a radio broadcasting station. Searchlights are mounted near the top as are a meteorological observatory and physical and biological laboratories. We rode in an elevator as far as it could go toward the top of the Eiffel Tower and climbed narrow metal steps the rest of the way to a platform high in the sky. We could see the whole city of Paris from there-a most breathtaking sight. 巴黎，法国 不久以后,飞机开始减速并侧飞.迷人的绿色的英格兰映入眼帘,但是片刻之后就把英国甩在了身后.在飞掠过英吉利海峡后,法国的国土出现了,她的土地呈现出一块块绿色和咖啡色. 巴黎,迷人、绿色而浪漫的巴黎,一座拥有独特气息的都市——我象许多到巴黎的人一样,迷上了这座城市.宏伟的现代建筑随处可见,但年代久远的店铺和公寓也夹杂其间.我一生都不会忘记来到巴黎后的第一个夜晚,我站在这座城市的最高点蒙马特高地上,秋日的凉风穿过树丛沙沙作响,全城的灯火交织成一片,尽收眼底.我简直不敢相信我那时的存在! 第二天早晨,我们开始了巴黎之旅,这里从早到晚都美极了.树木成行的街道一尘不染,这是因为每天早上塞纳河的河水都会从地下水道流上路面,路边的店主们则会用长长的芦苇扫帚将路面打扫乾净.我们驾车驶过了许多着名的餐厅、商店和寓所.金色的凯旋门耸立在巴黎最负盛名的香榭丽舍大街的一端.第二次世界大战中,盟军将德军赶出巴黎后,曾列队穿过凯旋门. 当我们穿过巴黎圣母院旁的广场时,我向上凝望雄伟的哥特式塔楼,它们的轮廓就仿佛是巨大的直冲灰色天空的哨兵.在大教堂高墙的顶端,每隔十二英尺就会有一个出水槽向外突出,每一处突出都被做成一种动物头像,雨水就顺着它的嘴流出. 教堂里边,精巧别致的圆花玻璃在破云而出的阳光照耀下闪闪发光,好像天空早已为我们裂开缝隙照亮了它们.其中有一扇窗户在二战中被严重损坏,重新安置的玻璃上所有的颜色都与原有的玻璃上的颜色完全一致,只有蓝色除外.这种蓝色的配方已经遗失,无论艺术家们怎么费尽心思也无法将其复制出来.而我未经艺术熏陶的双眼是无法察觉其中的细微差异的. 艾菲尔铁塔是一座由钢铁大梁交织构建而成的宏伟建筑,它高耸入云,在阳光下金光四射.艾菲尔铁塔,一座结构支持的铁塔,高达934英尺,是1889年在巴黎举行的世界博览会的特色建筑.它的底部由四个拱形的圆柱构成,每一个底基的面积为330平方英尺,这些圆柱互相弯曲靠拢直到离地面620英尺处合成为一个圆柱.望平台分别分布在离地面189英尺、380英尺和906英尺处,第一层望平台是一个饭店.每一个望平台都有自已的观测台.艾菲尔铁塔在科学研究上发挥着重要的作用,首先是被作为广播电台之用.在接近塔顶处安装着探照灯,就像一个气象站和物理生物实验室. 承载着我们的电梯到达了艾菲尔铁塔的最高点,接着我们攀登着窄窄的铁台阶走完了剩下的路程,到达了高入云天的平台.从这里我们能俯瞰整个巴黎——那让人心旷神怡的美景. 课文中部分句子讲解 1.After watching the English Channel slip by,France appeared,the land carved into squares of green and brown. 在飞掠过英吉利海峡后,法国的国土出现了,她的土地呈现出一块块绿色和咖啡色. the land carved into squares of green and brown为独立主格结构作状语表伴随状态.有时作状语的分词的动作并不是主语所做的或承受的,而是另外一个人或一件事所做或承受的,这时需要有独立的逻辑主语来表示这层意思,这种独立的逻辑主谓关系就被称为“独立主格结构＂.独立主格结构作状语,表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状况.如: The tornado continuing,our city seems unable to survive.龙卷风还在肆虐,看样子我们这个城市保不住了. 独立主格结构前面一般不能再加介词或连词,但常可由介词with或without引起一个独立主格结构,做句子的伴随状语.独立主格结构一般多用在书面语中,口语中往往直接用各种状语从句. 2. At the end of the most famous street in Paris,the Champs Elysee,stood the golden Arch of Triumph though which the Allies in World War Ⅱ marched after driving defeated Germans from the city. 金色的凯旋门耸立在巴黎最负盛名的香榭丽舍大街的一端.第二次世界大战中,盟军将德军赶出巴黎后,曾列队穿过凯旋门. 这句话中典型的语法现象是状语前置引起的倒装.当位于句首的状语是一些表示地点的介词短语或名词短语时,句子的倒装形式为全部倒装(即谓语动词全部位于主语之前).另外,表示运动方向的副词(如,away,back,down,in,off,out,up)位于句首时,句子也是全部倒装,如:Off flew the birds.鸟儿飞走了.但是,如果主语为人称代词,只能用自然语序,如:Out they rushed.他们冲了出去.另外,以here,there或now开头的句子也常常为全部倒装,如:Now comes your turn.轮到你了.但是,如果主语为人称代词时,只能用自然语序.如:Here he comes.他来了. 以下两种情况下状语必须倒闭:1)主语平衡倒装:当一个句子中的主语(包括其修饰语)较长,又没有宾语时,为了避免头重脚轻,常将状语放在句首(表语也可以这样做),以保持句子的平衡,此时,句子要进行全部倒装.如:In table 1 are listed the data obtained.表1中列出了已得到的数据.2)状语的强调倒装(为了对句子中状语所表达的意思进行强调,可以将状语放在句首).如:Here in China we won＇t allow any form of discrimination against women.在中国我们不允许对妇女有任何形式的歧视. 3. I gazed above me at imposing Gothic towers silhouetted like giant sentinels against the gray sky. 我向上凝望雄伟的哥特式塔楼,它们的轮廓就仿佛是巨大的直冲灰色天空的哨兵. against的用法如下:1)反对,反抗.常和表示动作的动词、名词连用.against还可以做表语,意为“反对,不利于＂.against在做“反对,反抗＂解时,常和下列动词连用:fight,speak,act,vote,contend,protest,argue,testify,sin,offend,cry out,rage,exclaim.2)靠在……(墙)上,紧靠.此时,against经常和push,press,lean,hang,stand等表示“紧靠、压迫＂的动词连用.如:He stands an umbrella against the door.3)和……对照;与……对比;以……为背景.在文中,against就是“以……为背景＂的意思.4)防备,预期.如:against a rainy day未雨绸缪,against的这种用法,也可用for代替.另外,protect,defend,secure,shelter和against连用,表示“抵抗危险;使……不受损害＂.5)over against意为“在……对面＂.如:His house is over against the People＇s Hospital. 4. The formula for this shade of blue had been lost and could not be duplicated no matter how hard the artists tried. 教堂里边,精巧别致的圆花玻璃在破云而出的阳光照耀下闪闪发光,好像天空早已为我们裂开缝隙照亮了它们. As though意为“好像……似的,仿佛……似的＂,为常用连词.由as thouhg引导的从句所表达的情况往往不是事实,而是主观想象,或夸大比喻,因而从句中的谓语动词通常用虚拟语气,如本句的从句就用了“had opened＂的过去完成式表虚拟.但有时由as though引导的从句所表示的也可能是事实,特别是在少数动词后面,如look,smell,sound,seem等.这时从句的谓语动词仍需用陈述语气.此外,as though还可以表达惊讶,不满,气愤等语气.如:I felt as though my heart were bursting with enthusiasm.我感觉满腔的热情几乎都要迸发出来了. 5. The formula for this shade of blue had been lost and could not be duplicated no matter how hard the artists tried. 这种蓝色的配方已经遗失,无论艺术家们怎么费尽心思也无法将其复制出来. no matter how/where/who/when/what…这种结构引导的是一个让步状语从句,意思是“无论怎样,哪里,谁,什么时候,什么…＂,此结构不能用来引导名词从句.引导名词性从句就该用how,where,who,when/what这些引导词.如:No matter what he says,I won＇t believe him. lesson 11                       Medicines May Soon Come in the Form of Food If Western people think they are healthy eaters, they will have to think again. The no cholesterol, low-fat, high-fiber, calcium-enriched,sugar-less,peservative-additive-color-free-with-added-vitamins diet is about to become a passing fashion. The new “buzz word” in the food industry is nutraceuticals-foods that provide medical benefits as well as traditional nutrients. “Imagine a supermarket where each food category is subdivided into categories for those consumers who have back problems, are at risk from cardiovascular disease, obesity, arthritis and other diseases,” says Mark Braman, president of the American food company Omega Tech. “Imagine great-tasting foods that help protect the body from major diseases and environmental damage.” That vision is starting to become a reality. Last year in Britain, the chemical company Roche launched Startup, a fruit juice that contains twice as many vitamins as milk. Multinational food giant Nestle is marketing a yogurt fortified with ingredients that rid the body of bacteria. In the new millennium, natural foods won’t be able to compete with bio-engineered and processed foods. The lycopene discovery is a case in point. Processed tomato products containing oil that facilitates the absorption of lycopene are better than eating the real thing, raw tomatoes. The conventional wisdom, however, is that, if you have a well-balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables, you’ll get all the vitamins and minerals and nutrients you need for a healthy body. Supplements, nutritionists often claim, are a waste of money. According to Dr Sheldon Saul Hendler, nutritional adviser to the US Olympic Committee, vitamin and mineral deficiencies occur in healthy individuals eating generally adequate diets. In The Doctor’s Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia, he writes: “There is growing evidence that substances in our ‘well-balanced’ diets contribute to cancer and other degenerative diseases. A vitamin and mineral supplement is recommended for even healthy individuals as a key element in the prevention of many of these degenerative diseases.” The trick is to know which