尿微量白蛋白正常值

尿微量白蛋白正常值 微量白蛋白尿是指在尿中出现微量白蛋白。白蛋白是一种血液中的正常蛋白质～但在生理条件下尿液中仅出现极少量白蛋白。微量白蛋白尿反映肾脏异常渗漏蛋白质。尿微量白蛋白的增高多见于糖尿病肾病、高血压、妊娠子痫前期～是肾损伤的早期敏感指标。尿微量白蛋白正常值的参考值为0.49，2.05mg/mmol〃Cr或4.28—18.14mg/g〃Cr。通常应用尿微量蛋白指标来监测肾病的发生。尿微量蛋白的检测是早期发现肾病最敏感、最可靠的诊断指标。通过尿微量白蛋白的数值～结合发病情况、症状以及病史陈述就可以较为准确的诊断病情. 尿微量白蛋白是评估肾脏受损程度:当发现尿微量白蛋白在20mg/L-200mg/L范围内～尿常规尿蛋白的显示为阴性(-)或(+-)～就属于微量白蛋白尿～这个时候说明肾脏已经损伤～如果患者能够经过规范的修复肾单位～逆转纤维化治疗～尚可彻底修复肾小球～消除蛋白尿。而当尿中微量白蛋白超过200mg/L时～尿常规测试尿蛋白阳性(+)~(+++)～就应该警惕了～此时证明机体已有大量白蛋白漏出～可能出现低蛋白血症～肾病发展离不可逆期只有一步之遥～如果不及时进行医治～就会进入尿毒症期。 edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 微量白蛋白尿诊断 判断依据:尿中蛋白排出增加是糖尿病肾病的特征之一～根据蛋白排出量～可将糖尿病肾病分为早期肾病期和临床肾病期。微量白蛋白尿是临床诊断早期糖尿病肾病的主要依据。 ?正常尿中微量白蛋白小于20微克/分(即30毫克/24小时)。 ?早期肾病期～也叫微量白蛋白尿期～即尿白蛋白排泄率持续在20，200微克/分。 ?临床蛋白尿期～尿蛋白逐渐增多～尿白蛋白排泄率超过200微克/分～也就是超过300毫克/24小时～相当于尿蛋白总量超过0.5克/24小时。 注意事项:微量白蛋白尿用常规的方法基本不能查出～临床上多采用免疫化学技术测定～所以仅仅检查尿常规是不能发现尿中微量白蛋白的。 取样方法 检测尿微量白蛋白时～尿样的留取方式有三种:定时留尿法计算出单位时间内的尿白蛋白排出率。 留尿方法: ?主要取临睡前至次晨这一时间段的尿样本进行检测～?临睡前排尿并准确记录时间(精确到分钟)～睡前尿样不留。 edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the ?第一次之后的每次夜间排尿均留取样本～存到样本收集容器中。 ?清晨起床后排尿～留取样本并准确记录时间。 ?将容器中的尿样本混匀～准确记录尿量～取出一杯尿～送检。 注意事项:要准确记录时间和每次排尿量。检测者将根据尿白蛋白的浓度、尿量及留取尿样的时间(分钟)计算出每分钟的尿白蛋白排出率。 随机留尿法 这种留尿比较简单～只需要随机留取一次尿样本～但需要同时检测尿中的白蛋白及肌酐的浓度～用肌酐比值报告尿白蛋白排出率。 24小时留尿法 留取24小时的尿样本～同时可计算肌酐清除率及24小时尿白蛋白排泄率。 留尿方法: ?早晨起床后排空膀胱。 ?从第二次尿开始到第二天早晨起床后的第一次尿全部收集起来送到医院检测。 注意事项:留尿期间的24小时之内保持正常的正常治疗和饮食～但不要做剧烈运动和较大体力劳动～这会影响样本检测结果。 说明:这3种取样方法中～最准确的是24小时留尿法～这种方法一般用于临床诊断。定时留尿和随机留尿准确度略edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 差～常用于筛查和前期诊断。 尿蛋白偏高 糖女人生活调整 微量白蛋白尿一般问题不大的～只要注意复查就可以了。但是～“糖女人”还需要重视生活调理。 1 防止过劳～糖女人需要运动～但是微量尿蛋白偏高的“糖女人”要注意别让自己运动过量～跳舞～散步～练太极等活动都可以。 2 预防感冒～祛除感染～尤其是尿路感染～这是诱发“糖女人”肾脏损害的重要原因之一。 3 不能随意服用消炎、镇痛药物～如:庆大霉素等抗生素～含钾、汞的药物及中药的苍耳子、雷公藤、草乌等过寒、过热的中药。 4 进食选择易消化、清淡、半流质饮食。 5 饮食中要注意增加高质量蛋白质。 蛋白尿微量需要注意一些问题～上面做了具体介绍～肾病会引起蛋白尿症状～而出现蛋白尿并不一定就是肾病～出现微量的患者要注意。 特别关注:及早检测意义大 微量白蛋白尿期间是是糖尿病肾病唯一可逆转期～在这一时期积极控制血糖并进行针对性治疗减少微量白蛋白尿～可避免糖尿病肾病的进一步发展。 edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 肾脏健康判断:如果6个月内2次做尿液检查～尿微量白蛋白在20-200微克/分(30-300毫克/24小时)～就可以诊断为早期糖尿病肾病。如果期间出现了发烧、感染、心衰、糖尿病酮症酸中毒、泌尿系统感染～大量运动等情况～还需要继续观察并进行定期检测。 专家建议:“糖女人”要定期进行微量蛋白尿筛查 糖尿病肾病是糖尿病严重的微血管并发症～在临床中应特别重视早期诊断～早期干预治疗～这可以延缓肾功能恶化。 建议:?型糖尿病在确诊5年以后要做微量蛋白尿筛查,所有?型糖尿病患者在确诊时及以后每年做一次微量蛋白尿筛查,妊娠糖尿病妇女也需定期检测尿微量白蛋白～具体检测时间和次数应遵医嘱。 尿中有泡沫不等于蛋白尿 很多人都会把尿中有泡沫认为是蛋白尿～这是片面的。正常新鲜尿液为透明、淡黄色的～很少形成气泡。