高考语法复习形容词和副词的用法

形容词和副词的用法 一、形容词 1、形容词可分为两大类：描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、所有关系等。除了these和those外，形容词的单数与复数形式相同。 描绘形容词 Beautiful, large, red, interesting, colourful important 限 定 形 容 词 基数词 (one,two) 序数词 (first,second) 物主代词 (my,your) 指示代词 (this,that,these) 数量词 (few,many) 冠 词 (a, an, the)     2、形容词的位置 修饰语一般应置于被修饰语之前，但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序一般如下： 形容词型代词→ 数量词→ 描 绘 形 容词 all both the,a(n) this,that first one 性 质 尺寸 形状 新旧 温度 颜 色 国 籍 材 料 good large cold red Chinese iron such Your,some, many second two Fine small hot blue English stone                     Example: that strong young Chinese swimmer 注意：形容词前有as, so, no, too, how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后。 She is too kind a girl to refuse. 在下列情况下，修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后： （1）名词之后的数量词＋名词＋old, long, wide等。 a boy six years old,  a street two kilometers long （2）为了加强语气或音调美，将描绘形容词置于名词之后。 He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute. （3）something, anything,everyone, anybody…＋形容词。 There′s nothing wrong with the electric cooker. （4）作定语用的分词或形容词短语  The judge has talked to all the people involved. 3、“数词＋名词”构成的形容词 （1）数词＋名词，如 a two-week tour, a ten-page report等。 （2）数词＋名词＋形容词，如 a seven-year-old boy等。 （3）名词（无冠词）＋基数词=the＋序数词＋名词，如Unite 6=the Sixth Unite （4）“数量词＋复数名词”作主语，虽然是复数形式，但仍然用单数动词，作为一个单位来示。如果强调个别数，则须用复数动词。 Ten years is quite a long time to him. Two months have passed since I last heard from my parents. 二、副词 1、副词的构成如下： （1）本身就是副词，如very, now, there, quite等. （2）有形容词后缀如-ly, 如happily, carefully等。 （3）有些副词与形容词同行，如early, high, long, fast, hard等。 注意：有些-ly结尾的词不是副词而是形容词，如manly, friendly, queenly等。 2、副词的位置 （1）修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前，如The scenery around here is very beautiful. （2）always, never, often, sometimes, ususlly等表示频率的副词在一般动词前，be动词后，有助动词时，在助动词和动词之间。  He usually gets up early, but he got up late today. I have never met him and I hope I will never meet him. （3）有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时，其顺序为地点（小地点＋大地点）→状态→次数→时间（单位小的时间＋单位大的时间）。 They arrived in Paris safely the other day. (4)seldom, rarely, never等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时，助动词或be动词须放在主语的前面（也叫倒装句），如 Never did I hear such a funny story=I never heard such a funny story. 3、几个特殊副词的用法 （1）enough须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后；too须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前.  She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter.        It,s too hot a day to work. 但enough修饰名词时须置于名词之前. Have you got enough money for this microwave oven? （2）too…(for…)＋不定式（to），作“太…而不能”解；enough＋不定式，意思是“足够可以”，这一结构可转换成so…that结构。 The boy was still too young to go to school.→He was so young that he could not go to school. The man is rich enough to buy a Roll-Royce.→He is so rich that he can buy a Roll-Royce. (3)already用于肯定句，作“已经”解；yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解，still作“仍然”解。 I have already seen film.    Have you seen the film yet?    I still prefer tea to coffee. （4）随着only和also在句中位置的改变，句意和语气也会改变。Only Mr Li came to see me today.    Mr Li came to see only me today.    Mr Li came to see me only today. 三、形容词的比较等级    形容词比较等级的变化如下表： 构 成 法 原 级 比较级 最高级 1、单音节词末尾加-er和-est 伟大的 great greater greatest 2、单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-st brave 勇敢的 fine 好的 braver finer bravest finest 3、闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est big 大的 hot 熟的 bigger hotter biggest hottest 4、少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结构的双音节词，末尾加-er，和-est（以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则y变为i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词仍只加-r和-st） happy 快乐的 clever 聪明的 narrow 狭窄的 able 能 happier cleverer narrower alber happiest cleverest narrowest ablest 5、其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most. difficult 困难的 more difficult most difficult         四、形容词比较等级部分不规则变化表 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级 good well better best bad ill worse worst many much more most little few less least far farther further farthest furthest old older elder oldest eldest late latter later last latest       五、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法 形容词与副词都有三个比较等级。 1）原级常用于“as＋原级＋as”结构 He likes her as much as he likes his sister. 否定的原级用not as…as或not so …as,二者一般无甚区别。 He does not smoke so heavily as his brother. 2）比较级常用于“比较级＋than” 结构.  He is taller than me. 否定比较与否定原级一样，也用not as(so)…as…结构，也可用less…than结构. This word is less frequent in British English than in American English. 3）两个人或物比较时，定冠词the＋比较级表示最高级。 He is the taller of the two. 4)最高级常用于“the＋最高级＋比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。 He is the best picture in the hall. 5)含有否定词的比较级，如 (1)no less than=as much(or many)as   “不亚于” not less than=at least           “至少” (2)no less… than =as…as            “和……一样” not less＋原级＋than                “至少不亚于”