vitamins and minerals you need to supplement. Some of that guesswork may be eliminated by the introduction of more vitamin and mineral-enriched foods. In Australia, scientists want to lace beer with thiamine (vitamin B1) to reduce the instance of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a potentially fatal brain disorder found in heavy drinkers. Vitamin and mineral-enriched foods, however, may also create problems through over-dosing and interaction. The optimal dose for many vitamins and minerals is unknown and some can be toxic in high doses. If you find yourself unaccountably laughing, for instance, you could be overdosing on manganese. Manganese madness is a recognized disorder that can produce manic states followed by deep depression. As nutraceuticals or functional foods start to fill the supermarket shelves, it will become harder to work out exactly what dosage of vitamins and minerals we are ingesting or what effect it is having on us. The line between food and medicine will become increasingly blurred, and the health claims more imaginative. Most food companies are reluctant to have their product categorized as a medicine, because of the requirement for expensive research and lengthy clinical trials. In the US and Europe, nutraceuticals exist in a regulatory twilight zone. Problems aside, though, the mew revolution in food could produce some useful lifestyle products. 药品会以食物的形式出现 如果西方人以健康饮食者自居的话,那么他们必须重新考虑这是否符合事实.不含胆固醇、低脂肪、高纤维、高钙、低糖;不含防腐剂、添加剂、色素和含大量维持生活素的饮食似乎已成了过去的时尚.食品工业为新的“流行＂词汇是营养药品——既可提供传统的营养又有医疗效用的食物. “设想一下超级市场里的每种食品可以细细分类,有些是专门为背疼的顾客准备的,有些是专门为患心血管疾病、肥胖症、关节炎和其他疾病的顾客准备的.＂美国欧米加科技食品公司总裁马克·布莱门说道, “设想一下美味的食物能够保护人体免遭疾病和环境的损害.＂ 这种设想正在变成事实.去年在英国,洛希化学公司就已投资生产了“Startup＂这种果汁,它含有两倍于牛奶的维生素.跨国饮食业巨人雀巢公司正在销售一种使人体免受细菌侵害的添加了营养成分的酸奶酪. 在新千年里,天然食物的竞争力将落后于通过生物工程加工的食物和其他人工食物.蕃茄红素的发明就是一个好例子.人造西红柿比天然西红柿多含一种使人体易于吸收的油质. 通常的看法是,如果你能食用充足的水果和蔬菜,拥有一个十分均衡的膳食结构,你就能得到一个健康身体所需要的所有维持生活素、矿物质和营养物质.补药、营养品通常被认为是浪费钱的东西. 根据美国奥林匹克委员会营养顾问谢尔登·索尔·海恩德勒医生的看法,一个健康的个体只食用一般的食品会缺失维持生活素和矿物质.在《医师维持生活素和矿物质百科全书》中他写道: “越来越多的证据表明,我们的“平衡＂膳食中的成分会导致癌症和其他质变性疾病的发生.为了防止很多像这样质变性疾病,甚至对于健康的个体而言都就推荐他们进行维持生活素和矿物质的补充.＂ 决窍就是要知道哪些维持生活素和矿物质是你所需要的.有一些臆想可能通过加入更多的维他命和富含矿物质的事物而实现.澳大利亚的科学家们想在啤酒中添加维持生活素B,以减少沃涅克——科萨科夫综合症,这是一种经常发生在酗酒的人们中的可能致命的脑部疾病. 然而,维持生活素和富含矿物质的食物也会因为过量和相互作用而产生一些问题.许多种维持生活素和矿物质的最佳剂量还是未知的,剂量过大还会有毒.举个例子,如果你发现自已无故大笑,你可能是摄取了过多的锰元素.锰引发的疯狂被认为是一种病症,它可能引发狂躁,继而发展成极度沮丧的状态. 随着营养品和功效性食物开始充斥于超市的物架上,准确地计算出我们摄取的维持生活素和矿物质的剂量以及它们产生的功效变得更加困难..食品和药物之间的界限将变得日益模糊.健康需要更多的想像.大多数食品公司不愿把它们的产品归于药品,因为那将而要昂贵的研究费用和很长时间的临床试验.在美国和欧洲,营养药品处于受控制的边缘.尽管存在一些问题,食品业的新革命还是能够产生一些有用的生活产品. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.The no cholesterol,low-fat,high-fiber,calcium-enriched,sugar-less,preservative-additive-color-free-with-added-vitamins diet is about to become a passing fashion. 不含胆固醇、低脂肪、高纤维、高钙、低糖;不含防腐剂、添加剂、色素和含大量维持生活素的饮食似乎已成了过去的时尚. 这句话中cholesterol,low-fat,high-fiber,calcium-enriched,sugar-less,preservative-additive-color-free-with-added-vitamins做定语修饰diet,谓语部分为is about to become.就注意区分no与not表示否定时用法的不同,“no+名词＂等于“not(…)+a(an)/any+名词.＂如:I have no difficulties.=I have not any difficulties.但是no修饰句子的表语时,否定语气更重,意为“一点不(not at all)＂,和not不同.我们可以比较一下:John is no singer.约翰绝不是位歌唱家.(意为:约翰不够歌唱家的资格)John is not a singer.约翰不是歌唱家.(意为:约翰可能是做别的什么工作).句中还出现了be about to, “be about to+动词原形＂表示立刻要做的事情,近在眼前的将来.它和“be to+动词原形＂有区别,后者更着重于按计划、安排、命令预定要做的事情.如:We are to be back by 10 o＇clock. 2.The new “buzz word＂in the food industry is nutraceuticals-foods that provide medical benefits as well as traditional nutrients. 食品行业中新的“流行词汇＂是营养药品 像提供传统的营养一样有医疗效用的食物. Food是nutraceuticals的同位语, that provide medical benefits as well as traditional nutrients.为定语从句修饰foods. as well as 相当于连词,意为“和……一样;除……之外;也;又;还＂它一般用于下列结构“名词/代词+as well as+名词/代词＂中,在文中即为此种用法.as well as一般连接两个平行结构,如连接两个主语、宾语或表语,但与动词连用时,通常要接动名词.如:The girl plays the piano as well as singing. 此外,as well as还可当介词,意为“除……之外,既……又＂.如:As well as the main cargo,there were other small finds.. as well as与as well不同,as well是副词短语,意为“也;又,还＂.如:The books tells about LuXun＇s writings and about his life as well. 3.Last year in Britain,the chemical company Roche launched Startup,a fruit juice that contains twice as many vitamins as milk. 去年在英国,洛希化学公司就已投资生产了“Startup＂这种果汁,它含有两倍于牛奶的维生素. 这句话的主语是the chemical company Roche,launched为谓语,Startup是产品名,作launched的宾语,a fruit juice是Starup的同位语,the contains twice as many vitamins as milk是定语从句,它的一般形式是:A+v.+倍数+as+形容词/副词+asB.意为1) “A是B的X倍(或净增加X-1倍)＂.如:This substance reacts three times as fast as that one.这种物质(化学)反应速度是那种物质的三倍.(=这种物质的发应速度比那种物质快两倍).2) “减少X-1倍＂.如:This box is four times as light as that box.这个盒子比那个盒子轻三倍.类似的结构还有:Ⅰ. “X times+more than＂.如:A is three times longer than B. A比B长三倍(=A是B的四倍).Ⅱ. “X times+the width(length/level/sive/value/breadth)等名词+of名词.如:The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的体积是月球的四十九倍.两倍常用:twice,double,duple,twofold,as…again as.意为“翻一翻＂,或“为……的两倍＂.如:He demanded double the ususl fare. 4.There is growing evidence that substance in our“well-balanced＂ diets contribute to cancer and other degenerative diseased. 越来越多的证据表明,我们的“平衡＂膳食中的成分会导致癌症和其他质变性疾病的发生. 这个是there be句型,growing evidence是真正的主语.that引导的是一个同位语从句,做evidence的同位语. 同位语从句用于对名词作进一步的解释,说明名词的具体内容.同位语从句往往放在与它同位的名词后面一般由that引导,连接词that在从句中不做任何成分,一般不能省略.同位语从句也可以用关系代词(what,which,who)、关系副词(when,where,why,how)或whether/if引导.如:I have no idea what has happened to him.我不知道他发生了什么事情.同位语从句与定语从句不同:1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,又在从句中作某个成分(如主语或宾语);而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,不充当任何成分.如:The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.(定语从句,that在句中作宾语).2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词并加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词作补充说明.如:The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.我们就当从国外进口更多设备这个建议将在会上讨论.(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分) 5.As nutraceuticals of functional foods start to fill the supermarket shelves,it become harder to work out exactly what dosage of vitamins and minerals we are ingesting or what effect it is having on us. 随着营养品和功效性食物开始充斥于超市的货架上,准确计算出我们获取的维持生活素和矿物质的剂量以及它们产生的功效变得更加困难. 这是个主从复合句,由as引导了一个时间状语从句,as引导时间状语从句意为“当……,在……时候＂.可以表示:1)当某事发生时,另一件事也立刻发生.如:As I left the house I remembered the key.2)在一事发生的过程中另一事发生.如:As he slept the dreamed a dream.3)两个动作同时发生.如:As she sang the tears ran down her cheeks.as在引导时是状语从句时,经常可以与when和while互换.不过,as引导的从句中的动词既可以是持续性的又可以是非持续性的,但是while不能表示非持续性的动作,即此时不能用while替换as. 主句中有两个what引导的宾语从句,做介词out的宾语. “what+名词＂可以相当于all…that…(所有的…都…),as much/many as,或any…that(任何…).