尿液中蛋白质含量增多时～尿液面张力增大～排尿时确实会发现尿中出现较多气泡。泡沫尿与蛋白尿之间并无直接必然的联系～更无法直接推断为肾衰竭的症状。出现泡沫尿需要去医院检查肾功能。 edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 糖尿病肾病分期可分为五期: 糖尿病肾病分期?期:肾小球高滤过期.以肾小球滤过率(GFR)增高和肾体积增大为特征,新诊断的胰岛素依赖型糖尿病病人就已有这种改变,与此同时肾血流量和肾小球毛细血管灌注及内压均增高.这种糖尿病肾病分期?期使肾脏受累的初期改变与高血糖水平一致,是可逆的,经过胰岛素治疗可以恢复,但不一定能完全恢复正常.糖尿病肾病分期?期并没有病理组织学的损害. 糖尿病肾病分期?期:正常白蛋白尿期.这期尿白蛋白排出率(UAE)正常(,20μg/min或,30mg/24h),运动后UAE增高组休息后可恢复.糖尿病肾病分期?期肾小球已出现结构改变,肾小球毛细血管基底膜(GBM)增厚和系膜基质增加,GFR多高于正常并与血糖水平一致,GFR,150mL/min患者的糖化血红蛋白常,9.5%.GFR,150mL/min和UAE,30μg/min的病人以后更易发展为临床糖尿病肾病.糖尿病肾损害?,?期病人的血压多正常.糖尿病肾病分期?,?期病人GFR增高,UAE正常,故此糖尿病肾病分期二期不能称为糖尿病肾病. 糖尿病肾病分期?期:早期糖尿病肾病期.糖尿病肾病分期第三期的主要表现为UAE持续高于20,200μg/min(相当于30,300mg/24h),初期UAE20,70μg/min时GFR开始下降到接近正常(130mL/min).高滤过可能是病人持edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 续微量白蛋白尿的原因之一,当然还有长期代谢控制不良的因素.这一期病人血压轻度升高,降低血压可部分减少尿微量白蛋白的排出.病人的GBM增厚和系膜基质增加更明显,已有肾小球结带型和弥漫型病变以及小动脉玻璃样变,并已开始出现肾小球荒废.据一组长期随诊的结果,此期的发病率为16%,多发生在病程,5年的糖尿病人,并随病程而上升. 糖尿病肾病分期?期:临床糖尿病肾病期或显性糖尿病肾病期.这一期的特点是大量白蛋白尿,UAE,200μg/min或持续尿蛋白每日,0.5g,为非选择性蛋白尿,血压增高.病人的GBM明显增,厚系膜基质增宽,荒废的肾小球增加(平均占36%),残余肾小球代偿性肥大.弥漫型损害病人的尿蛋白与肾小球病理损害程度一致,严重者每日尿蛋白量,2.0g,往往同时伴有轻度镜下血尿和少量管型,而结节型病人尿蛋白量与其病理损害程度之间没有关系.临床糖尿病肾病期尿蛋白的特点,不像其他肾脏疾病的尿蛋白,不因GFR下降而减少.随着大量尿蛋白丢失可出现低蛋白血症和水肿,但典型的糖尿病肾病“三联征”??大量尿蛋白(,3.0g/24h),水肿和高血压,只见于约30%的糖尿病肾病病人.糖尿病肾病性水肿多比较严重,对利尿药反应差,其原因除血浆蛋白低外,至少部分是由于糖尿病肾病的钠潴留比其他原因的肾病综合征严重.这是因为胰岛素改变了组织中Na+K+的运转,无论是?型病人注射的胰岛素或?期病人本身的高胰岛素血症,长期高胰岛edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 素水平即能改变Na+代谢,使糖尿病病人潴Na+,尤其是在高Na+饮食情况下.糖尿病肾病分期?期这一期病人GFR下降,平均每月约下降1mL/min,但大多数病人血肌酐水平尚不高. 糖尿病肾病分期?期:肾功能衰竭期.糖尿病肾病分期?期这类病人一旦出现持续性尿蛋白发展为临床糖尿病肾病,由于肾小球基底膜广泛增厚,肾小球毛细血管腔进行性狭窄和更多的肾小球荒废,肾脏滤过功能进行性下降,导致肾功能衰竭,最后病人的GFR多,10mL/min,血肌酐和尿素氮增高,伴严重的高血压,低蛋白血症和水肿.糖尿病肾病分期的第五期病人普遍有氮质血症引起的胃肠反应,如食欲减退,恶心,呕吐,并可继发贫血和严重的高血钾代谢性酸中毒和低钙搐搦,还可继发尿毒症性神经病变和心肌病变,这些严重的合并症常是糖尿病肾病尿毒症病人致死的原因,所以应该特别注意谨防糖尿病肾病分期?期的发生. 另外,糖尿病肾病是糖尿病最严重的微血管并发症之一.糖尿病肾病导致的尿毒症已成为糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因,由该原因导致死亡的糖尿病患者约占31岁以下糖尿病患者的27%,31%.据统计,在我国的糖尿病患者中并发肾病的占1/3以上,并发肾功能不全者高达6.5%,其中到了尿毒症阶段的患者占1.2%.由此可见,糖尿病肾病的发生率是很高的.因此糖友要特别注意糖尿病肾病分期,提早预防糖尿病肾病的发生. edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the 病情分析: 糖尿病肾病糖尿病肾病是特别常见和比较麻烦的糖尿病并发症.是是糖尿病最严重的并发症之一,又是终末期肾病主要原因. 意见建议: 临床上分为五期. 1,以肾小球率过滤增高和肾体积增大为特征,经过胰岛素治疗可以恢复,但并不一定能完全恢复正常 2,该期尿蛋白排出量正常,但肾小球已经出现结构的改变 3,又叫早期糖尿病肾病,尿蛋白排出量为20到200微克每分,血压轻度升高 4,临床糖尿病肾病或者是显性糖尿病肾病,特点为大量蛋白尿大于3.5克每天,水肿和高血压 5,终末期肾功能衰竭 糖尿病肾病的患者应该早发现早治疗,且治疗不是单纯的中医或者是西医可以治疗好的,若控制不住,病情继续进展下去会出现肾功能的异常,患者今后的工作生活等影响很大.