Unit 6 How to Write a Rotten Poem with Almost No Effort综合教程三 (课堂PPT)

Unit6HowtoWriteaRottenPoemwithAlmostNoEffort**Watchthevideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.Whyshouldstudentsofallmajorsstudypoetry?2.Arethestudents’expressionschangingwhentheyarelisteningtoMr.Keating’swords?AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationBecausepoetryhasuniversalvalue.Itstandsforhumanpassionandloveandthesearewhatwearelivingfor.Yes,theyareallinspiredbyMr.Keating’sspeechaboutthemeaningofpoetry.**AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformation**Mr.Keating:Keeprippinggentlemen.Thisisabattle,awar.Andthecasualtiescouldbeyourheartsandsouls.ThankyouMr.Dalton.Armiesofacademicsgoingforward,measuringpoetry.No,wewillnothavethathere.NomoreofMr.J.EvansPritchard.Nowinmyclassyouwilllearntothinkforyourselvesagain.Youwilllearntosavorwordsandlanguage.Nomatterwhatanybodytellsyou,wordsandideascanchangetheworld.IseethatlookinMr.Pitt’seye,likenineteenthcenturyliteraturehasnothingtodowithgoingtobusinessschoolormedicalschool.Right?Maybe.Mr.Hopkins,youmayagreewithhim,thinking“Yes,weshouldsimplystudyourMr.PritchardandlearnourrhymeandmeterandgoquietlyabouttheAudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationFromDeadPoetsSociety**businessofachievingotherambitions.”Ihavealittlesecretforyou.Huddleup.Huddleup!Wedon’treadandwritepoetrybecauseit’scute.Wereadandwritepoetrybecausewearemembersofthehumanrace.Andthehumanraceisfilledwithpassion.Medicine,law,business,engineering,theseareallnoblepursuits,andnecessarytosustainlife.Butpoetry,beauty,romance,love,thesearewhatwestayalivefor.ToquotefromWhitman:“Ome,olifeofthequestionsoftheserecurring,oftheendlesstrainsofthefaithless,ofcitiesfilledwiththefoolish.Whatgoodamidthese,ome,olife?”Answer:thatyouarehere.Thatlifeexists,andidentity.Thatthepowerfulplaygoeson,andyoumaycontributeaverse.ThatAudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformation**AudiovisualSupplementCulturalInformationthepowerfulplaygoesonandyoumaycontributeaverse.**1.HistoryofPoetrySomeoftheearliestpoetryisbelievedtohavebeenorallyrecitedorsung,closelyrelatedtomusicaltraditions,andmuchofitcanbeattributedtoreligiousmovements:rhythm,rhyme,compression,intensityoffeeling,theuseofrefrains.Followingthedevelopmentofwriting,poetryhassincedevelopedintoincreasinglystructuredforms.Writtencompositionmeantpoetsbegantocomposeforanabsentreader.AudiovisualSupplementCulturalBackground**Muchpoetrysincethelate20thcenturyhasmovedawayfromtraditionalformstowardsthemorevaguelydefinedfreeverseandprosepoemformats.AudiovisualSupplementCulturalBackground**2.ClassificationThreemajorgenres:Epicpoetry:alongstoryaboutbraveactionsandexcitingevents;Lyricpoetry:morepersonal,shorterpoemsintendedtobesung;Dramaticpoetry:comedyandtragedyassubgenres.AudiovisualSupplementCulturalBackground**StructuralAnalysisTextAnalysisModernlifeismoreaboutmaterialandtangiblegoodsthanaboutspiritpursuit.Wesetcleartargetsforourfuture,neglectingthatwearegraduallylosingonejoythathumankindusuallyhave:thefunofspontaneity.Thewriterofthisessayremindsusthatpoetry,especiallycreatingpoems,canprovideussuchpleasure.Thoughthewriterofthisessaywritesinahalf-mockingtone,andthemethodheintroduceswillnotensureustocreateawonderful,orevenpresentablepoem,hisrealpurposeistomakethecreationofapoemlessdifficultthanwemayimagineandtoinduceamateurstosettheirfirststepsontheirjourneytoamoreaestheticlife.RhetoricalFeatures**StructuralAnalysisTextAnalysisParagraphsMainidea1-34-910-12Thefirstpartintroducestheproblemwithpoetryandthesignificanceofthewriter’ssolution.Thesecondpartintroducesindetailhowpeoplecancreateapoemoftheirown.Thethirdpartservesastheendingoftheessay.Inthispart,thewriterreiterateshisintentionandmakesitclearheisjustjokingbypresentingsuchamethodofcreatingapoem.1.Intermsoforganization,thearticleclearlyfallsintothreemainparts:RhetoricalFeatures**StructuralAnalysisTextAnalysis2.Themockingtoneoftheauthorismingledwithsomefairlyemotionalstatementswhichrevealhisrealloveofpoetry,e.g.“Onceapersonhaswrittenapoem,ofwhateverquality,hewillfeelcomradeshipwithfellowpoetsand,hopefully,readtheirworks.Ideally,therewouldevolveaveritablesocietyofpoet-citizens,whichwouldelevatethequalityoflifeworldwide.Notonlythat,goodpoetscouldmakealivingforachange.”(Paragraph3)“Butatleastit’sapoemandyou’vewrittenit,whichisanaccomplishmentthatrelativelyfewpeoplecanclaim.”(Paragraph10)RhetoricalFeatures**StructuralAnalysisTextAnalysis“Chancesare,you’llfindtheirofferingsstimulatingandrefreshing.Youmighteventrywritingsomemoreofyourownpoems,nowthatyou’vebrokentheice.Observeothers’emotionsandexperienceyourown—that’swhatpoetryisallabout.(Paragraph11)RhetoricalFeatures**StructuralAnalysisTextAnalysisRhetoricalFeaturesApparentlysimplebutlucidEnglish,sometimesevenacolloquialspeechstyle,creatingtheeffectofaheart-to-hearttalkbetweenthewriterandthereader,e.g.“Thelastlineofyourpoemshoulddealwiththefutureinsomeway.”(Paragraph8)“Nowthatpoem(likeyours,whenyou’refinished)isrotten.”(Paragraph10)**DetailedReadingHowtoWriteaRottenPoemwithAlmostNoEffortRichardHowey1Soyouwanttowriteapoem.You’vehadarottendayoranastoundingthoughtoracaraccidentorasqualidloveaffairandyouwanttorecorditforalltime.Youwanttoorganizethoseemotionsthatarepoundingthroughyourveins.Youhavesomethingtocommunicateviaapoembutyoudon’tknowwheretostart.**DetailedReading2This,ofcourse,istheproblemwithpoetry.Mostpeoplefinditdifficulttowriteapoemsotheydon’teventry.What’sworse,theydon’tbotherreadinganypoemseither.Poetryhasbecomeanalmosttotallyforeignartformtomanyofus.Asaresult,seriouspoetseitherstarveorworkasaccountexecutives.Thereisnomiddleground.Goodpoetsandpoemsarelostforeversimplybecausethereisnomarketforthem,nopeoplewhowritetheirownverseandseekoutfurtherinspirationfromotherbards.**DetailedReading3Fortunately,thereisasolutionforthisproblem,asthereareforallimponderables.Theansweristomakeiteasyforeveryonetowriteatleastonepoeminhislife.Onceapersonhaswrittenapoem,ofwhateverquality,hewillfeelcomradeshipwithfellowpoetsand,hopefully,readtheirworks.Ideally,therewouldevolveaveritablesocietyofpoet-citizens,whichwouldelevatethequalityoflifeworldwide.Notonlythat,goodpoetscouldmakealivingforachange.**DetailedReading4So,tobegin,haveyourpaperready.Youmustfirstunderstandthatthepoemyouwriteherewillnotbebrilliant.Itwon’tevenbemediocre.Butitwillbebetterthan50%ofallsonglyricsandatleastequaltooneofRodMcKuen’sbestefforts.Youwillbeinstructedhowtowriteafour-linepoembutthebasicstructurecanberepeatedatwilltocreateworksofepiclength.