小企业管理基础

小企业管理基础 刘爱君:同学们好～现在是期末复习答疑时间。欢迎大家参与。 导言 一般了解 1(小企业和小企业管理的含义 小企业是指劳动力、劳动手段或劳动对象在企业中集中程度较低，或者生产和交易数量规模较小的企业。 小企业管理是小企业的管理者根据小企业自身的特点，运用一定的职能手段来协调组织成员的活动，使其与管理者自身一起高效率地实现小企业发展目标的活动过程。 2(小企业的特点 企业数量众多，分布面广;体制灵活，组织精干;管理水平相对较低;产出规模小，竞争力较弱; “家族”色彩浓。 第一章 创造竞争优势 一、重点掌握 1(小企业的竞争优势 小企业的竞争优势是一种比较优势;小企业的竞争优势分为狭义的竞争优势与广义的竞争优势。 2(影响小企业的微观环境因素 小企业的微观环境通常包括四个方面的因素，即消费者、供应者、竞争者和联盟者。 3(行业竞争强度的影响因素 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 行业的竞争强度就取决于五种基本力量之间的相互作用，即行业内企业的竞争、潜在进入者的威胁、供应商的讨价还价能力、购买商的讨价还价能力和替代产品的威胁。 4(差异化战略的优势及其注意 小企业差异化战略的优点现在，某种产品或服务的差异一旦建立起来并得到市场的公认，该差异就将具有很强的竞争力，它将为企业赢得顾客的信任，比较长远地建立起自己的竞争优势。 小企业采用差异化战略，必须注意两个问:产品或服务的差异化与成本之间的关系;运用法律手段保护差异化。 5(利基市场及特点 利基市场是指这样一种细分市场:市场空白——该市场被别的企业所忽略，或者该市场存在没有被满足的需求，在该市场上开展营销活动预期会为企业带来客观的经济利益并树立企业的竞争优势。 利基市场具有下列特点: (1)具有明确的或潜在的市场需求; (2)该市场必须是空白的或被竞争对手所忽略的; (3)需求必须足够大，以保证小企业从中经营可以获利; (4)小企业所掌握的资源必须能与该市场的需求相适应，保证小企业可以及时、有效的为其潜在顾客提供满意的商品或服务。 二、一般了解 1(小企业市场细分战略及其相关战略 2(小企业获取低成本竞争优势的方法 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 3(小企业保持竞争优势的方法 第二章 小企业经营战略 一、重点掌握 1(小企业经营者的含义 小企业的经营者，是指有能力影响企业的日常生产经营活动，并对企业的长期发展负责任的人，即是人们常说的管理者或企业家。 2(小企业常用的经营方式 小企业的经营方式，是指小企业在各种分析的基础上所选择的可以实现其自身发展目标的谋划和经营形式。 小企业常用的经营方式主要有如下五种类型:专业化经营、利基经营、差异化经营、联合经营和特许经营。 3(小企业经营战略的含义 是指小企业在社会主义市场经济条件下，着眼于未来的生存和发展，根据对目前和未来企业的外部环境、内部条件及可取得资源的情况，为求得企业的生存和长期健康、持续发展，对企业发展目标、达到目标的途径和方法的总体性规划和一系列措施。 二、一般了解 1(小企业经营者的类型与特点 2(小企业的经营战略 第三章 财务报表与筹资需求 一、重点掌握 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 1(资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表的及其作用 资产负债表是用来总括地反映会计主体在一定日期财务状况的财务报表。 通过资产负债表，使用者能够简要地了解企业在报表日的财务状况，长期和短期偿债能力，资产、负债和所有者权益结构情况，以及企业资本结构状况等财务信息。 利润表，或叫损益表，是用来反映企业在某一特定期间内的利润(或亏损)总额。 利润表的作用具体表现在:利润表能够表明企业生产经营的成果;利润表是考核企业完成情况的重要依据;利润表是分析和预测企业收益能力的重要资料。 现金流量表是以现金为基础编制的财务状况变动表，用来反映企业在年度内资金的来源和运用情况以及各项流动资金的增减变动情况的报表。 现金流量表的作用包括:分析企业动态的财务状况、分析评价企业的偿债能力和支付能力、分析评价企业的利润质量以及预测企业未来的现金流量等。 2(三大财务报表及其之间的联系与区别 主要财务报表间的联系: 资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表共同反映了一个企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量，都是以一个企业相同的会计账簿、会计凭证和其它会计信息编制的。 主要财务报表之间的区别: (1)资产负债表是静态报表，而利润表和现金流量表都是动态报表。 (2)资产负债表反映的是企业在某一特定时点的财务状况;利润表反映了企业在某一特定时期内的经营成果;现金流量表反映了企业在一定时期的现金流入和流出，是动态财务状况。 (3)报表的格式不同。 