百家讲坛文字讲稿——《屈原》

百家讲坛文字讲稿——《屈原》 百家讲坛文字讲稿——《屈原》 李敬一 主讲人简介:李敬一，教授，博士生导师。1970年毕业于武汉大学中文系并留校任教，1978年至1979年在北京大学中文系青年教师进修班学习。先后在武汉大学中文系、新闻系主讲“中国文学史”、“中国传播史”等课程，并为全校开设公选课“唐诗欣赏”、“宋词欣赏”;1999年赴法国作学术交流，现任武汉大学新闻与传播学院教授、广播电视系系主任。 从事中国传播史、中国文学史研究，著有《中国文学史》、《中国传播史》、《司马迁》、《古诗词名篇欣赏》、《休闲唐诗鉴赏辞典》，合著《唐诗鉴赏辞典》、《宋诗鉴赏辞典》、《唐代十大诗人诗画雅鉴》、《宋代十大词人词画雅鉴》等著作四十余部，发学术论文近百篇。 内容简介:在两千多年前的战国时期，经过长期的兼并战争，春秋时代100多个国家只剩下齐楚燕韩赵魏秦七个国家。这就是战国七雄，其中楚国和秦国最为强大，秦国最善于打仗，楚国的版图和财富又超过了秦国，两强相争，谁也不服谁。这两个国家都有可能统一中国，当时有一个关键因素就是齐国，如果楚国与齐国联合，楚国就可以称雄天下。俗话说，时势造英雄，屈原正是在这个关键时期登上了历史舞台。屈原作为一名政治家，为楚王指点江山，中国的历史进程差点因为他的建议而改变。他作为一名诗人，经常身穿奇装异服，在楚国的大地上边走边唱，竟然唱出了一种新的诗歌体裁，楚辞。 人们相信好的名字可以给人带来好运，有人甚至说，一名一字定乾坤。屈原可以说拥有了一个得天得地的好名字，再加上他与楚王是同一个祖先，所以屈原很想有一番作为。23岁的时候他就凭借自己的才智与口才，获得了楚王的信任，并登上了一人之下万人之上的宝座。屈原正是凭借着“虽九死其犹未悔”精神以及自己的才情与博学，在国内大搞“廉正建设”，对外主张联齐抗秦。如果楚国坚持屈原的改革路线，统一大业翘首可及，但是楚王却突然终止了屈原的改革措施，并疏远了屈原。被楚王疏远后，他没有明哲保身，对当时的形势，又抒发了其诗人般的激情——抨击当权者，为此他付出了悲惨代价—20年的流放生涯。 过了2000多年，人们仍然在每年的五月初五端午节，以包粽子、赛龙舟来纪念他。屈原究竟有着怎样的人格魅力,屈原是如何在其诗人情怀和政治抱负之间走出一条自己的道路来的呢,武汉大学李敬一教授将用全新视角为您讲述屈原传奇一生。 (全文) 我要跟大家介绍一下屈原的富有传奇色彩的名、字以及他的生辰，为什么介绍这个问呢,一般的学者很少关注说屈原为什么叫这个名字，为什么叫屈原呢,而屈原自己呢，在他诗里面非常强调他的名，他的字，以及他的生辰，一般人写自己抒情的诗，很少说我生于哪一年哪一月，或者说我的名字为什么这样取，很少人这样说，那么屈原为什么对他的名、字和生辰那么在意呢,实际上屈原一生都以他的名他的字他的生辰为自豪，他把它看做是一种先天禀赋的一种内美，他在《楚辞》里面这样说，他说纷吾既有此内美兮，又重之以修能，纷纷然，我已经有了先天的内美，再加上后天对自己的严格要求，他强调他的名，他的字，以及他的生辰，他是以此来增强自己的社会责任感和时代使命感。 我先从屈原的姓来说起，屈原本来不姓屈，他的祖先屈侠是楚武王熊通的儿子，受封封 在屈这个地方，也就是说他本应是姓熊，而以屈为氏。在古代呀，一个公族，就是本族，大家一个共姓叫姓，某一个支派叫氏，后来姓、氏不分了，所以称屈原姓屈。其实屈原应该是姓熊，以屈为氏，但是姓氏不分所以叫屈原，姓屈，那么屈原本名叫屈平，原是他的字，也就是屈原名平字原。