**DetailedReading5Thefirstlineofyourpoemshouldstartandendwiththesewords:“Inthe—ofmymind.”Themiddlewordofthislineisoptional.Anywordwilldo.Itwouldbebestnottouseawordthathasbeenoverdone,suchas“windmills”or“gardens”or“playground.”Justthinkofasmanynounsasyoucanandseewhatfitsbest.Theruleofthumbistopickanounthatseemstotallyoutofcontext,suchas“filingcabinet”or“radiator”or“parkinglot.”Justremember,themoreunusualthenoun,themoreprofoundtheimage.**DetailedReading6Thesecondlineshouldusetwoormoreofthehumansensesinaconflictingmanner,asperthefamous,“listentothewarm.”Thisisasurewaytoconjureup“poetic”feelingandatmosphere.Sincetherearefivedifferentsenses,thepossibilitiesareendless.Acouplethatcometomindare“seethenoise”and“touchthesound.”Ifmorecomplexityisdesiredothersensescanbeadded,asin“tastethecolorofmyhearing,”or“Icuddledyoursightinthearomaofthenight.”Rhyming,ofcourse,isoptional.**DetailedReading7Thethirdlineshouldbejustasimplestatement.Thisisusedtobreakuptheinsightfulimagesthathavebeenpresentedinthefirsttwolines.Thislineshouldbeasprosaicaspossibletogivea“down-to-earth”moodtothepoem.Anexamplewouldbe“shegavemejuiceandtoastthatmorning,”orperhaps“Ileftforworknextdayonthe8:30bus.”Thecontentofthislinemayormaynotrelatetowhathasgonebefore.**DetailedReading8Thelastlineofyourpoemshoulddealwiththefutureinsomeway.Thisgivesthepoemaforwardthrustthatisalwayshelpful.Apossibilitymightbe,“tomorrowwillbeabetterday,”or“I’llfindsomeonesometime,”or“maybewe’llmeetagaininJuly.”Thisfuture-orientedendinglendsanauraofhopeandyetneednotbegrosslyoptimistic.**DetailedReading9Byfollowingtheabovestructure,anyonecanwriteapoem.Forexample,ifIselectoneeachofmysamplelines,Icomeupwith:Intheparkinglotofmymind,Icuddledyoursightinthearomaofthenight.Ileftforworknextdayonthe8:30bus.Maybewe’llmeetagaininJuly.10Nowthatpoem(likeyours,whenyou’refinished)isrotten.Butatleastit’sapoemandyou’vewrittenit,whichisanaccomplishmentthatrelativelyfewpeoplecanclaim.**DetailedReading11Nowthatyou’reapoet,feelfreetoreadpoetrybysomeofyourmoreaccomplishedbrothersandsistersinverse.Chancesare,you’llfindtheirofferingsstimulatingandrefreshing.Youmighteventrywritingsomemoreofyourownpoems,nowthatyou’vebrokentheice.Observeothers’emotionsandexperienceyourown—that’swhatpoetryisallabout.12Incidentally,ifyoufinditimpossibletosellthepoemyouwritetoBobbyGoldsboroorJohnDenver,burnit.Itwilllookterribleasthefirstpageofyouranthologywhenit’spublished.**Whatdoesthewriterthinkistheproblemwithpoetry?Theproblemwithpoetryisthatmostpeopledon’tknowhowtowriteapoemandthereisnomarketforgoodpoetsandpoems.DetailedReading**DetailedReading1.Whatisthesolutionforthisproblemsuggestedbythewriter?Thesolutionforthisproblemsuggestedbythewriteristomakeiteasyforeveryonetowriteatleastonepoeminhislife.2.Howdoesthewriterjustifyhissolution?Thewriterthinksthismaynotonlyenhancepeople’srecognitionofpoetsbutcultivateapoetry-lovingsocietyandelevatethequalityoflife.**Sincethetitleoftheessaybearsaveryobviousmockingfeature,thelastparagraph,whichechoeswiththistone,remindshisreadersofthefactthatheismerelyjoking.DetailedReading1.Whatistherealintentionofthewritertopresentsuchamethodofcreatingapoem?Byintroducingsuchamethodofcreatinga“rotten”poem,thewriterisactuallyencouragingpeopletostarttheirjourneytotheappreciationofpoetryandtoacquireamoreintimatefeelingtowardpoetry.2.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?