如:I have done what work I have to do today.what后不加名词引导宾语从句时有两个意思:1)what在从句中保留疑问代词的询问意义,即“什么＂.如:I don＇t know what he wants.2)what表示“所……的(东西,事情)＂如:That is what he wants.当what作关系代词时,其本身兼有先行词的作用,因此what之前不可有先行词,这就是说what不可以引导定语从句. lesson 12                                          Repeats Repeats Repeats It takes a lot of investment in promotion, product design, operations, and lots of other stuff to attract and be ready to serve a new customer. Then, when you actually attract a new customer, you may have to educate him or her about your products, sales, and business policies. You may have to do a credit check, set up a new account for the new customer, create a new file with a new label just for that new customer, and gather lots of information about that customer in order to provide them with the service they expect. Add up all that effort, and you can see that adding a new customer to your business can take quite an investment in time, money, and energy. Business experts who study this kind of thing figure that it costs something like five times more to serve a new customer than a repeat customer. Here are two very important truths about why creating repeat customers through outstanding service is worth the trouble: 1.Repeat=Lower Expense Most organizations spend much of their time and energy acquiring new customers. They advertise. Certainly, a business can grow by adding new customers. But it might be much more profitable by spending more energy encouraging existing customers to buy again and again. Here’s why. Existing customers already know your company. They have an idea of what it stands for. They have sampled the quality of its merchandise. So it should cost far less-maybe even nothing-to encourage satisfied customers (you did satisfy them, didn’t you?) to return time and again. To attract great masses of the uninitiated to try your company for the first time costs far more. They don’t know about your business and they certainly don’t care about it. So in order to get their attention and motivate them to give you a try, you often need to buy ads, send countless mailings, offer steep discounts, and increase sales compensation. Would you rather spend $10 on ads, mailings, special discounts and the like to attract a new customer for their first $50 purchase, or 50°E to mail a customized reminder letter to your repeat customer who may well make two or three additional $50 purchases with nothing more expensive than some heartfelt words of encouragement and appreciation? 2.Repeat=Revenue Supposing a customer goes every morning to the same convenience store for a large coffee. He spends about a dollar on it. To the clerk completing the transaction on any given morning, this is a $1 customer. But this same customer also makes a habit of returning at lunch and buying a prepared sandwich, a soda, and a snack for the afternoon, about a $6 transaction. Sometimes he brings his friends in the store and they each spend a few dollars for lunch, too. Then, on his way home at night, he often stops at the store for another cup of coffee and maybe picks up a half-gallon of milk. So in an average week, this “$1 cop of coffee customer” actually spends somewhere around $30 to $50 in that convenience store, not to mention whatever his buddies spend on their lunches. So in an average year, this $1 transaction guy is actually visiting the store two or three times a day, about four days out of the week, and dropping upwards of $1,500 per year! Imagine if this same customer continues to return day after day, year after year for as long as he lives in the area (like 15 or 20 or more years), That $1 cup of coffee customer may be worth some 20 grand to that store. If you owned that store, wouldn’t you want each of your employees to understand that each $1 customer could represent a whole lot more potential revenue? And wouldn’t you want to made sure that mo $1 customer, potentially worth 20 grand to you, was ever driven away forever by a sour cup of coffee or a sour employee? And while the products and the numbers are different for your business, isn’t the principle of creating a repeat customer equally true and important for your business? 回头客 为了吸引和服务于一个新客户,需要在促销、产品、运营和其他方面花费很多的投资.接着,当你吸引来一个新客户时,你还得让他或她了解你的产品、销售和营销策略.你可能还要做信用券,为新的客户建立一个新的说明,而且要收集许多有关这个新顾客的信息,以便提供他们需要的服务. 所有的努力加起来,你就能看到要争取一个新客户需要很多的时间、金钱和精力.研究这类事情的行业专家指出,服务一个新顾客要比一个老顾客多花5倍的成本. 关于为什么用高质量服务吸引一个老顾客是非常值得的这个问题,有两个重要依据: 1. 回头客=低费用 许多企业花大量的时间和精力招揽新顾客.他们做广告,当然一个企业可以靠增加新顾客来扩大业务.但是费功夫促使现有的顾客不断消费企业的产品,也许会带来更多利润. 为什么会这样呢?现有的客户已经知道你的公司,他们对你的公司已经有所了解,他们用个别的产品来评价商品的总体质量.因此应该花费较少,甚至不需要任何花费,就可以让满意的顾客一次次回头来买(你确实使他们满意)你公司的产品.吸引大批对你的公司不了解的顾客需要更多的投资.他们不知道你的公司,所以当然不会注意你的产品了.因此,为了吸引他们的注意,且鼓励他们去尝试新产品,你经常需要做广告,还有数不尽的邮寄、大幅度的优惠以及增加售后服务等. 你愿意花10美元来做广告、邮寄、特别优惠等以吸引一个新客户购买50美元的商品,还是愿意花50便士给你的老顾客邮寄一份商品推荐信,只需用一些发自肺腑的鼓励和感激的话就可能让他们花两倍或三倍于50美元的钱,哪种更划算呢? 2. 回头客=收入 假设一个顾客每天早上都去同一家便利店花一美元喝一大杯咖啡.在任何一个早上店员都会完成这样一笔交易,这就是一个一美元的客户. 但是这具顾客习惯于中午来这家店,买一个三明治、一杯饮料和一份快餐,这是美元的交易.有时他带他的朋友来,每人也为午餐花一点钱.接着,晚上在回家途中,他又常到店里来买一杯咖啡,且加半加仑牛奶 这样平均一星期,这个“一美元的咖啡客＂实际上在这个便利店花费了约30到50美元,还不算他伙伴的午餐费.这个一美元的交易的家伙实际上一天要去商店两次或三次,一星期大约四天,每年要花1,500美元!如果这个客户还居住在这个区域(比如15、20年或更长),他就会继续日复一日地光临.他可能会在那间商店花20,000美元. 如果你是店主的话,难道你不想要你的职员明白消费一美元的顾客意味着潜在的巨大收入吗?难道你不想确定一下,对你来说意味着潜在的20,000美元的一美元消费的顾客,可能曾经因为一杯发酸的咖啡或是一个不称职的雇员而永远不再光临你的店了吗? 当你的生意中产品繁多,而顾客数量有限时,吸引回头客难道不是一具非常重要的准则吗? 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.You may have to do a credit check,set up a new account for the new customer,create a new file with a new label just for that new customer,and gather lots of information about that customer in order to provide them with the service they expect. 你可能还要做信用券,为新的客户建立一个新的说明,而且要收集许多有关这个新顾客的信息,以便提供他们需要的服务. in order to为了……起见,以便.to是不定式,后跟动词原形,表示目的,如:In order to catch the train,she hurried through her work. in order that可以引导一个目的状语从句,如:She hurried through her work in order that she could catch the train. have to不得不,必须.“You＇ll have to get off here,＂the conductor said. have to=have got to,如:Children do not have got to cross busy streets to go to school. set up建立(事业),成立(组织).如:We should set up an organization to control the price of the market. 2.Business experts who study this kind of thing figure that it costs something like five times more to serve a new customer than a repeat customer. 研究这类事情的商业专家指出,服务一个新顾客要比一个老顾客多花费5倍. 这个句子的主语是Business experts,who引导一个定语从句,修饰Business experts,who在定语从句中作主语.figure是谓语,后面的that引导一个宾语从句,that在从句中不作任何成分,只是充当引导词的作用,也可以省略.that引导的宾语从句里又有一个比较状语从句.more…than. 3.Here are two very important truths about why creating repeat customers through outstanding service is worth the trouble. 