为了正常的体验网站,请在浏览器设置里面开启Javascript功能!

高中英语语法主谓宾定状补表

2019-02-09 21页 doc 49KB 131阅读

用户头像

is_266065

暂无简介

举报
高中英语语法主谓宾定状补表英语中句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补助语、主语补足语表语、定语和状语。 主语表示句子所说的是“谁”或“什么事物”,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Two students meet for the first time at the beginning of term. 两个学生在学期开始时初次见面。 谓语说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 Mr Zhu is showing the students of Class 4 the chemistry lab. 朱先生正带领4班学生参观化学实验...
高中英语语法主谓宾定状补表
中句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补助语、主语补足语表语、定语和状语。 主语表示句子所说的是“谁”或“什么事物”,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Two students meet for the first time at the beginning of term. 两个学生在学期开始时初次见面。 谓语说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 Mr Zhu is showing the students of Class 4 the chemistry lab. 朱先生正带领4班学生参观化学实验室。 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当,和及物动词一起构成谓语,说明主语做什么。 Finally, turn off the lights and lock the door.最后,关上灯,锁好门。 宾语补助语放在宾语后面补充说明宾语,常由不定式或形容词充当。 She told us to follow her instructions. 她吩咐我们听她的指示。 定语用来修饰名词或代词,常放在名词前面,也可以放在后面(叫后置定语)。由形容词、代词或相当于形容词的词或短语充当。Your teacher will read out some sentences. 你们的老师将读出一些句子。 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示,放在句末。 They plant trees in order to keep the soil on the hills. 他们种树以便把土壤保持在山上。 表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。Jackie and Yang Pei are both students in Australia. 杰基和杨培都是在澳大利亚的学生。 一个句子必须有主语和谓语。很多时候,主语和谓语不是一个词,而是由几个部分构成,我们称之为主语部分和谓语部分。严格地说,主语是主语部分里主要的词 A new computer has been brought by the CAAC. 一台新的电脑以经被中国民航买了;谓语是谓语部分里主要的词They have put up a new notice. 他们已经挂起了一块新的通知。在主语部分里常有定语;在谓语部分中常有宾语、宾补和状语;有的在宾语和表语前还有定语。表语是放在联系动词后表示状态或变化的句子成分。 例1 My new pen has been broken already. 例2 They have written a great many letters with the computer. 他们已经用电脑写了很多信。 例3 This is my sister’s book. 这是我姐姐的书。 动词是表示动作或状态的词,谓语必须由动词充当;是最重要的词,因为每个句子必须有动词做谓语。动词分为行为动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词,都非常重要。行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词,由此构成五种基本句型: 1)主+不及物动词;2)主+及物动词+宾语; 3)主+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物) 4)主+及物动词+宾语+宾语补助语(常由不定式充当,有几个谓语动词see; feel; watch; make; let; have 等词后面的宾补要省to); 5)主语+连系动词+表语。 在分析句子成分时,要分清楚主要成分和次要成分, 在以上句型中主语、谓语、宾语、宾补和表语是主要成分; 定语、状语是可以省略的次要成分。主谓宾定状补,主干枝叶分清楚. 以上五种句型不包含次要成分:定语和状语。注意: 1)主语和宾语由名词充当;修饰名词的句子成分叫定语,常由形容词充当,常放在名词前,因此在主语和宾语前常有定语。 2)谓语由表示动作或状态的动词充当,而动作或状态必然有其时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、程度、条件、比较、频率、范围等等情况,副词、介词短语、不定式等就表示这些情况。这些情况就是状语,因此副词、介词短语和不定式做状语,常放在句子后面。 3)宾补是放在宾语后面补充说明宾语的句子成分,常由形容词和不定式充当。主语补足语只在被动语态句中,就是主动语态句中的宾语补足语 英语句子成分结构详解 一、英语语句基本结构分析: >>主谓宾结构: 主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家! 谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come. 宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等 例:The boy needs a pen.主语the boy,谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式),宾语a pen. >>主系表结构: 主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。 联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。 表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。 感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy >> There be 结构:There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。) /前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。 二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/ 数词作定语相当于形容词:The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。 代词或名词所有格作定语:His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。 介词短语作定语:There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语:It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语:The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语:The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 分词(短语)作定语:The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 定语从句:There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 三、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\' 副词(短语)作状语: The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语) The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置) The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语) The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语) 介词短语作状语:In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语) Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词(短语)作状语: He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态) Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语) Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语) 不定式作状语: The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语) Come this way!/走这条路!(方向状语) 状语从句:时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句 比较状语从句让步状语从句条件状语从句 四、直接宾语和间接宾语:返回 >>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc. 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。如:Give me a cup of tea,please. 强调间接宾语顺序为:动词+ 直接宾语+ to + 间接宾语。如:Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+ 代词直接宾语+ to + 间接宾语。如:Bring it to me,please. 五、宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。 名词/代词宾格+ 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格+ 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格+ 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格+ 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格+ 分词I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. 六、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如: We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’) We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’) 七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。 感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly 当然,等。 八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。 例:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或(2)If you study hard,your score will go up. 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略. 如:Game (being) over,he went home. 独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如:With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做,他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!) 名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句统称为名词性从句,因为这四类从句在句法上相当于名词,因此被称为名词性从句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:①以that引导的从句;②以whether/if引导的从句;③以特殊疑问词引导的从句;④以what或wh-ever等关系代词引导的名词性关系从句。 一、that从句 (一)主语从句 1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:⑴it +be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,proble,etc.)+that从句 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. (2)It+be+名词词组(no wonder,an honour,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that从句。 It’s no surprise that our team has won the game. (3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。 