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樱桃种植技术方法

2017-09-30 11页 doc 42KB 13阅读

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樱桃种植技术方法樱桃种植技术方法 技术规程 优质的苗木是大樱桃生产的基础,苗木质量的好坏不仅直接影响到树体生长的快慢、结果的早晚和产量的高低,而且对树体的适应性和抗逆性也有很大影响。因此,生产中要注重繁育优质、健壮的苗木。现将苗木繁育技术规程介绍如下。 适宜砧木的选择 大樱桃砧木的类型较多,主要有中国樱桃中的莱阳矮樱桃和大叶型草樱桃(又名"大青叶")、毛把酸、马哈利和考脱等。实践证明,大叶型草樱桃对土壤适应性强,最适宜在沙壤土或砾质壤土生长;对根癌病有良好的抗性;与大樱桃品种嫁接亲和力强,根系分布深,粗根多,嫁接的大樱桃长势健壮,固地...
樱桃种植技术方法
樱桃种植技术方法 技术规程 优质的苗木是大樱桃生产的基础,苗木质量的好坏不仅直接影响到树体生长的快慢、结果的早晚和产量的高低,而且对树体的适应性和抗逆性也有很大影响。因此,生产中要注重繁育优质、健壮的苗木。现将苗木繁育技术规程介绍如下。 适宜砧木的选择 大樱桃砧木的类型较多,主要有中国樱桃中的莱阳矮樱桃和大叶型草樱桃(又名"大青叶")、毛把酸、马哈利和考脱等。实践证明,大叶型草樱桃对土壤适应性强,最适宜在沙壤土或砾质壤土生长;对根癌病有良好的抗性;与大樱桃品种嫁接亲和力强,根系分布深,粗根多,嫁接的大樱桃长势健壮,固地性好,不易倒伏,易丰产。故生产中宜选用大叶型草樱桃作为繁育大樱桃的砧木。 圃地选择和整理 1、适宜圃地繁育大樱桃优新品种的苗圃地,最好选择背风向阳、土质肥沃、不重茬、不积涝、排水良好,又有水浇条件的中性壤土或沙壤土。 2、圃地整理育苗圃地,要在冬前按5000-6000克/平米撒施基肥,施后深刨。翌春育苗前,再耕翻一遍,耙平整细,作畦。 砧苗繁育方法 1、分株育苗大叶型草樱桃的根茎周围易产生大量根寨苗,生产中常通过分株繁殖将其作为大樱桃的砧木利用。其方法是:在春、夏季将根系周围长出的根蘖苗,培30厘米左右厚的土,使其生根,秋后或翌春发芽前把生根的萌蘖从植株上分离,集中定植或栽到苗圃地培养,以供嫁接大樱桃。 2、压条育苗生产中大樱桃砧木苗压条繁殖的方法,主要有直立压条和水平压条。 ?直立压条:秋季或早春将大樱桃砧木苗定植在繁育圃中。定植时首先按1-1.5米的行距挖深30厘米左右的沟,再按50-60厘米的株距将砧木苗栽入沟内,其根颈要低于地面。砧苗萌芽前留5-6芽剪截,待芽萌发新梢长到20厘米左右时,进行第1次培土,厚约10厘米,新梢长至40厘米时再培土10厘米。每次培土后均应追肥、灌水。以后加强综合管理,并根据情况适当培土,秋季落叶后,即可扒土分株。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service ?水平压条也称埋干压条:是目前大樱桃砧苗繁殖应用较多的一种方法。早春先按行距60-70厘米,开深、宽各为20厘米的沟,再将优良的1年生砧苗,顺沟斜栽于沟内,砧苗与地面的夹角为300左右,株距大致等于苗高,栽后踏实并浇足底水。苗木成活后,侧芽萌发,抽生新梢,当新梢长至10厘米左右时,将砧苗水平压入沟底,用小枝杈固定,并培土2厘米左右覆盖苗干,然后浇水。以后随新梢生长,分次覆土,直至与地面齐平。为促进苗木生长,于6月上、中旬结合覆土施尿素20千克/亩。苗木长势好的,可于6月下旬至7月上旬在圃内嫁接,长势差的可在9月份嫁接。秋季起苗时分段截成独立的砧苗。 苗木嫁接 1、苗木嫁接多采用"T"形芽接和板片芽接法。 烟台大樱桃 ?"T"形芽接烟台大樱桃产区,"T"形芽接的适宜时间,分为前期和后期。前期在6月上中旬的15-20天内;后期在7月中旬末至8月份,有时可延续至9月中旬,为期50天左右。嫁接过早(5月份),接穗幼嫩,皮层薄,接芽发育不充实。嫁接过晚(9月中旬以后),枝条多已停止生长,接芽不易剥离。7月上中旬正值"伏雨"季节,接后易流胶,接口难愈合。掌握芽接时间,是提高成活率的关键之一。 不同时间嫁接,要有区别地选择接穗和接芽。前期(6月上中旬)芽接时,要选用健壮枝条中部的5-6个饱满芽作为接芽。后期(7-8月份)芽接时,健壮接穗上,除基部芽和秋梢芽外,均可用作接芽。9月份芽接,则要从树冠内膛的徒长枝上,选取饱满芽作接芽。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 嫁接时,在接穗芽的上方0.5厘米处横切一刀,再从芽的下方1.5厘米处,由浅入深向上削入木质部至上切口处,轻轻往上一翘,然后用手捏住芽片一侧即取下2厘米大小的盾形芽片。