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 3(权益筹资的特点 权益融资就是普通股融资，具有如下特点: 从优点方面看来:权益融资具有永久性;没有固定的股利负担;它是企业最基本的资金 来源;权益融资容易吸收资金。 从缺点方面看来:成本较高;转移企业的控制权。 4(小企业筹集资金的原则 (1)最佳资本结构原则。 (2)合理性原则。 二、一般了解 1(影响负债筹资或权益筹资选择的因素 2(银行贷款、商业信用和政府资助三种筹资方式的优劣及影响因素 3(小企业可获得商业信用的种类 第四章 小企业市场营销 一、重点掌握 1(小企业市场营销的特点 (1)贴近顾客，产品天生源于市场需求。 (2)经营灵活，适应市场变化的能力强。 (3)经营业务“小而专、小而特”，是小企业生命力的基石。 (4)竞争力相对较弱，属于市场弱势群体，易受市场及外部条件冲击。 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 2(顾客满意的含义 顾客满意，是指一个人通过对某一产品价值在使用中的可感知效果与他之前的预期价值比较后，所形成的愉悦或失望的感觉状态。如果可感知效果低于期望，顾客就会不满意。如果可感知效果与期望相匹配，顾客就满意。如果可感知效果超过期望，顾客就会高度满意。 3(营销传播工具组合 营销传播工具组合，也叫做促销组合，主要由五种传播工具组成，即:广告、销售促进、公共关系、人员销售和直复营销。 二、一般了解 1(小企业常用的定价方法 (分销渠道及其类型 2 3(影响消费者购买行为的主要因素 第五章 小企业的电子商务与客户关系管理 一、重点掌握 1(电子商务的含义。 对于电子商务，可以从以下几个方面来理解: (1)狭义的电子商务主要指以“电子”的方式进行的商业交易。 (2)广义的电子商务是一种“通过改善产品和服务质量、提高服务传递速度，满足政府组织、厂商和消费者降低成本的需求”的全新商务活动形态。 (3)电子商务是一个电子化的过程，是一个渐进的和长期的过程。 2(网络营销及其特征。 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 网络营销是指通过利用现代信息技术、网络技术和多媒体交互技术等，使企业在创造和提供顾客价值上，获得在传统营销中所不具有的一些独特优势而开展的电子化营销。 首先，网络营销是电子商务，特别是电子交易发生与实现的催化剂和推进器。 其次，网络营销与狭义电子商务是相生相伴、相辅相成的一对“孪生兄弟”。 再次，网络营销的核心在于对企业是电子交换或交易，对顾客则是需求的更有效的满足。 最后，网络营销存在并作用于电子商务活动的全过程，而不仅仅是交易发生的瞬间或之前。 3(网络渠道的模式 网络渠道一般指借助互联网技术和信息技术实现由订货、结算到交付和售后服务等一系列相互依存的中间环节组成的系统。它有三种基本模式:B―B，即企业对企业的模式;B―C，即企业对消费者模式;C―C，即网上拍卖交易。 二、一般了解 1(电子商务的基本过程 2(网络广告及其优点 3(供应链管理、客户关系管理 第六章 小企业人才战略 一、重点掌握 1(人力资源管理的内涵及其最终目标 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 人力资源管理就是企业通过工作分析、人力资源规划、员工招聘选拔、绩效考评、薪酬管理、员工激励、人才培训和开发等一系列手段来提高劳动生产率，最终达到企业发展目标的一种管理行为。 人力资源管理的最终目标是促进企业目标的实现。 2(小企业人才开发的优势与劣势 优势:不拘一格降人才;报酬灵活。 劣势:知名度低;条件差;没有安全感;对小企业的认识上的误区。 3(小企业人才引进的方法 (1)同有关科研部门或大专院校建立技术协作关系，聘请技术和管理人员到小企业进行现场指导。 (2)聘请顾问。 (3)与大企业协作。 (4)寻找并聘用“闲置人才”。 (5)“余热发电”，吸引和聘用对口的离退休人员到企业中发挥“余热”。 4(小企业需要引进的人才以及注意事项 小企业应大力引进三种人才:退休人才、结构性富余人员和潜在人才。 引进人才时应该注意的问题: 切忌打价格战;切忌人才高消费;切忌过于超前;引进人才数量要适中。 二、一般了解 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 1(以人为本的管理思想 2(小企业获取人才的途径以及应注意的问题 3(小企业的职务分析 4(小企业的用人方略 5(小企业的人才激励方法 第七章 小企业创新 一、重点掌握 1(小企业的创新优势与劣势 小企业创新的优势: (1)小企业创新是产业先导性创新。 (2)小企业创新更注重实效。 (3)小企业创新有较好的组织保障。 (4)业主支持是小企业创新的重要保证。 (5)政府扶助是小企业的创新支持。 小企业创新的劣势: (1)信息不畅的制约。 (2)资金不足的制约。 (3)人才缺乏的制约。 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on (4)环境不良的制约。 2(小企业成长阶段的技术创新战略 小企业进入成长阶段后，企业生产已经具有一定规模，产品成本降低，产品已逐步打开 市场。