红外线传感器在测量中的应用

红外线传感器在测量中的应用 重庆邮电大学课程论文 学 院:通信学院 班 级:0121105 姓 名:杨一凡 学 号:2011210292 课程论文题目:传感器红外线技术在测量中的应用 课程名称:传感器与检测技术 评阅成绩: 成绩评定教师签名: 日期:2014 年 6 月 6日 soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 目录 摘要 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1 一、红外线传感器的综述 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1 (一)红外线传感器的定义 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1 (二)可测量的物理量 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2 (三)传感器红外线技术的原理 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2 二、传感器红外线技术在测量中的应用 „„„„„„„„„„„„„2 三、典型产品介绍 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 (一)热释电红外传感器 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 1.简介„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 2.热释电效应 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 3.热释电红外传感器的结构及内部电路„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 (二)火焰探测器 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 1.简介 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 2. „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5 四、结论 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6 参考文献 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6 soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 传感器红外线技术在测量中的应用 学 生:杨一凡 (通信与信息学院0121105班级，学号2011210292) 摘 要:利用红外线的物理性质来进行测量的传感器。红外线又称红外光，它具有反射、折射、散射、干涉、吸收等性质。任何物质，只要它本身具有一定的温度(高于绝对零度)，都能辐射红外线。红外线传感器测量时不与被测物体直接接触，因而不存在摩擦，并且有灵敏度高，反应快等优点。红外技术发展到现在，已经为大家所熟知，这种技术已经在现代科技、国防和工农业等领域获得了广泛的应用。红外线传感器是利用物体产生红外辐射的特性，实现自动检测的传感器。本文所介绍的热释电红外传感器，它能检测人或某些动物发射的红外线并转换成电信号输出。 关键词:传感器定义;红外探头;热电效应;热释电红外传感器;红外辐射;电磁波波谱图 宇宙间的任何物体只要其温度超过零度就能产生红外辐射，事实上同可见光一样，其辐射能够进行折射和反射，这样便产生了红外技术,利用红外光探测器因其独有的优越性而得到广泛的重视，并在军事和民用领域得到了广泛的应用。红外探测就是用仪器接受被探测物发出或者反射的红外线，从而掌握被测物所处位置的技术。作为红外探测系统的核心期间，红外传感器(也称为红外探测器)的研究成为一个热点。 一、 红外线传感器的综述 (一) 红外线传感器的定义 利用红外线的物理性质来进行测量的传感器。红外线又称红外光，它具有反射、折射、散射、干涉、吸收等性质。红外线传感器是利用物体产生红外辐射的特性，实现自动检测的传感器。红外传感系统是用红外线为介质的测量系统，任何物质，只要它本身具有一定的温度(高于绝对零度)，都能辐射红外线。红外线传感器测量时不与被测物体直接接触，因而不存在摩擦，并且有灵敏度高，响soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 应快等优点。 (二) 可测量的物理量 红外线传感器常用于无接触温度测量，气体成分分析和无损探伤，在医学、军事、空间技术和环境工程等领域得到广泛应用。例如采用红外线传感器远距离测量人体表面温度的热像图，可以发现温度异常的部位，及时对疾病进行诊断治疗(见热像仪);利用人造卫星上的红外线传感器对地球云层进行监视，可实现大范围的天气预报;采用红外线传感器可检测飞机上正在运行的发动机的过热情况等。 (三) 传感器红外线技术的原理 红外线传感器是利用物体产生红外辐射的特性，实现自动检测的传感器。在物理学中，我们已经知道可见光、不可见光、红外光及无线电等都是电磁波，它们之间的差别只是波长(或频率)的不同而已。下面是将各种不同的电磁波按照波长(或频率)排成如下图所示的波谱图，称之为电磁波谱。 图1 电磁波谱 二、 传感器红外线技术在测量中的应用 红外线传感器常用于无接触温度测量，气体成分分析和无损探伤，在医学、军事、空间技术和环境工程等领域得到广泛应用。 soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 1 .在医学上的应用:采用红外线传感器远距离测量人体表面温度的热像图，应 用电路，如焦耳式体温传感器(下图所示)。 图2 焦耳式体温传感器 可以发现温度异常的部位，及时对疾病进行诊断治疗;例:人体热释电红外传感器和应用介绍被动式热释电红外探头的工作原理及特性:一般人体都有恒定的体温，一般在37度，所以会发出特定波长10UM左右的红外线，被动式红外探头就是靠探测人体发射的10UM左右的红外线而进行工作的。 2 .在空间技术上的应用:利用人造卫星上的红外线传感器对地球云层进行监视，可实现大范围的天气预报;采用红外线传感器可检测飞机上正在运行的发动机 的过热情况等。 3 .在军事上的应用:首先是对目标国家和地区的资源状况的监视。通过有效地监视资源及其变化，可以帮助确定战略的目标。其次，监视对方军事部署和大规模的军事移动。许多军事部署的位置信息可以通过高精度的卫星遥感获得，大规模的军事移动也容易在遥感器上留下痕迹，这些都对于对应国家采取相应的提供了快速而有效的信息。其次，在具体的作战当中，遥感可以帮助分析局部的地形、资源状况，从而帮助己方进行战术行动的判断。