败坏了哈德莱堡的人1

败坏了哈德莱堡的人1 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》 《苦行记》 《案中案》 《卡县名蛙》 《百万英镑》 《三万元遗产》 《坏孩子的故事》 《火车上的嗜人事件》 《我最近辞职的事实经过》 《田纳西的新闻界》 《好孩子的故事》 《我怎样编辑农业报》 《大宗牛肉合同的事件始末》 《我给参议员当秘书的经历》 《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》 《神秘的访问》 《一个真实的故事》 《法国人大决斗》 《稀奇的经验》 《加利福尼亚人的故事》 《他是否还在人间,》 《和移风易俗者一起上路》 《狗的自述》 《王子与贫儿》 The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg Roughing It A Double Barrelled Detective Story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Million Pound Note The $30,000 Bequest The Story Of The Bad Little Boy Cannibalism in the Cars Facts Concerning The Recent Resignation Journalism In Tennessee The Story Of The Good Little Boy The How I Edited An Agricultural Paper The Facts In The Case Of The Great Beef Contract My Late Senatorial Secretaryship Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again A Mysterious Visit The True Story The Great French Duel(A Tramp Abroad的第八章) The Californian's Tale Is He living or is He dead? Travelling with a Reformer A Dog's Tale The Prince and the Pauper Early life Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 12, 1835, to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 – March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803 – [4]October 27, 1890). Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 – December 11, 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 – June 21, 1858); and Pamela (September 19, 1827 – August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 – August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 – May 12, 1842) died three years later. Another [5]brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months. Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for [6]"Mark Twain and Halley's Comet." [7]When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry [8]. Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with Finn the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. [9]Twain’s father was an attorney and a local judge. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad. [10]It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express.amuel Clemens, age 15 [11]In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia. The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a [12]conventional school. At 22, Twain returned to Missouri. On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to be a steamboat pilot. As Twain observed in Life , the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige on the Mississippi and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per [13]month, roughly equivalent to $73,089 a year today. A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859. While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat on which he was working, the Pennsylvania, exploded. Twain had foreseen this death [14]in a dream a month earlier, which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical [15]Research. Twain was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed. Missouri was considered by many to be part of the South, and was represented in both the Confederate and Federal governments during the Civil War. Twain wrote a sketch, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed", which claimed he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers [16]for two weeks before disbanding their company. Travels the library of the Mark Twain House, which features hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers and an enormous hand-carved mantel that the Twains purchased in Scotland (HABS photo) Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt Lake City. The experiences inspired Roughing It and provided material for The Celebrated . Twain's journey ended in the Jumping Frog of Calaveras County[16]silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner. Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the [17]Territorial Enterprise. Here he first used his pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "Letter From Carson – re: [18] with "Mark Twain". Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte, Artemus Ward, and Dan DeQuille. The [19]young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him. His first success as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published in a New York weekly, The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were [20]popular and became the basis for his first lectures. In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law. Upon returning to the United States, Twain was offered honorary membership [21]in the secret society Scroll and Key of Yale University in 1868. Its devotion to "fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, and charity" suited him well.Marriage and childrenCharles Langdon showed a picture of his sister, Olivia, to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. The two met in 1868, were engaged a year [20]later, and married in February 1870 in Elmira, New York. She came from a "wealthy but liberal family", and through her he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women's rights and social equality", including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian [22]socialist William Dean Howells, who became a longtime friend. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper, and worked as an editor and writer. Their son Langdon died of diphtheria at 19 months. [23]In 1871, Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873, he arranged the building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). While living there, Olivia gave birth to three daughters: Susy [24](1872–1896), Clara (1874–1962) and Jean (1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. During his seventeen years in Hartford (1874–1891), Twain wrote many of his best-known works: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Prince and (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of the Pauper (1884), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Huckleberry Finn (1889). Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp . His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, Abroad 1878, and a visit to London. Love of science and technology twain in the lab of Nikola Tesla, early 1894 Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Twain patented three inventions, including an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (to replace suspenders) and a history [25]trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use. His book features a time A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court traveler from contemporary America, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This type of storyline would later become a common feature of the science fiction sub-genre, Alternate history. In 1909, Thomas Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film. Financial troubles Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, Paige typesetting machine. It was a beautifully particularly the engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, but was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $7,590,000 today) on [26]it between 1880 and 1894, but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by the Linotype. He lost not only the bulk of his book profits [27]but also a substantial portion of his wife's inheritance. Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, but went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies [27]were sold. Twain's writings and lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, [28]enabled him to recover financially. In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid. [29]Twain embarked on an around-the-world lecture tour in 1894 to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation [30]to do so. In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House. Twain wrote of Dollis Hill that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the [31]world". He then returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts. Speaking engagements Twain was in demand as a featured speaker, and appeared before many men's clubs, including the Authors' Club, Beefsteak Club, Vagabonds, White Friars, and Monday Evening Club of Hartford. He was made an honorary member of the Bohemian Club in San Francisco. In the late 1890s, he spoke to the Savage Club in London and was elected honorary member. When told that only three men had been so honored, including the Prince of Wales, he replied [32]"Well, it must make the Prince feel mighty fine." In 1897, Twain spoke to the Concordia Press Club in Vienna as a special guest, following diplomat Charlemagne Tower. In German, to the great amusement of the assemblage, Twain delivered the speech "Die Schrecken der deutschen [33]" ("The Horrors of the German Language"). Sprache Later life and death Mark Twain in his gown (scarlet with grey sleeves and facings) for his D.Litt. degree, awarded to him by Oxford University. Twain passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's [34]on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom. On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly. In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four [35]of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him. Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote [36]in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight." Oxford University awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907. [37]In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying: I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.' His prediction was accurate – Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth. [38][39]Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said: "Mark Twain gave pleasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature." Mark Twain headstone in Woodlawn Cemetery. [40]Twain's funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York. He is buried in his wife's family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or "mark [41]twain") monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara. There is also a smaller headstone. n. The strong and irrational fear that in the near future the earth will be destroyed by some cosmic event. Example Citations: There are 19 million 2012-related Google hits, and a vast number of those are concerned with a real world's [sic] and not the Roland Emmerich film that cashes in on rampant fear and on the tastes of those who enjoyed the way he destroyed the world in "Independence Day" and "The Day After Tomorrow."...This latest bit of cosmophobia is based on the Maya or Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, which, set up to run for 5,125 years, appears to terminate on or about Dec. 21, 2012, thus wrecking the key holiday shopping season. —John Bogert, "Here comes the end of the world — again," Daily Breeze, October 22, 2009 Cosmophobia is the fear of the cosmos, particularly the terror that the world will end by means of some astronomical occurrence. Think 2012, for it seems the previews for the movie are causing quite a psychic ruckus, much more than a minor tremor in the force. —Ralfee Finn, "Tame Your Cosmophobia," East Bay Express, October 21, 2009 Earliest Citation: But I receive questions every day from people who have just become aware of some astronomical discovery and ask if it is dangerous to them or their families (or will be in 2012)....I call this new series of concerns "cosmophobia" — fear of the cosmos. —David Morrison, "Doomsday 2012, the Planet Nibiru, and Cosmophobia" (PDF file), Astronomy Beat, September 21, 2009 Notes: A more general sense of the term cosmophobia — fear of outer space — has been around since at least the 1920s. COSMOPHOBIA Related Words: Baracknophobia germaphobe globophobe hoplophobia Iraqnophobia tridecaphobia trypophobia Categories: Diseases and Syndromes Psychology