在《离骚》当中他用文学的语言把它表述，他说名叫正则，字叫灵均。好我们看他的名，名平，平是什么意思呢，平就是平正的意思，那么在宇宙当中，哪一种事物最平正呢,大家知道，如果每一个人，受了委屈，受了冤枉，你会怎么喊呢,会喊天呐，你有委屈找天，所以天是最平正的，因此屈原的名就是平正的意思，最平正的莫过于天，他的名象征着天，他名字还有个文学的艺术的说法，叫做正则，正则就是天最公正，公正而可以法则，这是屈原的名很自豪。屈原的字，字在古代就是一个别称，字原，原是什么意思呢,原就是广平博大的意思，在宇宙当中，哪个事物最广平博大呢,当然是大地，而大地我们说大地是我们母亲，母亲最公平，母亲最无私，她把她自己的财富非常公平地分给每一个生灵，所以形象的说法也叫灵均。这样看来，屈原名平，是天的象征，字原是地的象征，实际上屈原是以天、地为他效法的对象，以追求社会的公正和协调。 再说屈原的生辰，《离骚》里面这样说，说摄提贞于孟陬兮，惟庚寅吾以降，讲的就是他的生日。据学者考证，这一天就是屈原生日，这一天是楚宣王三十年，也就是公元前340年的正月初七，公元前340年的正月初七，恰逢是寅年寅月寅日，按照古人的意思，生逢寅年寅月寅日，是人生最吉利的，也就是说，屈原他的名得天，他的字得地，他的生辰得人，天、地、人他都占了，所以屈原是真正先天禀赋有内美，因此他引以为自豪。 公元前318年前后，也就是屈原二十三四岁左右，屈原年轻时候颇有才干，按照《史记》里面说啊，屈原博闻强志，明于治乱，娴于辞令。也就说屈原知识渊博，记忆力很好，精通政治的兴衰变化，而且口才非常好，再加上屈原出身于王室公族，他是楚王本家，而且在当时楚国有三大贵族，姓屈的，姓锦的，姓赵的都是楚王本家。他出身贵族，所以在他二十三岁的时候，就被楚怀王封为左徒，左徒这个职务，地位仅次于令尹。令尹相当于我们后世叫做宰相，叫相国，那么在楚国不叫相，楚国叫令尹，而屈原的左徒仅次于令尹。屈原担任左徒职务，入则与王图议国事，以出号令，出则接遇宾客，应对诸侯，这是《史记》里面记载的，也就是说屈原担任左徒，对内跟楚怀王商议国家改革大事，制定改革的法令，对外要接待诸侯，参与外交事务，屈原他的改革的主要内容，对内则讲要休民法度，举贤授能，对外主张是联齐抗秦统一中国，那么这个时期这是屈原受到楚王信任，努力施展自己的政治抱负，以图有所作为，实现自己的美政时期，屈原把他的理想叫做美政。 屈原出身贵族但是他却不安于既得利益，毕生坚持改革的理想，追求美政，也就是改革内政实行法治，举贤授能，振兴楚国，进而由楚国来统一全中国，显然这个理想是符合历史潮流的，是进步的，屈原在他的诗里面这样写到，奉先功以照下兮，明法度之嫌疑。国富强而法立兮，属贞臣而日竢.意思就说我禀承先君功烈，而照耀后世，要声明法度，以席卷国事的疑惑，我要使国家富强，法制井然而立，这样国君你就可以放心地把国事托付给改革之臣。屈原还这样写，对国家大事要章画志墨，也就是应当申明规划，不忘法度。他反复强调要举贤而授能兮，循绳墨而不颇。也就是说，说政治上要举用贤者和能者，要遵守一定的规矩，而不要有偏颇，为了这些理想，屈原不懈地追寻。他说，路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索，体现了一种执著的追求真理的精神。 按照通常的观念，以屈原的身份，贵族的身份，他完全可以在楚国有旧贵族把持朝政这个环节当中，随波逐流，因为他是有既得利益的，如果说既得利益，屈原也有机得利益，你 看他二十几岁当左徒，恐怕很大原因就是他是贵族嘛，所以他如果不顾国家的利益，不顾国家的前途，而满足于自己的既得利益的话，那么他就可以随波逐流，但是屈原没有这样，他不同腐朽的旧贵族集团同流合污，并且由此而受到黑暗势力的残酷的迫害和打击。