关于为什么用高质量服务吸引回头客是非常值得注意的一个问题,有两个重要的依据. 这是个倒装句.主语是two very important truths about why creating repeat customers through outstanding service is worth the trouble,主语中还有一个由why引导的定语从句,修饰truths.are是谓语,here是副词作表语.由于主语太长了,所以后置.如:Here is my garden with all kinds of flowers. lesson 13                                             Banking on the Poor For many people, there seems to be no escape from poverty; in other words, they are poor, and they have no hope that this will ever change. In addition, they have the social problems of poverty. Imagine this situation: a poor woman has an idea for a small business to lift her and her family out of poverty. She needs a little money to begin this business. She goes to a bank to borrow the money, and the banker interviews her. At this bank, as at most banks, the borrower must meet three necessary conditions: character, capacity, and collateral. That is, if this woman wants to borrow money from the bank, she must show that she is honest (has a character), is able to run her business (has capacity), and owns a house, land, or something valuable (collateral)for the bank to take if she cannot pay back the money. So what happens to the woman? The bank won’t lend her the money because she doesn’t have any collateral. One possible solution these days is microlending. This is a system of special banks and programs that are loaning money to people in “borrowing groups.” For example, an international organization called Good Faith lends small amounts of money to people who want to go into business. Each person must do two things to borrow money: take classes in business and join a borrowing group. This is a group of microentrepreneurs-i.e., people who own and run their own small business. Everyone in the group must approve the loan of every other group member, or Good Faith won’t lend the money. To receive a loan from Good Faith, people still must have character. They find capacity in the business classes. But collateral is not necessary any longer. Instead of collateral, there is peer pressure; i.e., group members make sure that each person pays back his or her loan. They want to keep their “good name” and continue doing business with good faith. Good Faith has had many successes and only a few failures. In Pine Bluff, Arkansas, a small town in the United States, one person was able to open a hair salon, another a plant shop, and a car decorating business-all with loans from Good Faith. In a developing country such as Bangladesh, a person can begin a small business with only $10 to $15. Because of many small loans from Good Faith, there are now 1.6 million new entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Of course, not all these loans were a success. At first, Good Faith lent half of the money to men and half to women. Unfortunately, most of the Bangladeshi men spent the money on themselves, not the business. Now good Faith does business mainly with women’s borrowing groups in that country. In any country, women are the poorest of the poor. They produce more than half of the world’s food, but they own just one percent of the world’s land. They are 51 percent of the world’s population, but very, very little money goes to programs to help them. In the late 1980s, Anne Firth Murray took the initiative and began the Global Fund for Women. This fund now has more than $3 million. It has given money to over 400 women’s groups in 94 countries. Unlike Good Faith, which helps people begin businesses, the Global Fund for Women helps to solve social problems-e.g., violence and lack of education. For instance, the fund has helped a group of Palestinian and Jewish women who are working together to stop violence against women. It is giving money to a woman in village in southern India; she has started a literacy program to teach poor women to read. Good Faith and the Global Fund for Women have lesson for banks around the world: it’s a“safe bet” to lend money to the poor. With careful planning, education, and cooperation, most people use the money well and they plow the money and knowledge back into their communities. There is hope that they can begin to break the cycle of poverty for themselves, their families, and society. 给穷人贷款 对许多人来说,贫穷似乎无法逃避,换句话说,他们是是穷人,并且不指望这种情况会有所改变.除此之外,他们也面临着贫困带来的社会问题.想像一下这样的情况:一位贫穷的妇女打算通过做一些小生意来使她和她的家庭摆脱贫困,她需要一小笔钱来开始这桩生意.于是,她去银行借钱,银行家接待了她.和大多数银行一样,在这间银行,借款者必须符合三个条件:品格、能力、担保物.也就是说,如果这名妇女想从银行借钱,她必须证明她很诚实(品格好),能够经营她的生意(有能力),以及拥有一所房子、一小块地或是别的什么值钱的东西(担保物),以便于当她无法偿还这笔钱时,银行可以接收这些东西.接下来,这名妇女将会经历什么?银行不会借钱给她,因为她没有任何担保物. 现在一种可能的解决方式是小额贷款,这是一个由特殊银行和特殊计划组成的系统.这些特殊的银行和谋划正向处于“借贷群体＂中的人们提供贷款.例如:一个称为“良好信用＂的国际组织将小额的钱借给那些想做生意的人们.每个人需要做两件事才能借到钱:学习有关的商业课程和加入一个借贷团体.这是一个由小创业者,即拥有并且经营自已小生意的人们组成的群体.给团体其他成员的贷款,必须得到这个团体中每个成员的批准,否则“良好信用＂组织拒绝借款.要想得到“良好信用＂组织的贷款,人们仍然需要良好的品德.他们也可以在商业课程中培养相应的能力,但是不再要求提供担保了,取而代之的是同伴的压力,即团体成员确保每个人偿还他或她的贷款.他们需要保证自已的“好名声＂,以便维持良好信誉,继续经营自已的生意. 良好信用组织有许多成功的范例,失败的只是少数.在美国阿肯色州的小镇布拉夫,人们可以开一间发廊,也可以经营一家植物商店或是做汽车装饰的生意,所有这些贷款都来自良好信用组织.在孟加拉这样的发展中国家,一个人只要拥有10-15美元就可以开始经营一桩小生意.由于良好信用组织提供了大量的小额贷款,孟加拉现在有160万新经营者.当然,也不是所有这种贷款都是成功的,刚开始的时候,良好信用组织把一半钱贷给男人,一半贷给妇女.糟糕的是,大部分的孟加拉男子都把钱花在自已身上,而不是用来经营生意.现在良好信用组织主要与该国妇女借贷团体打交道. 在任何一个国家,妇女都是贫困中最贫困的群体.她们生产出占世界产量一半以上的食物,但是仅仅拥有世界1%的土地.她们的人口数占世界的51%,但是计划用于扶持她们的钱极少极少.在20世纪80年代末,Anne Firth Murray先行一步,创立了全球妇女基金,这项基金现已超过了300万美元,已经为94个国家的400多个妇女团体提供了资金.与旨在帮助人们经营生意的良好信用组织不同,全球妇女基金有助于解决社会问题,如暴力他教育匮乏. 如:这项基金帮助了一个由巴莱斯坦和犹太妇女组成的,致力于制止对妇女的暴力侵害的团体.同时这项基金也为印度南部乡村的一名女性提供资助,开始了一项旨在教会贫困妇女认字的扫盲计划. 良好信用组织和全球妇女基金给遍布世界的银行一个教训:借款给穷人是一个“安全赌注＂.经过精心的策划、教育和合作,大部分人都能很好地使用资金,并且通过辛勤劳动将金钱和知识反馈于他们的团体.他们有希望为自已、为他们的家庭和社会打破贫困的恶性循环. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.For many people,there seems to be no escape from poverty;in other words,they are poor,and they have no hope that this will ever change. 对许多人来说,贫穷似乎无法逃避,换句话说,他们是是穷人,并且不指望这种情况会有所改变. They have no hope that this will ever change.这是一个同位语从句.主语是they,谓语是have no hope,同时由that引导的从句只是进一步说明hope的内容,即充当hope的同位语.同位语从句一般用that引导,且没有实在的意义,不在句中充当任何实际成分,主要用来对前面的名词作具体的解释.与have no hope that+clause(同位语从句)这种结构相似,sign,trend等都适用这样的搭配.如:There has no sign hat sales will increase. 2.That is,if this woman wants to borrow money from the band,she must show that she is honest (has a character),is able to run her business (has capacity),and owns a house,land,or something valuable (collateral) for the bank to take if she cannot pay back the money. 也就是说,如果这名妇女想从银行借钱,她必须证明她很诚实(有品格),能够经营她的生意(有能力),并且拥有一座房子、一小块地或是别的什么值钱的东西(担保品),以盒饭她无法偿还这笔钱时,银行可以接收这些东西. 这个句子含有一个条件状语从句,条件状语从句通常由if引导,表示一种假设的条件和状况.