**ClassActivityGroupdiscussion:Whatisyourcommentofauthor’smethodofcreatingapoemanddoyoulikethepoemhecomposesaccordingtothis?Doyouhaveanyotherideasabouthowtocreateapoem?DetailedReading**poundv.strikeorhitheavilyandrepeatedlye.g.Poundingonthefloor,sheshoutedatthetopofhervoice.Sheslippedoutoftheofficewiththestolensecretfileinherhandbag,herheartpoundingseverely.DetailedReading**DetailedReadingCollocations:poundagainst/one.g.Wavespoundedagainstthepier.poundalong/through/down,etc.e.g.Icouldhearhimpoundingupthestairs.poundoute.g.TheRollingStoneswerepoundingoutoneoftheiroldnumbers.**middlegroundanareaofcompromiseorpossibleagreementbetweentwoextremepositionse.g.Eachpartywantstocapturethevotesofthoseperceivedasoccupyingthemiddleground.Intheargumenteveryonehastotakesides;thereisnomiddleground.DetailedReadingPractice双方谈判无法达成共同立场。Thenegotiatorscouldfindnomiddleground.**squalida.morallyrepulsive;sordide.g.Hewaslivinginsqualidconditions.DetailedReadingSynonyms:degraded,filthy, poor, shabby,slummy, sordid,wretched**imponderablen.athingthatcannotundergopreciseevaluatione.g.Wecan’tpredicttheoutcome.Therearetoomanyimponderables.DetailedReading**ruleofthumbabroadlyaccurateguideorprinciple,basedonexperienceorpracticeratherthantheory.e.g.Ihaven’tbeentaughtthefinerpointsofcarpentry;Ijustmakethingsbyruleofthumb.DetailedReadingPractice这笔生意的行事法则是礼貌至上。Theruleofthumbinthisbusinessiscourtesy.**cuddlev.holdcloseinone’sarmsasawayofshowingloveoraffection.e.g.Hecuddlesthebabyclose.Whatdoyouthinkofsomeyoungsterscuddlingeachotherinpublicplaces,payingnoheedtothosewhopassby?DetailedReadingSynonyms:fondle, nestle, snuggle**incidentallyad.bythewaye.g.Incidentally,itwasmanymonthsbeforethewholetruthwasdiscovered.DetailedReadingDerivations:incidentn.e.g.Aspokesmansaiditwasanisolatedincident.incidentala.e.g.problemsincidentaltogrowingup**Asaresult,seriouspoetseitherstarveorworkasaccountexecutives.(Paragraph2)Paraphrase:Asaresult,seriouspoetscouldnolongerdependonpoetrywritingforaliving;theyhavetoturntootherprofession,andmostprobablytobecomeabusinessman,whichisheldtraditionallydiametricallyoppositetotheprofessionofliterarycreation.DetailedReading**Ideally,therewouldevolveaveritablesocietyofpoet-citizens,whichwouldelevatethequalityoflifeworldwide.(Paragraph3)Paraphrase:Anidealsituationwouldbethedevelopmentofasocietycomposedofcitizenswhoarededicatedtopoetrywriting,andfromdoingthispeoplewillhavebetterlifequality.DetailedReading**Thisisasurewaytoconjureup“poetic”feelingandatmosphere.(Paragraph6)Paraphrase:Thisisawaythatwillevokepoeticfeelingandatmosphereforcertain.DetailedReading**Youmighteventrywritingsomemoreofyourownpoems,nowthatyou’vebrokentheice.(Paragraph11)Paraphrase:Sinceyouhaveremovedtheawkwardnessofpoemwriting,youmightevenwanttohaveatrybyyourself.DetailedReading**PhrasePracticeWordDerivationSynonym/AntonymVocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar1)ponderv.→imponderablea./n.他思考了几分钟才作答复。无法估计的问题我们无法预计结果，因为有太多的不确定因素。Heponderedforsomeminutesbeforegivingananswer.animponderablequestionWecan’tpredicttheoutcome.Therearetoomanyimponderables.e.g.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar2)poetryn.→poetica.→poetn.诗歌朗诵会那位舞蹈家舞姿优美，富有诗意。他被女王封为桂冠诗人。apoetryreadingThedancer,movedwithpoeticgrace.Hewasawardedthepoetlaureatebythequeen.e.g.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar3)accidentn.→accidentala.→accidentallyad.他数年前死于车祸。今天偶然遇到一位老朋友。“他是无意中损坏的吗?”“不，是故意的。”Hediedinanautomobileaccidentyearsago.Ihadanaccidentalmeetingwithanoldfriendtoday.