2.that从句位于句首时,连词that是不能省略的。 That we are invited to to a concert this evening is good news to us. (二)宾语从句 1.常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动词有see,say,know,imagine,discover,believe,tell,show,think,consider,be sure,be afraid等。在可以接复合宾语的动词之后,如think,make,consider等,可以用it作形式宾语。如: Do you know (that) he has joined the army? He has made it clear that he will not give in. 2.that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,偶尔可作except,in的宾语。 He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. 其它介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时,必须用it作形式宾语。 You may depend on it that I shall always help you. (三)表语从句 That引导表语从句时不可省略。 My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (四)同位语从句 连词that引导同位语从句时,应在某些抽象名词之后(fact,hope,desire,thought,suggestion,idea,news,problem,possibility),对前面的名词起补充说明的作用,that 在从句中不但当任何成分,不能省略。 There’s a feeling in me that we’ll never know what a UFO is—not ever. 二、whether/if(是否) (一)在表语从句和同位语从句中只能用whether不能用if;当主语从句放于句首时,也只能用whether 不能用if;当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末时用whether或if均可;discuss后whether或if引导宾语从句时,必须用whether。 Whether the meeting will be given is still a problem. It is doubtful whether/if he will come here. The problem is whether the meeting will be given. I have no idea whether the meeting will be given. (二)在宾语从句中 在介词后只用whether不用if. It depends on whether you can do the work well. 【题组训练】用whether/if填空: ①____we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. ②I am not sure_____he will come here or not. ③This decision will have effect on_____or not he will succeed. 三、名词性从句的几个难点 (一)that通常不可省略的情况 1.主语从句,that从句置于句首时; 2.当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二和以后几个从句的that不可省略; 3.由it作形式宾语时,that引导的宾语从句中,that也不可省略。 (二)wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别 wh-ever即可引导名词性关系从句,又可引导让步状语从句;而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to me. =No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me. (三)that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别。 状语从句 1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 2 方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。 1) as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如: Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。 2) as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如: They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如: He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。 3 原因状语从句 比较:because, since, as和for 1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我没有去,因为我害怕。 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 自从天气这么糟糕,我们不得不推迟我们的旅行。因为天气大家都是显而易见的,所以可以用AS或SINCE代替。 2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。 He is absent today, because he is ill. 他今天缺席,因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了,因为今天他缺席。由BECAUSE引导的从句放在句末,且前面有逗号,可用FOR代替。 4 目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that所以, in order that, lest唯恐,以免, for fear that唯恐,害怕, in case万一等词引导,例如: You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须说话大声点,因此我们大家都可听得见。 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. BETTER带多一点衣服以防天气变冷。 5 结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so… that 或such…that引导,掌握这两个句型,首 先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较:so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。 so foolish那样愚蠢such a fool 这么个蠢货 so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress 这样快速进步 so many people such a lot of people象这么多的人 ( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。) so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这个男孩年龄太小而不能上学。 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school. 他这么个小男孩还不能够上学。 6 条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless如果不,除非, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果你不累的话让我们出去走走。 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 如果你不太累让我们出去去去。 典型例题 You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or A。句意:除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late. 7 让步状语从句 though, although 注意:当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用 He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。(谚语) 典型例题 1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless 答案:C。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。 2) as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thingto do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意: a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3) ever if, even though即使 We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也将准备旅行。 4) whether…or...不管……都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你相不相信,这都是真的。 5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么事,他都不介意。 Whatever happened, he would not mind. 无论发生什么,他都不介意。 替换:no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 (错)No matter what you say is of no use now. (对)Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主从句) (错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, (对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 8 比较while, when, as 1)as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 当我停车时,一个男子向我走来。 2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 当你完成你的工作时,你可休息一下。 3)从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏。 9 比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就肯定句: I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 (在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.) 否定句: She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 1)Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)Until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首。 在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候? --- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。 注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 (1)Not until …在句首,主句用倒装。 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作,我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。 (2) It is not until… that… 10 表示"一…就…"的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思,例:定I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 我一赶到家天就开始下雨。 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一赶到家天就开始下雨。 As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 我一赶到家天就开始下雨。 注意:如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构: Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
/
本文档为【高中英语语法主谓宾定状补表】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑, 图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。 本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。 网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。

历史搜索

    清空历史搜索