在这个阶段技术创新可以选用市场渗透战略、产品或服务开发战略和市场竞争战略等 渐进创新战略。 二、一般了解 1(企业创新战略的选择 2(小企业的产品创新 3(小企业的管理创新 小企业管理基础期末复习范围09秋 问答题(简答与论述) 1(小企业的竞争优势。 2(影响小企业的微观环境因素。 3(行业竞争强度的影响因素。 4(小企业获取低成本竞争优势的方法。 5(小企业的经营理念。 6(利基市场及特点。 7(小企业保持竞争优势的方法。 8(小企业常用的经营方式。 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 9(小企业经营战略的含义。 10(资产负债表及其组成内容。 11(利润表及其作用。 12(现金流量表及其作用。 13(小企业的三大财务报表以及它们之间的联系与区别。 14(权益筹资的特点。 15(小企业筹集资金的原则。 16(小企业市场营销的特点。 17(营销传播工具组合。 18(电子商务的含义。 19(差异化战略的优势及其注意。 20(人力资源管理的内涵及其最终目标。 21(小企业进行人才开发的优势与劣势。 22(小企业获取人才的途径。 23(小企业需要引进的人才以及注意事项。 24(小企业的创新优势与劣势。 25(小企业成长阶段的技术创新战略。 考试题型及分值 electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on 单选20、多选20、判断改错15、简答30、论述15。 答疑时间已过。再见～ electricity at no cost, revenue from electricity sales. Poverty alleviation to the removal, to desperate farmers out of poverty, in conjunction with urbanization, new communities are centrally placed. Poverty in the enterprise, enterprise more powerful, more social responsibility, they should allow more people to enjoy the fruits of development. Conditions to encourage private enterprises to establish Charity Fund for poverty alleviation, employment, grants, financial aid and other forms of poverty alleviation activities, let poverty alleviation aid corporate social responsibility in the specific embodiment, the proper meaning of giving back to the community. Finally reveals to implement poverty alleviation policies, older age, incapacity, cannot be achieved through industry support and employment support, such as poverty, children and unable to support the poor, Lo-Fi policy reveals the role to play, eventually incorporated into the low range, and fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. (C) establishing and perfecting retreat mechanism. Poverty alleviation is a dynamic project, we must strengthen the farmers ' information management, dynamic management of poor, really "poor" no place to hide, "poverty" a timely exit, "poor" and "return to the poor" get maximum support and help. To build up the information network system of the poor, poverty the basic information and dynamic entry to the system, to implement dynamic management. According to pro-poor development, timely adjustment on