在这种残酷迫害和打击面前屈原没有低头，他奋起揭露旧贵族同他们作斗争，正是在这样一个斗争当中体现了他高尚的人格，也就是屈原的人格有什么表现呢,他敢斗争，他在他的诗里面无情地揭露旧贵族集团争权夺利贪婪嫉妒、倚仗权势，蔑视法度的丑恶行为，他这样写到，说众皆竞进以贪婪兮，凭不厌乎求索，众人都争先恐后地看谁更贪婪，贪财好利全然不知满足，正因为是这些旧贵族集团保持朝政，贪婪嫉妒，结党营私，所以在楚国形成了一股不可抗拒的黑暗势力，形成了一个溷浊的社会环境，屈原在他诗里面用得很多的一个词，世溷浊，这个环境很溷浊，他说世溷浊莫吾知，人心不可谓兮，也就是说举世溷浊，没人理解我的志向，没有知己可以向他谈谈心。但是在这个溷浊环境当中屈原并没有低头，没有屈服，他始终不放弃自己的理想，始终不改变自己的节操，敢于斗争，而且，他说，亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔，虽体解吾犹未变，也就是说，只要是我所热爱的，我所追求的真理，那么纵使让我死上九回死上多次我也绝不后悔，那怕把我五马分尸我也绝不改变，吾不能变心而从俗啊，这是屈原的一种人格，所以后世我们说坚持真理，一定要有一种什么精神呢,九死未悔的精神，那么屈原这种斗争精神，成为后世，成为历代仁人志士所效法的一种节操一种人格。 屈原受到楚王信用时间不长，也就是屈原三十岁左右，那么这个时期是楚国历史上由胜而衰的一个转折关头，也是屈原第一次遭受挫折打击被楚王疏远的时期。这个时期楚国内政外交上发生两件大事，第一件大事情就是内政上的事情，在内政上就发生了屈原和楚国的上官大夫之间的一场斗争。楚王让屈原起草改革的宪令，这个起草的宪令，这个法令，还没有公布以前，应该属于保密的，但是，代表着楚国旧贵族集团利益的上官大夫却想先睹为快，想先看一看这些法令里面有对他们不利的，他就要屈原交出来，屈原不给他。屈原不给他，那么上官大夫就到楚王那儿去进谗言，说大王，你信任屈原，让他起草宪令，这是众所周知的事情，但是屈原每颁布一个宪令，每起草一个宪令都说，非我莫能为也，都是我的功劳，楚国除了屈原我之外，谁能够领导改革,就把大王不放在眼里。于是楚怀王非常生气，盛怒，于是疏远了屈平，屈原被楚王疏远之后不久，就由左徒改任三闾大夫。三闾大夫是个什么职务呢,主要有三条，第一条掌管楚国的贵族三世的谱牒，就管家务事，管三大公族的家务事;第二件事情就主持宗庙祭祀的典礼，楚王要祭祖先祭天地由屈原来主持;第三教育贵族子弟，当老师。这三个职能大家看一看，他都不能够参与政治，也就是说，从此屈原被排除在楚国的政治核心之外。这对屈原来讲是个莫大的打击，那么此外，楚国的改革也因此而终止了，这是一件大事情，内政上的大事情。而这个大事情你们看，屈原在这个斗争当中，他失败了，上官大夫占了上风，楚王听信了旧贵族集团的意见，疏远了屈原。 另一件大事情就是外交上的大事情，那么在这期间发生了楚国被秦国的谋臣张仪所骗，被张仪欺骗一种丧权辱国的事件。在楚怀王16年，也就是公元前313年的时候，秦国的国君秦惠王，派张仪到楚国来，带了很多钱。张仪到楚国来以后，就贿赂楚国的这些权奸，奸臣们，来说服楚王，要求楚王和齐国断交。因为我们说了屈原生的背景就是三国之间的矛盾斗争，在这之前，楚国和齐国是联盟关系，来共同对抗强秦，秦国就要拆散这个联盟，就要求楚国和齐国断绝外交关系，然后交换的条件是什么呢,秦国就提出来，拿六百里土地补偿楚国。