“Didhebreakitaccidentally?”“No,onpurpose.” e.g.**4)seekv.→seekern.→unsoughta.他寻求答案，但无结果。经济危机中求职者找工作困难重重。爱管闲事的邻居总是给我们一些没必要的建议。VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarHesoughtvainlyfortheanswer.Duringeconomiccrisis,jobseekersareingreatdifficulty.Themeddlingneighborinsistedongivingusunsoughtadvice.e.g.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar5)cuddlev.→cuddlya.我可爱的小女儿走到她父亲那儿，要他抱抱她。它是我所知的最可爱的狗狗，让人总想去抱抱它。Mylovelydaughtercametoherfatherforcuddling.ItisthemostaffectionateandcuddlydogIhaveeverknown.e.g.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar6)juicen.→juicya.倒果汁前，先把瓶子摇几下。他要了一份多汁的后腿肉牛排。Givethebottleacoupleofshakesbeforepouringthejuice.Heorderedajuicyrumpsteak.e.g.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar7)orientatev.→disorientateda.→orientationn.我公司业务已转向出口方面。到了新地方我总是找不着方向。我在这个阶段需要熟悉情况。Ourfirmhasbeenorientatedtowardstheexportsideofthebusiness.Ialwaysgetdisorientatedinanewplace.Ineededsomeorientationatthisstage.e.g.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar8)versen.→verseda.伊丽莎白时代的许多戏剧以无韵诗形式写成。他精通光学。ManyElizabethanplaysarewritteninblankverse.Heiswellversedinthescienceofoptics.e.g.**3.IdecidedtogotothelibrarytosomeinformationonRomanConquest.4.Tanksarestronglybuilt.Itisacomplicatedanddifficultprocesstothem.1.ThesoundofthepipesimagesofmistyHighlandglensandmeninkilts.VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammar2.TheHighCommissionersaidtheagreementwouldallowothervitalproblemstobe.seekout__________conjuresup_____________dealtwith____________Fillintheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephrasalverborcollocationfromthetext.break______up___**6.Facedwithinsurmountablelinguisticproblems,translatorsnegotiatedtheboundariesbetweenlanguagesandacompromise.5.Thesocialchangewithinthecitywiderdevelopmentsinthecountryasawhole.VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarrelatesto___________cameupwith_______________**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.节食总能让人想起无尽的沙拉。Dietingalwaysseemstoconjureupimagesofendlesssalads.conjureup:bringathought,picture,idea,ormemorytosomeone’smind**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.别担心，这件事我会处理的。Don’tworry,I’lldealwiththis.dealwith:takethenecessaryaction,especiallyinordertosolveaproblem**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.我们的任务就是找出敌人然后消灭他们。Ourmissionistoseekouttheenemyandthendestroythem.seekout:trytofindsomeoneorsomething,especiallywhenthisisdifficult**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.好像那架飞机刚刚在空中解体了。Itseemsthattheplanejustbrokeupintheair.break…up:ifsth.breaksup,orifyoubreakitup,itbreaksintoalotofsmallpieces**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.新法规是否只涉及盗窃案?Doesthenewlawrelateonlytotheft?relateto:iftwothingsrelatetoeachother,theyareconnectedinsomeway**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.我们被要求想些新点子。We’vebeenaskedtocomeupwithsomenewideas.comeupwith:thinkofanidea,answer,etc.