主句部分主语为she,谓语为show,宾语比较复杂.that 引导的宾语从句可以拆分成三个句子:两个简单句:She is honest.She is able to run her business.以及一个条件状语从句She owns a house,land,or something valuable (collateral) for the band to take if she cannot pay back the money.因为三个句子的主语都是she,所以可以共用一个,省略后两句的主语. 将形容词置于不定代词something之后,表示“……的东西＂,是固定用法.如:something strange一些奇怪的东西;something interesting有意思的东西,这一点与副词enough的用法不一样.表示“足够＂时,形容词一般放在enough的前面,如:good enough足够好.something还有一些用法or something诸如此类的东西.如:She is writing a dictionary or something. Something like 类似某人/某事物.如:The tune goes smething like it. 3.This is a system of special banks and programs that are loaning money to people in “borrowing groups.＂ 这是一个由特殊银行和特别计划组成的系统.这些特殊的银行和计划正向处于“借贷群体＂中的人们提供贷款. 在这个句子中,关系代词that引导的从句…are loaning money to people in “borrowing groups＂作定语从句,修饰先行词special bands and programs,that在从句中充当主语.整个句子的核心成分为this is a system,of与它后面带从句的名词性结构,构成一个介词短语,作为system的状语. 4.Instead of collateral,there is peer pressure;i.e.,group members make sure that each person pays back his of her loan. 不再要求提供担保了,取而代之的是同伴的压力,即团体成员确保每个人偿还他或她的贷款. Instead of 后面可以接动词不定式和名词,表示“替换某事或某人＂.如:Let＇s play card instead of watching television. 这个句子由i.e.连接两个并列的句子构成,i.e是一个副词,意思是“那就是＂.可以看出group members make sure that each person pays back his or her loan是对peer pressure的进一步解释说明.在后面的这个句子中,主语是group members,谓语是make sure,由that引导的从句作宾语.make sure that意为“设法确保出现某状况＂,如:arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well为使参观得以顺利进行而做的安排;要注意的是that后面的从句应该用一般现在时.make sure还可以表示“把某事物弄清楚＂.如:I think the door＇s locked,but I＇d better go and make sure(it is). lesson 14                                       My First Job-The Maid I was studying theater at Southern Methodist University in Dallas and feeling anxious and uncertain about my future. Will I be able to support myself? I wondered. That summer, I decided to if I could get out on my own. Two girlfriends and I piled into a car and headed to Aspen, Colo., where I found a job as a maid at a resort hotel. I don’t remember what I earned, but it was so little that I lived on spaghetti, brown rice and Kool-Aid. I was at the hotel by six o’clock every morning to help with continental breakfast. When breakfast was finished, I cleaned the room where it was served and then the conference rooms and lobby rest rooms. I had never been in a men’s room before, and I was always terrified of someone walking in while I was on my knees scrubbing the floors and toilets. I came from an upper-middle-class background, and my parents’ friends always treated me well. But now that I was a servant, I found that many of the guests of the same background were not so nice. That was a shock. People were supposed to serve themselves at the continental breakfast; it was my job to circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice. But some people wanted me to do everything for them. I remember one man who kept ordering me to get his food and demanding things we did not serve. He was also very critical. Even though I wanted to say, “Go, get it yourself,” I knew it was my job to be quiet and do in a nice way whatever I was told. So I’d take a deep breath and somehow get what he wanted. Still, I’ve never forgotten how it felt to be spoken to so rudely.Today,whenever I am in a cab or being waited on, I always try to be as considerate as possible. Service-industry jobs are not easy, and they’re even harder when people treat you like dirt. My first job also helped me achieve more confidence. After that summer I realized that what I had been afraid of in acting was failure. I now knew what the worst thing would be if I failed at it without really trying. I decided to give it all my energy. If I failed, at least I would always know that I had done my best. 我的第一份工作----女仆 那时,我正在达拉斯的南卫理公会大学学习戏剧.对于未来,我感到焦虑和迷茫,我有能力养活自已吗?对这一点我很怀疑.那个夏天我决定,如果可以的话,要靠自已的力量闯出一片天地. 我和两个女朋友挤进一辆汽车,向科洛勒多州的亚苏彭进发了.在那里找到了一份工作,在一家度假胜地饭店当女仆.我已经不记得挣了多少钱,但是赚得非常少,以致于整日靠着意大利面、糙米和一种叫Kool-Aid的食物为生. 我每天早上六点在饭店帮着准备欧式早餐,早餐结束后,必须清扫吃早餐的房间,然后是会议室和休息室.在那以前,我从未在男人的房间晨呆过.当我跪着擦洗地板和卫生间的时候,总是害怕有人会突然走进来. 我来自一个中产阶级的家庭,父母的朋友都对我很友好.但是现在我是一个佣人,发现许多与我有着相同背景的客人并不那么美好,我的确令人惊愕. 用欧式早餐的时候,人们原本应该自已照料自已;我的职责只是在房间里四处走动,给客人添加咖啡和果汁.但是某些人要我替他们干一切事情.我记得一位先生不断地命令我帮他拿食物,而且要求一些我们根本不供应的东西,他还特别吹毛求疵.虽然我想说:“走开,你自已拿＂.但是我明白,保持安静并且以优雅的方式做好顾客要求的任何事是我的工作.于是,我会深深地吸口气,不知怎么还是帮他拿了他要的东西. 但是,我依然不能忘却遭受无理对待时的那种感受.现在,每当坐在出租车里或是接受别人服务的时候,我总是尽可能地体谅别人.服务行业的工作实在不容易,而当人们视他们低贱如泥的时候,就更为不易了. 我的第一份工作也帮我获得了更大的自信.那个夏天之后,我意识到,在戏剧表演方面我曾害怕的是失败.现在我懂得,最糟的事莫过于没有经过真正的努力而以失败告终.我决心为戏剧付出我所有的力量.假如失败了,至少,我会永远知道我已经尽力了. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.I don＇t remember what I earned,but it was so little that I lived on spaghetti,brown rice and Kool-Aid. 我已经不记得挣了多少钱,但是赚得非常少,以致于整日靠着意大利面、糙米和一种叫Kool-Aid的食物为生. What I earned是一个what引导的宾语从句,在句中充当remember的宾语.宾语从句中,谓语动词不能用倒装语序,但是连接词要放在宾语从句的主语之前. 如:He is the man who teaches me. so+adj./adv.+that…句型,表示“如此……以致于＂,用来形容某种结果的程度.如:He was so ill that we had to send for a doctor.形式上与此句型略有区别的固定短语so that表示“为的是、以便＂,用以表明目的,如:She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 o＇clock. live on sth.靠……为生. live on one＇s salary.靠工资生活. 2.I had never been in a men＇s room before,and I was always terrified of someone walking in while I was on my knees scrubbing the floors and toilets. 在那以前,我从未在男人的房间里呆过.当我跪着擦洗地板和卫生间的时候,总是害怕有人会突然走进来. had been为过去完成时,表示过去某时或某动作之前已完成的动作或情况,即表示“过去的过去＂.这种时态结构为:had+动词过去分词,如:The plane had already taken off when we arrived at the airport. be terrified of sb./sth.对某人或某事感到恐惧、害怕.如:I am terrified of being alone in the house. while表示“当……的时候＂,引导的是一个时间状语从句,常用来引导两具同时进行的持续时间较长的动作,表示一行为发生的同时另一行为也正在发生.如:While the teacher explained the text,the students listened attentively and took notes. scrubbing为分词短语作状语,表示I was on my knees的伴随动作,这类短语还可表示时间、原因、方式、结果等,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语相一致. 3.People were supposed to serve themselves at the continental breakfast;it was my job to circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice. 用欧式早餐的时候,人们应该自已照料自已;我的职责只是在房间里四处走动,给客人添加一些咖啡和果汁. be supposed to do sth.表示“被期望或被要求(按规则、惯例等)做某事＂.如:Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one? It＇s+n./adj.+to do sth.是英语中常见的也比较重要的句型.It是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式短语to circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice.句子原来的语序应为:To circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice was my job.英语中往往因为主语太长,放在句首略显笨重,而用没有实际意义的it作形式主语来达到句子的平衡.在这个句子里,形式主语it还起到强调my job的作用. 4.Today,whenever I am in a cab or being waited on,I always try to be as considerate as possible. 现在每当我坐在出租车或是接受别人服务的时候,我总是尽可能地体谅他人. 