如果是很明智的国君这个条件对他没有什么诱惑力，但是楚王很昏聩，再加上疏远了屈原，他看不到这一点。于是他很贪婪，有六百里土地，那好，我们跟齐国绝交，绝交之后，然后楚王就派使者去秦国去，去找张仪，因为张仪中间牵的线，说索要六百里土地，现在我们跟齐国已经绝交了，六百里土地给我。张仪不出来见，找一次他不出来，找两次他不出来， 说他受伤了，坐车摔断腿了，摔伤腿了，不见他，不见楚国的使者。那么楚王一听说秦国是不是怪我们跟齐国断交还不彻底呢,于是派一个人到齐国去，在朝廷之上痛骂齐王。齐王很生气我们本来是盟友，你现在不跟我友好了不说，你还派人当面来骂我，于是齐国说，坚决跟楚国断绝关系，而且齐国跟秦国结成联盟了，这样楚国就孤立了。楚王认为我现在跟齐国彻底地断了，再派人到秦国去索要土地，这一次张仪出来了，张仪说，我什么时候说过六百里土地，我只说过，六里土地补偿给你，交换条件是六里土地。六里土地只相当于我们现在的一个村，这显然是侮辱了楚国，显然是戏弄了楚国，愚弄了楚国，于是楚王大怒，决定发兵攻打秦国。大家知道打仗是秦国的特长，楚国和秦国在丹阳，也就是现在的汉中这一带，打了一仗，结果楚国打得大败，死了八万将士。这一打败了以后，楚怀王更加恼羞成怒，拼了，于是又把全国的军队所谓悉发国中之兵，把全国军队拉到前线去，要跟秦国决一死战，又败，再战再败。而在这个时候呢，后方的韩国魏国趁机来攻打楚国，楚国是腹背受敌，没有，楚王只好撤兵而回，撤兵回来之后，楚王派屈原到齐国去，还重新恢复还是我们要联齐，联齐才能抗秦。于是楚国和齐国又重新修好。楚国同齐国重新修好以后，秦国又害怕了，于是又派张仪，派人到楚国来，说愿分汉中之半以和楚，也就是说，我把汉中给一半给你，给楚国，我们俩讲和。汉中本来就楚国的土地，是这次战争秦国占领去的，现在还一半，也还是我的土地，拿回来也就算了，但是楚王对张仪的愤怒还在心里边，因为是张仪耍弄了堂堂楚国，于是楚王说，愿得张仪不愿得地，土地我不要，我要张仪，要张仪干什么，把他杀掉，解恨，秦王说这怎么办呢,张仪说那我就去吧，张仪就只身到了楚国，到了楚国以后，被楚王关到牢里面，但是张仪贿赂楚国的内奸，然后又从内奸又到楚王的宠妃，也就是他的夫人，郑袖那儿去游说，最后郑袖居然哭哭啼啼地到楚怀王那儿去要求把张仪放了，结果楚怀王听信了夫人郑袖的话，就把张仪放了。大家想一想，楚国打了两次战争，死了八万将士，丢了那么多土地，换了一个张仪，如果把他杀了，可以振奋一下楚国的民心，但是，居然就把他这样轻易地放了。当时屈原不在楚国，屈原在齐国，从齐国出使回来之后，听说把张仪放了，非常生气，当面质问楚王何不杀张仪。楚王似乎又明白过来了，哎呀，应该杀呀，于是又派人去追，结果早就逃之夭夭了。可以看出从外交上这件事情，可以看出楚国的衰败，楚怀王背离了改革道路，疏远了屈原，导致了楚国一蹶不振，这是屈原最为痛心的。 屈原这一生，被两次流放，第一次流放是在楚怀王24年，也就是公元前305年，这个时候秦国的秦惠王死了，新的国君秦昭王登极，那么楚国国内亲秦派再次得势，楚国再次和齐国分裂，又要求和秦国合在一起。那么屈原是主张联齐抗秦，但是亲秦派呢，却排斥屈原，屈原极力反对，反而遭到流放，屈原的第一次流放在汉北，也就是在今天的湖北的郧阳襄阳这一带，时间大约是四、五年的时间，后来屈原作为联齐的使者被召回来了，这是第一次流放时间比较短。第二次流放起因就是因为武关之会。