微波遥感用在大soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 气的各项数据的测量上，在海洋学、油污探测、融雪测定等方面都有应用。 4 .环境工程上的应用:微波遥感用在大气的各项数据的测量上，在海洋学、油污探测、融雪测定等方面都有应用。 可见，传感器在科学技术领域、工农业生产以及日常生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。人类社会对传感器提出的越来越高的是传感器技术发展的强大动力。而现代科学技术突飞猛进则提供了坚强的后盾。二十一世纪，人们一方面通过提高与改善传感器的技术性能;一方面通过寻找新原理、新材料、新工艺及新功能来改善传感器性能，制造出更多的传感器(而红外线传感器作为其中的一部分也必将得到更大的发展 三、典型产品介绍 (一) 热释电红外传感器 1 简介 热释电红外传感器简称热释电传感器，通常用字母“PIR”表示。热释电红外传感器是一种非常有应用潜力的传感器。它能检测人或某些动物发射的红外线并转换成电信号输出。 2 热释电效应 当一些晶体受热时，在晶体两端将会产生数量相等而符号相反的电荷，这种由于热变化产生的电极化现象，被称为热释电效应。通常，晶体自发极化所产生的束缚电荷被来自空气中附着在晶体表面的自由电子所中和，其自发极化电矩不能表现出来。当温度变化时，晶体结构中的正负电荷重心相对移位，自发极化发生变化，晶体表面就会产生电荷耗尽，电荷耗尽的状况正比于极化程度。 3 热释电红外传感器的结构及内部电路 热释电红外传感器的结构及内部电路如下图所示。传感器主要有外壳、滤光片、热释电元件PZT、场效应管FET 等组成。其中，滤光片设置在窗口处，组成红外线通过的窗口。滤光片为6mm多层膜干涉滤光片，对太阳光和荧光灯光的短波长(约5mm 以下)可很好滤除。热释电元件PZT 将波长在8mm~12mm 之间的红外信号的微弱变化转变为电信号，为了只对人体的红外辐射敏感，在它的辐射照面通常覆盖有特殊的菲涅耳滤光片，使环境的干扰受到明显的抑制作用。 soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 图3 热释电红外传感器的结构及内部电路 (二) 火焰探测器 1 简介 火焰传感器利用红外线对对火焰非常敏感的特点，使用特制的红外线接受管来检测火焰，然后把火焰的亮度转化为高低变化的电平信号，输入到中央处理器中，中央处理器根据信号的变化做出相应的程序处理。 2 工作原理 火焰传感器能够探测到波长在700纳米,1000纳米范围内的红外光，探测角度为60?，其中红外光波长在880纳米附近时候的灵敏度达到最大。 远红外火焰探头将外界红外光的强弱变化转化为电流的变化，通过A/D转换器反映为0,255范围内数值的变化。外界红外光越强，数值越小;红外光越弱，数值越大。 红外测距传感器利用红外信号遇到障碍物距离的不同反射的强度也不同的原理，进行障碍物远近的检测。红外测距传感器具有一对红外信号发射与接收二极管，发射管发射特定频率的红外信号，接收管接收这种频率的红外信号，当红外的检测方向遇到障碍物时，红外信号反射回来被接收管接收，经过处理之后，通过数字传感器接口返回到中央处理器主机，中央处理器即可利用红外的返回信号来识别周围环境的变化。其电路图如下图所示。 soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese 图3 火焰探测器电路图 四、结论 由于红外传感器的优越性，人们越来越多的应用这种探测器，而且对它的要求也越来越高。它的红外吸收和探测率要高，相应时间要短，而且，随着越来越广泛的应用，我们要求增大红外传感器的相应波长，探测器波长趋向长波段。根据上述要求，红外传感器会随着微电子技术的发展和传感器的应用领域的不断扩大，从单一元件、单一功能相集成化、多功能化方向发展。另外，由于双色及多色探测器具有较好的抗干扰能力，能获得精确可靠的目标信息，今后这种探测器可能会更加引起人们的关注，此外，红外传感器还趋向于对原有探测器的改进、对新的制作材料的开发、以及向红外焦平面阵列的高密集度方面的发展。这方面的研究者和学者正在向这些方向努力研究，相信随着时间的推移会有更多更好的材料应用于红外传感器的制作中来，更多类型的红外传感器应用于更加广泛的领域。 参考文献: [1]康丽，邵玉斌.基于MPEG4的数字视频智能监控系统[J].安防科技,2007年06期. [2]李玉忠.光纤传感测试装置中微弱信号的处理[J].安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报,2008年03期. soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese [3]郭志勇,陈小永.基于μPSD3234的智能水位监测仪设计与实现[J].安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报,2008年04期. [4]张红.热电偶测温系统误差剖析及处理对策[J].安徽工程科技学院学报(自然科学版),2010年02期. [5]高振宁,陈德勇,王军波,毋正伟.电磁激励微谐振式传感器的设计与制作[J].微纳电子技术,2008年10期. [6]于留波,赵湛,丁国杰,轩运动.压电式微传声器的设计与测量方法的匹配[J].微纳电子技术,2010年09期. [7]徐多,谷笳华,吴松.用于瞬态热流测量的薄膜热电偶的研制与应用[A].第十三届全国激波与激波管学术会议论文集[C].2008年. [8]康芳,佟兴家.航空试验中压力信号调理电路的设计[A].中国航空学会控制与应用第十二届学术年会论文集[C].2006年. [9]刘新天.电源管理系统设计及参数估计策略研究[D].中国科学技术大学.2011年. [10]HW Seliger840 EG Shohamy(Second language research methods,M,(New York(Oxford University Pressq1989( soldiers in the war to win the confidence and courage, strength has grown. In March 1939, finally created the direct leadership of the party ranks--Jiangsu Taihu anti-Japanese volunteer army. By the Chinese Communist Party, song Ling Zhen Qian Kangmin (song Ling Monument Park • famous martyrs of the Revolution Money's eldest son) as Commander, Deputy Commander Ding Bingcheng. This is territory of Wujiang first established by the Chinese