连词whenever引导一个时间状语从句,表示“每当,每次＂.如:Whenever she comes,she brings a friend. whenever还表示“在任何时候,无论何时＂.wait on为固定词组,表示“照料或伺候某人＂.它还有“探望某人＂的意思.如:I waited on my teacher yesterday afternoon. as+adj./adv.+as possible的意思是“尽可能……＂,如:Run as fast as possible. 5.If I failed,at least I would always know that I had done my best. 假如失败了,至少我会永远知道自已已经尽全力了. 由that引导的宾语从句I had done my best充当谓语动词know的宾语.do one＇s test尽某人最大的努力. If…+动词过去式,…would/should+动词原形,表示“要是(如果)……,就……＂,是一种假设和虚拟的状态.if条件句中的虚拟语气有三种形式:第一,与现在事实相反,其条件从句谓语动词为过去时,主句谓语动词形式为should(would,could,might)+动词原形.如:If you learned to type you would easily find a job.第二,与过去事实相反,其条件从句谓语动词形式为had+过去分词,主句谓语动词形式为should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词.如:If I had enough money,I would have bought a tape radio.第三,与将来事实可能相反,其条件从句谓语动词形式为动词过去时(should+动词原形,were to+动词原形),主句谓语动词形式为should(would,could,might)+动词原形.如:If they should be here tomorrow,they would witness the exciting spectacle. lesson 15                  New Tower Will Celebrate Handover of Macao to China A giant tower will be built on the waterfront at Macao at a very fast pace in time for the December 1999 celebrations marking the Portuguese enclave’s handover to China. The tower will be built in quick time because of the use of computer-assisted design, and building technology which will allow four meters of tower to be built up every six days. The technology allows construction workers to set up a platform called a “jump form” with two levels. As the top level is added on, remedial and finishing work continued on the bottom level from a veranda site. This technology was successfully used to build a Sky Tower in Auckland. New Zealand, ahead of schedule. The architects and engineers who built the New Zealand tower have taken their expertise to Macao. New Zealand architect Gordon Moller, his firm, Craig Craig Moller,and Aukland consulting engineers Beca Group,have formed a joint venture, CCMBeca, for the Macao project, which has been given the go-ahead by the Macao government. The Macao tower will be 338 meters tall, 10m taller than Sky Tower in Auckland. The height of 338m was a deliberate choice, architect Gordon Molar says, to give the tower good feng shui through the numbers 3 and 8. The tower will taper up 1000 people at a time, compared with 840 for the Sky Tower in Auckland. The tower will be a frontispiece for Macao, as it is set on the Pearl River waterfront on a promontory which is a reclamation area between the Nam Van lakes. Piling and construction for the raft on which the tower will sit in May 1998, and work on the main building started in July. The exterior will be done in time for the handover of Macao to China on December 20 in 1999, and the entire job will be finished well ahead of millenium celebrations in the year 2000. The Macao tower is a welcome to mainland China from Stanley Ho, the 76-year-old who owns all Macao’s casinos and the hover-ferries which take an hour to cross from Hong Kong. Mr. Ho’s company, Siciedade de Tourisme e Diversoes de Macao (STDM), is the client for the New Zealand architects and engineers working on the tower project which will cost $85 million (RMB 380 million). A local contractor is building the first stage of the Macao tower, with the New Zealand joint venture doing all design work. This includes consultancy on the effect of wind on the high structure. A team from Monash University in Australia who are experts in design and wind forces will be part of the intentional team which will consult in the effects of the elements of such a high structure. “It’s a sculptural tower. We’ve created a substantial open plaza with a conference center and entertainment center alongside, all integrated,” Mr. Moller says. The Macao tower’s piles go down 50 meters to solid granite foundation under the track that working drawings will still be on the design board as the tower rises. 新塔建成庆祝澳门回归 一座巨大的新塔将在澳门港口附近落成,以便能赶上参加1999年12月澳门回归中国的庆典. 这座塔得以迅速落成得益于电脑辅助设计的使用,以及能在6天之内建4米的建筑技术. 这项技术让建筑工人搭搭建一个成为“跳板＂的双层平台.当上面一层建造的时候,可以在底层一个阳台的位置上继续对工作加以改进. 这英技术曾经使新西兰奥克兰的天塔建筑提前完成,那些建筑新西兰塔的建筑师和工程师将自已的技术带到澳门.新西兰建筑师高顿·摩勒所拥有的克来阁·摩勒公司以及奥克兰谘询工程贝克集团作为被澳门政府首先批准的建设单位共同成立了一个合资企业CCMBeca. 澳门塔高338米,比奥克兰的天塔还高10米.338米的高度是特意定下来的,建筑师高顿·摩勒说3和8这两个数字会给澳门带来好风水.该塔一次可容纳1000人,相比之下,奥克兰的天塔只能容纳840人.这座塔将会成为澳门的标志性建筑,因为它濒临珠江,位于南湾湖之间一块隆起的土地上. 澳门塔将要坐落的浮台在1998年5月开始动工,主建筑的动工则在7月开始动工,外部建造工作将于1999年12月20日以前完成,以便赶上澳门回归中国,全部工程将会在2000千禧年庆典之前竣工. 澳门塔是斯坦利·霍用来对中国大陆表示欢迎的标志性建筑.斯坦利·霍今年76岁,控制着澳门所有的娱乐场所,并且拥有可以在一小时之内往返香港的直升飞机. 霍先生的司机-----澳门旅游娱乐有限公司------是新西兰建筑工程界的客户,他们修建的澳门塔将耗资85,000,000美元(合人民币380,000,000). 一个当地的建筑商正在建澳门塔的第一层,而所有的设计工作都由新西兰合资公司完成.这些设计必须考虑风对高层建筑的影响.从澳大利亚莫那什大学来的由设计专家和风力专家组成的小组将会是专门小组的一部分,他们将各种因素对这样一个高大建筑的影响进行探讨. “这是一座雕刻出来的塔,我们已经创建了一个融金融会议中心、娱乐中心为一体的常年开放的广场.＂莫勒先生说. 在建塔过程中,工程图仍然在设计之中,澳门塔的桩要深入地下50米,以便加固大理石地基. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.A giant tower will be built on the waterfront at Macao at a very fast pace in time for the December 1999 celebrations marking the Portuguese enclave＇s handover to China. 一座巨大的新塔将在澳门港口附近落成,以便能赶上参加1999年12月澳门回归中国的庆典. 这句话的主干是“A gian tower will be built＂, 而“on the waterfront at Macao＂, “at a very fast pace＂, “in time for the December 1999 celebration marking the Portuguese enclave＇s handover to China＂都是状语,补充说明新塔的建设地点、建设速度、建设目的等.句中的“marking the Portuguese enclave＇s handover to China＂是用来修饰celebration的,用动名词修饰名词的时候,动名词一般要放在这个名词的后面. 2.New Zealand architect Gordon Moller,his firm,Craig Moller,and Aukland consulting engineers Beca Group,have formed a joint venture,CCMBeca,for the Macao project,which has been given the go-ahead by the Macao government. 新西兰建筑师高顿·摩勒公司以及奥克兰谘询工程贝克集团被澳门政府首项批准成立了一个合资企业CCMBeca. 这句话的主语是“Gordon Moller＂, “his firm＂, “Aukland consulting engineers BecaGroup＂,谓语是have formed,宾语则是a joint venture.在这个句子中出现了很多同位语,比如:…his firm,Graig Moller….英语中一个单一名词作为同位语时,通常跟前面的名词用逗号隔开.当同位语是一个句子的时候,经常用that引导,有时也可由连接代词what或连接副词how,when,where及whether等引导.使用同位语从句时,一定要注意句子的平衡,不要头重脚轻.后面的“for the Macao project,which has been given the go-ahead by the Macao government＂是该句的目的状语.在这个目的状语里,又有一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰Macao project. 3.The height of 338m was a deliberate choice,architect Gordon Molar says,to give the tower good feng shui through the numbers 3 and 8. 338米的高度是特意定下来的,建筑师高顿·摩勒说“3＂和“8＂这两个数字会给澳门塔带来好的风水. 这句话中, “architect Gordon Molar says＂是一个插入语,去掉插入语后,句子仍然是一个完整的句子, “to give the…＂是该句的目的状语,由不定式短语充当.