所谓武关之会，武关在秦国的境内，秦国的新国君秦昭王，为了表示拉拢楚国，邀请楚怀王，到武关会盟。大家知道在春秋战国时期，经常有诸侯盟会，要求楚怀王会盟，那么这时候楚国国内围绕着楚怀王究竟可不可以去，产生了激烈的争论。以屈原为代表的一派，坚决反对楚怀王到秦国去盟会，到武关盟会。他认为秦国是虎狼之国不可信，去了楚怀王的安全有保障吗,去了能谈出什么问题来吗,而以楚王的长子，也就是后来的顷襄王，以及楚王的小儿子，也就是后来的令尹子兰为代表的这一派，坚决主张楚怀王可以去。他们说，奈何绝情欢，秦王好意嘛，要求我们去，为什么要拒绝他的好意呢，最后楚怀王听信了他的儿子的话，到了武关去盟会，果然不出屈原所料，楚王一去就被秦国扣了。楚王被扣以后，趁机他逃出来过，逃到哪儿呢,逃到赵国，堂堂楚国的国君到了秦国被抓了，抓了以后又逃脱了，逃到赵国以后赵国不敢接受，说我得罪不起秦国，又把他送回到秦国来。最后楚怀王是死在秦国，战国七雄很大一个国家，楚国的国君就这样死在别人国家，楚怀王死了。楚怀王死了以后，他的儿子顷襄王继位，就是后来的顷 襄王，顷襄王继位，让他的弟弟也就是楚怀王的小儿子子兰做令尹。那么楚国的人对他们兄弟俩是心有怨愤的，因为当初楚怀王到秦国去，就是他们的主张，现在楚怀王死在秦国，而这些主张他去的人，一个登上了王位，一个当了令尹，所以很多怨言。那么这个怨言最多的当然是屈原了，屈原特别对子兰，很多怨愤之言，怨愤之词，子兰听了以后非常生气，于是在顷襄王面前进谗言。顷襄王大怒，就把屈原逐出郢都。郢都就是当时楚国的首都叫郢都，屈原就这样被赶出首都了，屈原的流放他是从郢都出发沿江而下到鄂渚，鄂渚就是现在的湖北武汉，然后再沿江而下，到了长江下游的岳阳，岳阳大概在现在的安徽境内，然后就在岳阳逆流而上，折返回来，再过鄂渚，也就是武汉，然后再沿江而上过洞庭湖，到湖南的辰阳，到湖南的溆浦，然后由溆浦再过洞庭湖到汨罗江。我说这个过程很简单，实际上是历时二十年，这二十年之间屈原是个什么样子呢,屈原他的诗里面很多地方描写他这种流放以后这个形象，他说苟余情其信姱以练要兮，屈原长得非常清瘦，但是颇有精神。屈原在文章里写，余幼好此奇服兮，年既老而不衰。 带长铗之陆离兮，冠切云之崔嵬。屈原是什么样子呢,戴着高高的帽子，切云高冠，挂着长剑，带长铗之陆离兮，行吟泽畔，形容憔悴，行吟泽畔。他这诗都被后世作为描绘屈原的一个形象依据，现在很多屈子行吟图，最有名的像明代有个人叫陈洪绶有一幅叫《屈子行吟图》，就是根据屈原的诗来描绘他的形象，屈原就这样在长江和沅湘之间流浪了二十年。 屈原他热爱楚国，热爱人民。他的诗里面这样写，说鸟飞反故乡兮，狐死必首丘，这是说鸟飞千里，鸟飞千里最终回到自己的老窝，狐狸死的时候，据说那个头总是朝着它的出生地。那么屈原呢，他这样爱楚国，爱他的故土，这跟战国时期那个风气完全是不一样的，在战国时期，知识分子朝秦暮楚是常见的一种选择，很常见的，是一种社会风气。在战国时期，秦、楚两个大国打仗是经常的事，但是谁也没有力量吞并对方，所以与其临近的小国根据自己对时势的判断时而帮助秦国，时而帮助楚国，因为如果稍微惹怒哪一个国家都会引来国家的灭顶之灾。在那时候，小国一切围绕着利益来决定自己的行动，不以这种反复无常的立场而羞耻。后用“朝秦暮楚”来比喻人的反复无常。但是屈原他热爱故乡，热爱人民，他把热爱楚国与热爱整个华夏民族统一起来，屈原是个真正的爱国者，他爱自己的故乡，爱自己的故土。