建议尽快采取中西医结合的治疗,通过西医对症控制,中医中药针对受损的肾脏修复,使各项检查结果恢复正常,避免病情继续进展下去,防止反复,达到真正的治疗目的. 平时多饮水,保持每日饮水量和尿量在1500-2000ml左右,以利于代谢废物的排出.严格控制饮食中蛋白的含量,0.6-0.8edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the g/kg/天,并选择优质蛋白质如鱼和肉等.严格控制血糖,以为 高血糖会加重糖尿病肾脏病变的发展.严格控制血压,尽量使 血压控制在130/80mmHg以下5.避免服用对肾脏有损害的 药物禁止吸烟,这是因为高血糖,高血压,高蛋白饮食,吸烟等 是加重糖尿病肾病的重要因素. edges should be cleaned, after making sure that no defect shall be marked with a marker pen to write down welding near the weld, including the slogan of welding, welders, etc. (16) welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment pipe welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment process conditions welding Qian Preheat and the welding Hou heat treatment temperature table project material welding Qian preheat temperature (?) welding Hou heat treatment and the insulation time (?/H) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) wall thick (mm) temperature (?) 20 ? 26 100~200 >36 600~650/1-1.5 15CrMo ? 10 150~200 >10 670~700/1.2-2 Preheat and the heat treatment process in the, Inner and outer wall temperature shall be kept uniform, in order to avoid internal stresses. Preheating before welding and post weld heat treatment, shall measure and record the temperature, temperature measurement locations and number of points are reasonable. Prone to weld delayed crack of steel, post weld heat treatment after welding should be carried out promptly, when not conducting timely post weld heat treatment, should be uniformly heated to 200~300? immediately after welding and insulation and slow cooling, ... 26mm more than 20 steel pipe welding preheating before welding should be carried out, 36mm the above heat treatment after welding should be done. Before welding and heat treatment used oxyacetylene flame heating, heat treatment after welding using special heat treatment after welding equipment. Hardness after heat treatment of welds needed testing. 6.5.4 sides of the dissimilar steel welding when were non-austenitic steel or austenitic steel, alloy content according to lower one side of the base metal or selecting welding material in between. When one of the sides of material when austenitic steels, should select the