常见的插入语还有:strange to say说也奇怪;needless to say不用说;in a few words(或in sum,in short)简而言之;in a sence在某种意义上;in general一般说来;in my view在我看来;in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断);in conclusion总之;in summary概括地说;in fact事实上;in the first place首先;in addition此外;to our knowledge据我们所知 lesson 16                                      Two Truths to Live By The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox, it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way:“A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.” Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God’s own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what was and then suddenly realize that it is no more. We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered. This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay, will, be ours. But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this second truth dawns upon us. At every stage of life we sustain losses-and grow in the process. We begin our independent lives only when we emerge from the womb and lose its protective shelter. We enter a progression of schools; then we leave our mothers and fathers and our childhood homes. We get married and have children and then have to let them go. We confront the death of our parents and our spouses. We face the gradual or not so gradual waning of our own strength. And ultimately, as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests, we must confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be. Life is never just being. It is a becoming, a relentless flowing on. Out parents live on through us, and we will live on through our children. The institutions we build endure, and we will endure through them. The beauty we fashion cannot be dimmed by death. Our flesh may perish, our hands will wither, but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come. Don’t spend and waste your lives accumulating objects that will only turn to dust and ashes. Pursue not so much the material as the ideal, for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth. Add love to a house and you have a home, add righteousness to a city and you have a community. Add truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school. Add religion to the humblest of edifices and you have a sanctuary.Add justice to the far-flung round of human endeavor and you have civilization. Put them all together, exalt them above their present imperfections, add to them the vision of humankind redeemed, forever free of need and strife and you have a future lighted with the radiant colors of hope. 赖以生存的两个道理 人生的艺术就是要知道何时该紧紧把握以及何时该放弃.因为人生就是一对矛盾,它既让我们抓住人生的多种赐予,同时又要我们到头来把这些赐予放弃.老一辈犹太学者是这样说的: “一个人紧握拳头来到这个世界,但他却松开手掌离开这世界.＂ 当然我们应该紧紧把握人生,因为它是充满神奇色彩的,而且充满了通向上帝之国的美景,我们都知道这一点.可是我们却常常在回首往事时才明白这个道理,并且突然意识到过去的日子已经一去不复返了. 我们记得那已褪色的美景、凋零的爱.但是更让我们难以忘怀的是鲜花绽放时没有投之以一瞥,爱情到来时没有给予对方反应. 在得失之间能自如地把握是不容易做到的.尤其是当我们年轻时,认为世界是由我们控制的,只要我们满腔热情、全力以赴地去渴求,我们想要的东西就能够----不,一定会得到.但是生活需要我们去面对现实,慢慢地也是必然地这第二个事实接踵而来. 在人生的每个阶段,我们维持失去----获得的过程.当我们从子宫出生而失去保护的庇护所的时候,我们开始了独立生活.我们进入学校;然后我们离开父母和孩童时期的家.我们结婚并且有了孩子,然后必须让他们自已去生活;我们面对我们父母和我们配偶的死亡.我们面对那逐渐的或许并不那么快地衰老.最终正如松手与握拳的比喻那样:我们自已也得走向不可抗拒的死亡,失去原有的自我,失去我们以往的或梦想过的一切. 生命绝不只是一个静止的存在.它是一个变化的、延续的过程.我们的父母依赖我们生活,而我们将会依赖我们的孩子生活.我们建立起了一套规章方式并不得不遵照它进行.我们参与形成的美景不会因为死亡而暗淡.我们的肉体会消亡,我们的双手也会枯萎.但是,它们在真善美中所创造的一切将永远存在. 不要把时间花在那些终究将会废弃成为灰烬的事物上.与其追求物质不如追求理想,因为只有理想才能赋予生命意义,才有永存的价值. 一栋房子有了爱,那就有了一个家.一座城市有了正义,那就是一个社区.一堆红色的砖块拥有了真理,那就是一所学校.一座粗陋的大厦有了信仰,那就是一个庇护所.传播正义于世人,那就有了文明.做到所有的这一切,使之升华,超越现在的不完美.以被拯救的人类的目光看待这一切,那么你将有一个闪耀着希望的绚丽光彩的未来. lesson 17                                       Should We Clone Humans? One of the abiding Scifi nightmares has been the idea that we could one day replicate human beings asexually, just by copying material from human cells. Luckily, scientific assessments have generally regarded this as something pretty remote. Roslin’s scientists have announced that the nuclear transfer technique they have applied to produce Dolly could be in theory applied to humans. Whether anyone would try and whether it would work is another matter. But the “what if” question must now be asked with much more seriousness than would have ever been justified before. Two aspects of the Roslin discovery have set the world of biotechnology alight. One is the fact that a somatic tissue from an adult has been used to produce a live animal. This has rewritten one of the laws of biology. Up to now it has been assumed that once animal cells go through the mysterious process of differentiation, and become a particular type of cell, they cannot go back to being undifferentiated. The second is that you can clone a large mammal from the cells off an adult of the species. It is this second aspect that has caught the public imagination,because it has dramatically brought forward the question of whether it could be possible to realize the Scifi dreams of cloned humans. Faced with such a fertile prospect, the human imagination runs riot, and the media have come up with some very bizarre ideas. For example, one article claimed that we might clone humans to select out genetic defects of select for desirable traits. Scientifically it would still be a big leap to go from cloning a sheep to cloning humans and it is premature to discuss this as if it were inevitably going to happen. But this discovery means that we have at least got to ask the question, “what if?” Cloning humans is ethically unacceptable. Dr. Wilmut, the scientist involved, and his colleagues at Roslin have made it quite clear that they think that to clone humans would be unethical. On principle, to replicate any human technologically is against the basic dignity of the uniqueness of each human being. Some have speculated whether it would be possible on the basis of these discoveries to grow not an entire human being, but living organs from cells. This might have certain potential to treat diseased organs or malfunctioning body processes. There would be many practical questions to answer, but it might be less of a problem ethically. One ethical point would be that it would only be done for the benefit of the individual involved, or, with appropriate informed consent, a close relative. Perhaps the biggest ethical problem would be that of “gradualism.” By a progression of small steps you could eventually provide all the conditions needed to clone the entire human being. This raises a much deeper question about how the direction of research is determined and controlled. 我们应该克隆人吗? 科幻小说中一个永久的噩梦是:有一天我们仅用人的细胞来克隆生命,即无性系殖人类.幸运的是,科学预测普遍认为这还是相当遥远的事. 罗林斯实验室的科学家宣布:他们用来繁殖绵羊多莉的细胞移植技术理论上也能应用于人类.但是否有人愿意一试以及最终结果能否奏效则是另一个问题.我们现在必须比以往更严肃地追问“如果能复制人,我们该怎么办?＂这个问题. 罗林斯实验室的两个发现给生物技术指明了方向.