在《离骚》的结尾他写到，自己曾经试图要离开这个溷浊的楚国，他用浪漫主义手法，说自己驾着龙啊驾着凤终于脱离了这个现实环境，终于飞升到天空，飞上天空以后似乎已经得到解脱了，写他怎么高兴，我终于解脱了，然后他笔锋一转，写到陟陛皇之赫戏兮，忽临睨夫旧乡，仆夫悲余马怀兮，蜷局顾而不行，意思是说，我在光耀陆离当中我升上了天空，却突然间看见了下界我的故土，脚下是我的故土，我的车夫哭了，我的马儿也不走了，我怎么能割舍得下呀。他就是在《离骚》写到最后，还是我舍不得楚国，我底下这片热土，这是多么诚挚的对故土的一种热恋。我们认为，一个人的爱国主义思想往往是从爱乡土而发展起来的，如果一个人对他自己的生身的故土都没有一点感情，那怎么谈得上对祖国对民族会有真诚的爱呢,所以在当时社会背景下，朝秦暮楚，无可厚非，但是热爱故乡，为祖国的富强而奋斗，则更为高尚，而且屈原他不仅仅热爱故土，更热爱故乡的人民，同情他们，关心他们的命运，与他们息息与共。在屈原的诗歌当中，他常常写到“民”，写到“百姓”这两个词，他深深地怀着忧国忧民的思想，他不愧为一位伟大的人民的诗人。 屈原不仅仅爱故乡，爱人民，他把对故乡的热爱，对人民的同情，升华为对祖国前途的关怀，和对统一的整体的中国的神往。屈原的一生，为楚国奔走奋斗，他全心全意地为国家尽忠效劳。大家也许讲，这是不是有局限性呢,为国君为楚国，不是这样的。在那个时代，人们把对祖国的忠诚变为对国君的忠诚，因为他们认为国君就是国家的代表，忠君就是爱国， 所以屈原说，岂余身之惮殃兮，恐皇舆之败绩，就是君王的銮驾，皇舆那就是国家的象征，我生怕国君这个车子垮了我终生我要保这个车，同时我们还要明白一个问题，就是屈原渴望楚国富强起来，并不是要存亡继绝，并不是让楚国割据南方，而是希望振兴楚国，统一全中国，屈原在他诗里面非常尊重中华民族的共主，三皇五帝，整个华夏民族的共主就是三皇五帝，而且他自称，我是帝高阳之苗裔呀，我是高阳帝颛顼的后代，也是三皇五帝的后代，他并不是说我就是南蛮，我就是南方的我就是，不是这样，他是整个中华民族，我就是整个中华民族三皇五帝的后代，因此在屈原的心目当中，除了楚国之外，还有一个高居其上的整体的中国。他的爱国主义，正是通向整体的中国，他是把热爱楚国同热爱整个中国联系在一起的。 在顷襄王二十一年，也就是公元前278年的春天，秦国的大将白起率兵攻打楚国，一举攻下了楚国的郢都。楚国的衰败，大家想一想到什么地步了，秦国一打就打到首都，而且把首都攻下来了，攻下来之后烧了他先公先王的庙，挖了他的祖坟，就是楚国的先公先王的祖坟挖了，顷襄王兵败之后，不得不向北撤退，撤退到现在的河南淮阳，往北撤退，这样看来楚国的衰亡大局已定，虽然楚国最后没有灭亡，但这个时候还没有灭亡，但首都已经被攻破，那么首都攻破了，楚国的大局再无可挽回了，诗人的政治理想彻底地破灭了，于是屈原满腔悲愤地在五月初五这一天怀石投江，以身殉国，结束了他62岁的生命。 第一我觉得屈原投江正是他人和社会环境的矛盾，无法协调，屈原投江之前曾经这样说过，说举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒，那么在楚国这样一个的社会政治当中，屈原认为新沐者必弹冠，新浴者必振衣，就是说刚洗过头发的人，溷浊的，一定要弹弹帽子沾不得一点灰尘，刚刚洗过澡的人，一定要抖抖衣裳，我干净的躯体怎么能穿一个脏的衣裳呢。他说宁赴湘流，葬于江鱼之腹中。安能以皓皓之白，而蒙世俗之尘埃乎～“，他说我宁可投入大江，我葬身渔腹，我怎能让我浩如日月的高洁品质去蒙受世俗的玷污呢,所以屈原的死我觉得第一是在溷浊之间和高洁之间他选择高洁，是一种品格。 