**friendship,brotherhood1.Poetryhasbecomeanalmosttotallyforeignartformtomanyofus.Synonyms:irrelevant,unfamiliar,strange2.Onceapersonhaswrittenapoem,ofwhateverquality,hewillfeelcomradeshipwithfellowpoetsand,hopefully,readtheirworks.Synonyms:VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarlower,degrade3.Ideally,therewouldevolveaveritablesocietyofpoet-citizens,whichwouldelevatethequalityoflifeworldwide.Antonyms:**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarcaress,hug,embrace4.Itwon’tevenbemediocre.Antonyms:exceptional,excellent5.Icuddledyoursightinthearomaofthenight.Synonyms:unrealistic,impractical6.Thislineshouldbeasprosaicaspossibletogivea“down-to-earth”moodtothepoem.Antonyms:**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarproduct,composition7.Nowthatyou’reapoet,feelfreetoreadpoetrybysomeofyourmoreaccomplishedbrothersandsistersinverse.Synonyms:skilled,expert,proficient,successful8.Chancesare,you’llfindtheirofferingsstimulatingandrefreshing.Synonyms:**VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingNon-finiteVerbFormsasObjectorComplementTense**Non-finiteVerbFormsasObjectorComplementAnon-finiteverbisaverbformthatisnotlimitedbyasubjectand,moregenerally,isnotfullyinflectedbycategoriesthataremarkedinflectionallyinlanguage,suchastense,aspect,mood,number,gender,andperson.Therearethreekindsofnon-finiteverb:participles,gerundsandinfinitives.Anon-finiteverbcanbeusedasanobject,forexample:Myeveningroutineinvolvesjoggingslowlyaroundtheblock.Anon-finiteverbcanalsobeusedasacomplement,forexample:Hehasalotofthingstodotoday.VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWriting**VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWriting1.Theyobjectto(speak)tolikethat.2.Iamwritingwithaviewto(find)outwhetheryouhaveanynewsaboutmyson.3.Ifeltthehouse(shake)withtheexplosion.4.Hehasbeencaught(steal)bythepolice.5.Weregret(inform)youthatyourapplicationhasnotbeensuccessful.beingspoken_______________toinform___________shake______stealing_________finding________PracticeCompletethefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriateverbforms.**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarTenseTenseisagrammaticalcategorythatlocatesasituationintime,thatindicateswhenthesituationtakesplace.TenseAffirmative /Negative/ QuestionUseSimplePresent A:Hespeaks.N:Hedoesnotspeak.Q:Doeshespeak?Actioninthepresenttakingplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesActionstakingplaceoneafteranotherActionsetbyatimetableorschedule**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarTenseAffirmative /Negative/ QuestionUsePresentProgressive A:Heisspeaking.N:Heisnotspeaking.Q:Ishespeaking?ActiontakingplaceinthemomentofspeakingActiontakingplaceonlyforalimitedperiodoftimeActionarrangedforthefutureSimplePast A:Hespoke.N:Hedidnotspeak.Q:Didhespeak?Actioninthepasttakingplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesActionstakingplaceoneafteranotherActiontakingplaceinthemiddleofanotheraction**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarTenseAffirmative / Negative / QuestionUsePastProgressive A:Hewasspeaking.N:Hewasnotspeaking.Q:Washespeaking?ActiongoingonatacertaintimeinthepastActionstakingplaceatthesametimeActioninthepastthatisinterruptedbyanotheractionPresentPerfectSimple A:Hehasspoken.N:Hehasnotspoken.Q:Hashespoken?PuttingemphasisontheresultActionthatisstillgoingonActionthatstoppedrecentlyFinishedactionthathasaninfluenceonthepresentActionthathastakenplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesbeforethemomentofspeaking**VocabularyTranslationIntegratedSkillsOralActivitiesWritingGrammarTenseAffirmative /Negative / QuestionUsePresentPerfectProgressive A:Hehasbeenspeaking.N:Hehasnotbeenspeaking.Q:Hashebeens