直击高考英语阅读

直击高考英语阅读 灵璧中学    陈广华 你是否还在迷茫与找不到行之有效的高考英语应对策略呢？是不是还沉浸在难解的阅读理解长难句不能自拔？是不是还困惑于自己的作文词不成句？ 无论是高考生还是准高考生甚至是学生的家长，都希望在“最捷径”的通往命运转折的高考之路能够拔得头筹。本此讲座则主要集中于对高考英语中阅读部分的解惑和训练。众所周知，英语科目属于单科占高考总分比重较大的科目，同时高考阅读部分（含七选五）又是英语单科内占比重较大的部分。所以常有“得阅读者得天下”一语。由此可见，对于阅读部分学习尤为重要。可是，就在看似简单的阅读题设置背后，却有很多同学困惑于难以精准定位，更为可惜的是精准定位后因为遇到复杂的长难句却难以读懂，无奈白白丢掉了到手的分数，还有部分同学存在貌似读懂了文章却选不出正确答案的问题，同时还有部分同学时常抱怨时间不够用，如果时间够长，就一定可以选出做对得高分。从现在起，和我一起！秒杀高考英语阅读！解密高考英语阅读真题！探索出题人的内心世界！ 本讲座，你将会学习到高考英语于都精准定位大法，部分题目即便不认识读不懂也一样可以选出正确答案；化繁为易三部搞定长难句，让高难度题不再成为拦路虎，直击高考阅读满分；透视文章结构，探秘出题人内心世界，遇到模棱两可的题目不再犹豫；独家偷分技能+阅读训练单词记忆法，让你在阅读训练中实现高考词汇的有效记忆，达到事半功倍的效果。 本讲座就是为了解决大家得不到高分或者分不够高的情况，你要什么，我给什么，满满的干货，不信你试试？出题人处处都是套路，我带大家反套路。 01 | 高考英语阅读痛点难点大揭底 高考英语阅读考什么？ 高考阅读说明中是这样规定的：要求考生能读懂、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息，考生应能： 1) 理解主旨要义； 2) 理解文中具体信息； 3) 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义； 4) 做出判断和推断； 5) 理解文章的基本结构； 6) 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。 每一个技能背后都对应一个考点： 1）理解主旨要义----主旨大意 在这种题型中，又可以将其分为整个篇章的主旨提问以及段落大意提问两种，列举如下： Eg: (1) The main idea of the passage/paragraph1 is           . (2) What is the passage/paragraph 2 mainly about? (3) Which of the following statement can best summarize / sum up the main idea of the passage / paragraph3? 2) 理解文中具体信息----细节题 在这种题型下，我们可以进一步将其分为简单细节题（也可以称为集中型细节题）和复杂细节题（也可称为分散性细节题）两大类，举例如下： 简单细节题----4w1h Eg: (1) What did Tracy do after finding the dog? (2) How did the dog help save Jack? (3) When did the author first live in a place with an air conditioner? 复杂细节题----1w4s (1) Which of the following is NOT true? (2) Which of the following is NOT mentioned about? 3) 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义----猜词题 在这种提醒下，我们可以进一步将其分为实词猜词和虚词猜词两大类，列举如下： Eg: (1) The underlined word / phrase “…” in Paragraph 2 most probably means       . (2) By “…” (Paragraph 2), the author means       . (3) The word “…” in Paragraph 3 is closest meaning to       . (4) “They” in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to       . (5) The word “that” in Line 3 stands for       . 4) 做出判断和推断----推理判断题 形象Eg: Two fathers and two sons go fishing. Then each of them has one fish in his basket and goes home. Two fathers and two sons has only three fish, but everyone has one. How is it? Eg: (1) We can know from the passage that       . (2) We can infer from the (first / last) passage that       . (3) The passage / author implies / suggests that       . 5) 理解文章的基本结构----篇章结构题+七选五 Eg: (1) The second paragraph is developed by … (2) How does the passage develop? (3) Which of the following shows the organization / structure of the passage? 不同的文体有不同的写法，根据文体定结构。 6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度----观点态度题（即：推断题） Eg: (1) The author seems to be in favor of / against       . (2) The author may probably agree with / support       . 很多时候，我们也会发现偶尔会出现个别高难度的题也就是新型交叉，如此一来，我们就明白每个题背后对我们的要求是什么？ 抛开以上的一切，我们发现一个重要的问题就是，一定要看懂题干！一定要看懂题干！一定要看懂题干！重要的事情要说三遍，每个单词都认识并不等于看懂，真正的看懂一定是对题干的句型有所顿悟，所以，我们发现看懂题干需要两个基本点即词汇量和语法知识，这两个学习英语永远都规避不了的基点。由此我们进行一下反向推理，即读懂文章，就要读懂段落，读懂段落就要读懂句子，读懂句子就要认识单词、化解长难句。好的，那么问题就来了？在这一系列的逻辑及题型梳理中什么最重要呢？Bingo, 单词，但是我们的专栏并不是词汇班，怎么办？好消息就是，我会在第二讲，就告诉大家在阅读理解中遇见不认识的单词该如何应对，在进入第二讲之前，请大家再三熟悉我们的阅读考点，这样才会在接下来的学习中游刃有余哦！ 正所谓，知己知彼百战不殆，明晰考点才能使出对应的必杀技能，事半功倍。 02 | 阅读理解偶遇生词怎么办？给单词找个家 单词不可能穷尽，那么，我们怎么办？ 请看下图： 研究明，汉字的序顺并不定一能影阅响读，比如当你看完这句话后，才发这现里的字全是都乱的。 “I cdn’uolt blveiee that I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd what I was rdanieg:. Aoccdrnig to a research taem at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in what order the ltteers in a word are, the only iprmoatnt thing is that the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pdae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can still raed it wouthit a porbelm. What are you 弄啥噢 ？ 1）打破死记硬背的单词记忆。我所讲的死记硬背是生背，我曾经接触过一些学生，他们不会读音，却能生生的把单词品对，不得不说一句，真的好拼。