第二点屈原没有别的选择了，屈原曾经等待过，他第二次流放是二十年，大家想一想，二十年他始终没有离开楚国，他沿着长江，沿着楚国走来走去，走来走去，他期望楚王什么时候能够醒悟过来，能够再重新重用他，他一直在等待。他在诗里面多次说过，我多么希望楚王醒悟，期待着能够招回郢都，重新开始改革的事业，实现他的美政，而实现美政，实现改革是屈原生命中的一切，但是现在已经无法实现了，所以屈原的死是出于无奈，这是第二点，我觉得这样认识，没有办法，没有别的选择了。 第三点我们要这样看，屈原对理想的实现，期望太高，他太过执著，而期望越高，那么失望就愈盛。当楚国的衰亡已经无法逆转的时候，他无法接受，也无法承受这样一个残酷的现实，因为楚国的郢都都被攻下来了。大家一定要注意这时楚国的衰亡不可逆转了，再把楚国振兴起来，已经不可能了。他已经看到这一点，他无法接受，也无法承受这个残酷的现实，于是他选择了投江。那么正因为现实已经无法逆转，所以他的选择我们就不应看成是逃避，因为有人说屈原投江是不是逃避现实啊，不能这样，这是第三点，我们这样看。 第四，屈原投江是一种悲愤，是一种抗议。因为直接导致屈原投江是因为楚国郢都被攻下来了，他当时是漫游到长沙附近，漫游到汨罗江，他听说这个消息以后，这个直接的诱因是这个事情，而这个事情是导致楚国的衰亡一个标志，就是楚国的郢都被攻下来，那么导致楚国的衰亡正是保守的腐朽的楚国的旧贵族集团，那就说是旧贵族集团导致楚国最终落到这 种地步，所以屈原投江是一种抗争，是楚国的改革派和保守派长期斗争的一个残酷的结果。那么从这个意义上讲屈原的死是以生命来殉自己的祖国。 从上面我谈的这些我们可以知道，屈原是我国战国时期出现的一位张扬着改革的理想，闪耀着人格光芒，高举着爱国旗帜的历史伟人，同时他又是一位奔涌着热血般的热情，奔涌着热血般的激情，幻化着斑斓的色彩，创造着壮丽意境的这样一位伟大的诗人，学习屈原，学习楚辞，是为了继承民族的优秀传统，是为了弘扬民族的先进文化，从而铸造我们国民的人文精神，推进社会的发展和进步，我们为拥有屈原而骄傲，我们为拥有楚辞而自豪。我们思考着，我们前进着，我想这就是我们学习屈原的意义，谢谢大家。屈平正道直行,竭忠尽智以事其君,谗人间之,可谓穷矣。 屈原列传《史记》 屈原者，名平，楚之同姓也。为楚怀王左徒。博闻强志，明於治乱，娴於辞令。入则与王图议国事，以出号令;出则接遇宾客，应对诸侯。王甚任之。 上官大夫与之同列，争宠而心害其能。怀王使屈原造为宪令，屈平属草稿未定。上官大夫见而欲夺之，屈平不与，因谗之曰:“王使屈平为令，众莫不知，每一令出，平伐其功，以为„非我莫能为?也。”王怒而疏屈平。 屈平疾王听之不聪也，谗谄之蔽明也，邪曲之害公也，方正之不容也，故忧愁幽思而作《离骚》。《离骚》者，犹离忧也。夫天者，人之始也;父母者，人之本也。人穷则反本，故劳苦倦极，未尝不呼天也;疾痛惨怛，未尝不呼父母也。屈平正道直行，竭忠尽智以事其君，谗人间之，可谓穷矣。信而见疑，忠而被谤，能无怨乎,屈平之作《离骚》， 盖自怨生也。《国风》好色而不淫，《小雅》怨诽而不乱。若《离骚》者，可谓兼之矣。上称帝喾，下道齐桓，中述汤、武，以刺世事。明道德之广崇，治乱之条贯，靡不毕见。其文约，其辞微，其志洁，其行廉，其称文小而其指极大，举类迩而见义远。其志洁，故其称物芳。其行廉，故死而不容。自疏濯淖污泥之中，蝉蜕於浊秽，以浮游尘埃之外，不获世之滋垢，皭然泥而不滓者也。推此志也，虽与日月争光可也。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.