一是成人的身体组织被用来产生生物,这改写了生物法则.至今人们设想一旦动物细胞能通过神秘的分离过程变成一个特殊种类的细胞,那他们就不能回车无差别的状态了.第二是你从同种类的成人身上获取的细胞能克隆一个大的哺乳动物.这已经引发了公众的想象,因为很明显,它提出了这样一个问题:能否能够实现科幻杂志克隆人的梦想.面对这样一个丰富的前景,人们骚动不安起来,而且媒体也提出了许多古怪离奇的想法,如一家杂志声称他们可能复制人类,以选出有缺陷的基因或优良的基因. 科学地讲,从克隆绵羊到克隆人还有很长的路要走.现在讨论这个问题时好像克隆人必定要发生似的,其实这还不成熟.但这个发现意味着我们至少要问这样一个问题: “如果能复制人,我们该怎么办?＂ 克隆人在伦理上是不被接受的.参与此项工作的罗林斯实验室的威马特博士和其他同事明确表示:他们认为复制人是不道德的.原则上讲,通过技术复制人是损害人类独一无二性这一基本尊严的. 一些人推测是否可能在此实验基础上不复制完整的人,只是复制活的人体器官.这也许可以用来治疗有病的器官或残障的身体.还有很多实际问题需要回答,但也许仅仅是个道德问题.一个道德的观点是复制应仅在适当地被告知同意的情况下,为了相关个人的利益,或由亲密的亲戚而进行.也许最大的道德问题是“渐进主义＂,能过许多渐渐的小步骤,最终在任何情况下你都会提出需要复制完整的人的要求.这引发了一个更深刻的问题:如何决定和控制科学研究的方向. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.Luckily,scientific assessments have generally regarded this as something pretty remote. 幸运的是,科学预测普遍认为这是相当遥远的事. Luckily提前作状语,修饰整个句子.regard在这句话里的意思是“以某种特殊的方式看待或思考＂,它经常与as搭配,表示“把……看作＂.如:I regard him as a fool. Titanic is regarded as his best film so far.《泰坦尼克号》被认为是到目前为止他所拍得最好的影片.可以表达同一含义的词组还有take…as…,has…as…如:I have him as my close friend. 2.Roslin＇s scientists have announced that the nuclear transfer technique they have applied to produce Dolly could be in theory applied to humans. 罗林斯实验室的科学家们宣布:他们用来产生绵羊多利的细胞移植技术理论上也能应用于人类. 本句宾语是由that引导的宾语从句.从句里又有省略that的定语从句,先行词是technique.apply的意思是“应用;把……应用于或应用于一项特定用途＂,经常与to搭配.如:Mary applies all her money to her mortgage.除“应用＂外,还有“专心于,使(自已或自已的努力)致力于某物＂之意. 3. One ethical point would be that it would only be done for the benefit of the individual involved,or with appropriate informed consent,a close relative. 一个道德的观点是:复制应仅在适当地被告知同意的情况下为了相关个人的利益,或由亲密的亲戚而进行. 这是一个同位语从句,that指代后面的整个句子,从句要跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容.可使用同位语的名词主要有fact,news,idea,truth等.同位语从句的连接词要用that,而不能有which.如:The news that our tram has won the match is true. lesson 18                                  The Attack on Pearl Harbor It seems that fate was on the side of the Japanese. At 6:30 a.m. on 7 December a small Japanese submarine entered a prohibited area off Oahu and was sunk by destroyers and aircraft. The naval watch-officer was informed and, in his turn, informed the Chiefs-of-Staff at Pearl Harbor; but for some reason no general alert was given. More extraordinary still, it is a fact that at 7:00 a.m. the operator of a provisional detector station out in the Pacific belonging to the American Army reported a large flight of airplanes about 210 kilometers from Oahu to the east-north-east. An army lieutenant decided that the airplanes must obviously be friendly ones and took on action. An unusually cloudy sky added to Japanese luck. A routine dawn patrol of American aircraft had passed over Oahu and reported nothing. At 7:50 a.m. on that Sunday morning a great noise of approaching aircraft attacked the ships in the harbor and the naval installations; high-level bombers bombed the airfields and also Honolulu some 11 kilometers away. The attacks were followed by fighter planes firing machine-guns with incendiary bullets, particularly at the planes on the airfield; some pocket submarines attacked the harbor at the same time. Just as there had been no adequate air or sea patrols, so inside Pearl Harbor no precautions against attack had been taken; warships were moored close one against another and a larger proportion of officers and ratings were on leave and many sleeping ashore. A similar peace-time carelessness pervaded the Hickham army airfield close to Pearl Harbor and other aerodromes on the island. Before the last attack, which was made at 9:00 a.m. and which met with heavy anti-aircraft and naval gun-fire, the Japanese were able to strafe their objectives almost without resistance and the aircraft were able to return to their carriers to refuel and to return to the attack. Of the eight battleships, the Arizona, California and Utah, a target ship, were sunk outright; the Oklahoma capsized shortly after being bombed; the Nevada was set on fire and put out of action for many months; the three others were more or less seriously damaged. Considerable additional damages were done to ships, a minelayer was sunk, three cruisers damaged, two destroyers sunk and another damaged. Some 2,300 officers and men were killed and some hundreds of the nearly two thousand wounded died later. The Japanese are said to have lost 60 aircraft, whilst the Americans had 173 destroyed and over 100 damaged. 偷袭珍珠港 命运的天平似乎倾向日本.12月7日上午6点30分,一艘小型日本舰艇闯入瓦胡岛禁区,被美军驱逐舰和飞机击沉.海军侦察官得到了通知,后来他又报告给珍珠港的总司令,但由于某种原因,美军并没有发出任何普通警报.更反常的是,当日上午7点,美军设在太平洋的临时观察站的操作员报告说,一群大型飞机出现在瓦胡岛东北方向约210公里处.一名美国海军上尉断定这些飞机肯定是非敌对的,于是没有采取任何行动.很少见的阴沉天气也给日本带来了好运,清晨美国空军例行巡逻,飞过瓦胡岛,也未报告任何异常情况. 那个星期天的上午7点50分,正在逼近的日军飞机袭击了港口和海军基地的船只,高空炸弹轰炸了美军机场,也轰炸了大约11公里处的火奴鲁鲁港.日军过攻之后,战斗机接着开启了装有燃烧子弹的机关枪,专门射击机场上的飞机;同时一些袖珍潜艇也袭击了珍珠港. 正国为美军空军和海军没有进行充分的巡逻,所以珍珠港内没有采取任何防御进攻的措施.战舰一艘接一艘紧密地停泊在一起,而且大部分海军官兵正在休假,许多人在海滩上睡觉.比邻珍珠港的黑克汉姆军事基地和海滩上的其他机场也同样笼罩着相似的“和平＂气氛.在上午9点的最后进攻遭到了美军重型高射兵器和海军炮火的袭击之前,日军几乎在没有受到阻力的情况下轰击了美军目标,飞机甚至能够回车航空母舰加油后再回来攻击. 8艘美军战舰中,阿瑞兹那号、加利福尼亚号和主力舰尤台号被彻底击沉;奥可拉荷马号被轰炸后不久也沉没了;尼瓦达号失火,数月内失去了战斗力;其他3艘战舰也或多或少地遭到了重创.船只也受到了其他重大损害:1艘布雷艇沉没,3艘巡洋舰受损,2艘驱逐舰受损,其他船只也受到损毁.约2300名官兵死亡,近2000名伤者中有数百人在不久后死去.日方说他们损失了60架飞机,而美方则有173架飞机被摧毁,100余架飞机受损. 课文中部分句子讲解: 1. It seems that fate was on the side of the Japanese. it seems that…是一个固定句型,seem后加to意为“在某人看来＂.如:It seems to me that there is something funny about the case. 这种句型也可以用被动的形式来表示,这时主语应为人和物,而不是it.如:When his wife＇s pet cat died,Alan didn＇t seem to care at all. Alan似乎一点也不关心他妻子的宠物猫. seem,look,appear这三个词一般都用作系动词,意为“似乎,看上去＂.seem所表示的“似乎＂或“看来＂是以客观的迹象为依据的,如:A pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a Royal Air Force Station nearby.而look所表示的“看来＂是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的.如:He looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state. appear与上面两个词的含义似乎没有多大差异,但是如果要表达“某种判断是由被歪曲了的印象而得出的＂之意时,最好用appear,如:Babies of two months old do not appear to be reluctant to enter the water. 2. The naval watch-officer was informed and ,in his trun,informed the Chiefs-of-Staff at Pearl Harbor;but for some reason no general alert was given. 海军侦察官得到了通知,后来侦察官也报告了珍珠港的总司令,但由于某种原因,没有发出任何普通警报. In his turn为插入语.and后为省略句,主语是The naval watch-officer.in one＇s turn的意思是“(依次)轮流＂,本句指侦察官先得到了通知,然后他又汇报给了总司令.turn in的意思是“上交(如作业、物品等)＂.如:All classmates should trun in their homework. 3. “Before the last attack,which was made at 9:00 a.m,and which met with heavy anti-aircraft and naval gun-fire…＂ 在上午9点的最后进攻遭到美军重型高射击兵器和海军炮火的袭击之前…… 这句话是一个并列结构的定语从句,并列的成分是两个which引导的从句,先行词是the last attack.当从句和先行词之间有逗号隔开时,表明这是一个非限制性定语从句.meet with意思是“遭遇、遇到＂,一般指不好的事情,而且强调“无意中碰见、偶然间发现＂.如:The plan met with approval.