但是这也应证了为什么话费大量的时间还是难以提高英语分数，很简单，你爱的方式不对。首先，一定要会读。当你口语不断提升的时候，你就会不自觉的掌握自然拼读法，通过发音拼读单词。注意是拼。 2) 词根词缀。很多老师肯定和大家说过词根词缀的方法，这里我就不赘述了。词根词缀能够高效的帮助大家将单词进行重组和分类。但是前提是掌握了词根词缀本身，所以建议对单词本身无感觉的同学慎用。 3）给单词找个家。我们今天重点讲的是阅读理解碰到生词怎么办？那么，单词的家在哪里？单词的家就在阅读理解中。 下面请同学们看看这样一个成语：“魑魅魍魉”。 如果我单独拿出一个字问大家“魑”，很多同学会犹豫就会思考。英语单词也是如此，短语比单词好掌握，句子比短语又会进一步增添熟悉感。所以，我们按照语言的学习逻辑，那就是在语篇中掌握单词，也就是在语境中掌握单词。并且阅读理解尤其是高考真题是最好的掌握一词多义的素材。 有篇章才能有画面，有画面才能有所猜测有所记忆。 Eg: Though the girl’s face has been washed quite clean, her neck still remains grubby. 大家看到这句话的时候，是怎样的一个画面？ 那么，如果在考场上，碰到生词？我们怎么办呢？ 1）简单粗暴跳过去 Eg: Aheart-warming story tells of a woman who finally decided to ask her boss for a raise in salary. All day she felt nervous and apprehensive. 2) 巧妙“过度式”翻译 Eg: ① Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. ② He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. ③ She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 在句子中如果碰到不认识的词，我们首先要判断这个单词的词性。 如果是名词，那他一定是个东西； 如果是形容词，那他一定是xx的； 如果是动词，那他一定是怎么着了。 对！我们的目的就是通过词性有效的帮助我们过渡翻译。 3）通过上下文或逻辑关系进行推测 Eg: Now, we have a special offer for 10 days, during which you can enjoy a holf price discount and a free delivery. 4) 只可意会不可言传（你看懂了，因为在具体的语句中） Eg: If you are not totally satisfied, return it at our expense and your money will be given back to you. 请大家自行找一篇高考英语阅读理解真题进行练习----孰能生巧，每天进步一点点，只要一点点。 03）| 透析出题人的内心世界----寻找有效信息 给你一篇英语阅读，你是选择先看文章再看题还是先看题再看文章呢？ 阅读理解不是考你看完文章之后答出五道题，而是考你通过五道题考察你是否读懂了文章， 一篇文章中通常会涉及三种信息： ① 有效信息（这个是我们需要的，也就是文章的主题以及考点所在） ② 无效信息（看不看都不影响的） ③ 干扰信息（只要你看到你就很肯能跑偏，错误选项的埋雷区域） 我们本节可就是告诉大家怎样在简单细节题（集中细节题）中以最短的时间寻找到有效的信息。 1. 什么是有效的信息？ 描述主题的就是有效信息！ 2. 怎样判断主题？ 寻找中心词（行文中反复出现的核心名词）, 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子以及文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。 文章围绕该中心词的观点和态度。 Eg: 写一篇作文，我爱妈妈----母爱伟大，母爱无私 3. 主题句常见位置： ① 段落首句 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. ② 段落尾句 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. ③ 段落中间 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. ④ 设问处----问题即主题，回答即主旨 ⑤ 首句之后出现转折词：but / though / however / nevertheless以及因果词because / for / since etc., 在这几个词之后就是主题句。 ⑥文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后即主题句在这些短语后如： On the whole , in short, therefore, in fact, … I agree with the opinion that… Given all these points above , I would support the idea that… For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer… 但是，如果文中出现列举事物等这样的短语时，则主题句在此短语之前。如：such as, for example etc. ⑦ 特殊符号，即冒号、破折号之后为主题句。因为冒号和破折号起到解释说明的作用。 Eg: What can be the best title for the text? A. Wild Bees  B. Wax and Honey  C. Beekeeping in Africa    D. Honey-Love’s Helper 原文： Honey from the American forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. ……In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey has a strange and unexpected helper—a little bird called a honey guide. The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax in the beehives(蜂房). Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. 4. 除主题之外的有效信息怎么找？ 题干设问的就是有效信息----简单细节题 解题方法：利用关键词精准定位，画关键词----原文找对应关键词----题目和原文对比阅读----确定答案。 何为关键词： “鹤立鸡群”式：人名、地名、数字、年代、时间、日期、大写字母、特殊标点符号（引号）。 “含蓄内敛”式：核心名词、核心动词、形容词、副词以及其比较级和最高级。 Eg: 1. When is the talk on James Brindley? A. February 6th B. March 6th  C. November 7th  D. December 5th 2. What is the topic of the talk in February? A. The Canal Pioneers  B. Ice for the Metropolis  C. Eyots and Aits-Thames Islands D. An Update on the Cotsword Canals 3. Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames. A. Miranda Vickers  B. Malcolm Tucker  C. Chris Lewis D. Liz Payne 原文： Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum Our monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book. They end around 21:00. November 7th The Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive (negative) contribution to the education of that group of early ---- civil engineers.