再在砧木的基部10厘米左右处选择阴面光滑的部位,用芽接刀切一"T"字型刀口,深达木质部。然后用刀尖自上而下地轻轻剥开左右两片皮层,随即将削好的接芽插入砧木的切口,使接芽上端与砧木横切口对齐贴紧,然后用塑料条绑严即可。 ?板片芽接这种方法全年均可使用。嫁接用砧木粗度应在0.7厘米以上,接穗宜采集1年生枝,选用饱满芽作接芽。嫁接时,在砧木基部距地面10厘米左右处,选择光滑的部位,沿垂直方向,轻轻削成长2.5厘米左右、深2毫米左右的长椭圆形削面。切削接芽时,在接芽以下1.5厘米处下刀,将芽片轻轻从接穗上削下,削成长2.5厘米,厚2毫米左右的长椭圆形芽片。然后,将芽片紧紧贴在砧木的削面上,用塑料薄膜带包严绑紧即可。 接后管理 1、适时解绑。嫁接后半月左右检查接芽是否成活,如果接芽新鲜,有所膨大,表明已成活。对未成活的应及时补接,成活的接芽一般25天左右即可解绑条,以免影响接芽萌发。 2、剪砧除萌。嫁接成活后或春季萌芽前,在接芽上方1厘米处剪砧。在砧芽萌发时,要及时抹除砧木上的萌芽,以促使接芽萌发生长。以后,还要连续除萌3-4次。当新梢生长到20厘米以上时,应在苗木旁插一支柱,用麻绳或塑料薄膜带将新梢绑缚固定在支柱上,以防受风折断新梢。 3、肥水管理。为了促进苗木生长,要加强肥水管理。根据干旱及苗木生长情况及时浇水、追肥。前期以氮肥为主,后期以磷钾肥为主。每次追肥后都应浇水,并经常中耕除草。整个生长季还可进行2-3次根外追肥。为提高苗木的越冬抗寒能力,防止抽干,后期要适当控水、控肥,以免苗木贪青徒长,组织不充实。 4、病虫防治。苗木生长期间,要搞好病虫防治。萌发后,要严防小灰象甲,可人工捕捉,也可用80%晶体敌百虫做成毒饵诱杀。6-7月份可选用50%杀螟硫磷乳油1000倍液或2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油2500倍液防治梨小食心虫危害。7-8月份喷1-2次65%代森锌可湿性粉剂500倍液、或40%多?锰锌600-800倍液、或硫酸锌石灰液(硫酸锌1份,消石灰4份,水240份,并充分混合),预防细菌性穿孔病,防止早期落叶。卷叶蛾、刺蛾等害虫,可喷25%灭幼脲3号2000倍液或50%敌敌畏乳油1000-1500倍液防治。 5、根部坏死现象处理。立枯病、根茎腐烂病。立枯病可用甲托、百菌清等 [1]喷雾防治;腐烂病用甲基硫菌灵或多菌灵等防治。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 苗木出圃 一般在苗木落叶后土壤封冻前进行起苗出圃,起苗时要尽量保持根系完整。先剔除病苗和嫁接未成活苗,然后根据苗干高矮、粗细,以和嫁接未成活苗,然后根据苗干高矮、粗细,以及根系发育状况等进行分级。用于当地建园的,可直接定植。留待翌春建园的,可选择背风而不积水的地方,挖深1米左右的假植沟,将苗木斜放其中,然后培土至苗高2/3处假植起来。 包装外运的苗木,可按等级每50-100株扎成1捆,根部用湿润草包包裹,以防根系失水。然后在每捆苗木上系好标签,注明品种、规格和数量,即可交付外运。 编辑本段作物肥料选择 樱桃树生长迅速,发育阶段性明显而且集中。枝叶的生长和开花坐果都集中在生长季节的前半期,花芽分化多在采果后的短时间内完成。中国樱桃从开花到采收大约50天,甜(大)樱桃约60天。为此,要根据樱桃的特性早施肥,抓好基肥、花肥及果后肥。总体上氮肥的用量宜少,磷、钾肥的比例要大,有机肥要多。 基肥秋季早施,不要晚于11月,圈肥、人畜类尿、土杂肥都可施用。一般幼树和初果期的树株施入人畜粪尿30,60千克或圈肥100千克;成龄树株施人畜粪尿60,80千克或圈肥200千克。 追肥时间在开花前或果实第1次速长期,以速效氮肥为主,可提高坐果率,促进枝梢生长和叶片肥大,为花芽分化打好基础。若在盛花初期叶片喷施1,2次0(5%的尿素,加0(5%的硼肥或600倍磷酸二氢钾,更能增加坐果率。 补肥采果后补肥,可增进树体贮备营养和促进花芽分化。采果后,果树从开花结果、抽枝展叶的营养消耗阶段转入营养积累阶段并且开始进入花芽分化的质变期。因此,补肥的种类主要是速效肥,如腐熟的人粪尿、豆饼类及化肥。施肥量可根据树龄和树冠大小以及结果多少而定,一般株施腐熟人粪尿60,80千克,或腐熟豆饼2(5,3千克,或硫酸铵1(5千克,或尿素0(5,1千克。也可叶面喷施。 编辑本段作物生长特点 樱桃树具有树体生长迅速的特点,枝叶生长、开花结果都集中在生长季节的前半期,这一时期既要生长又要大量结果,树体消耗养分多,且花芽分化多在采果后的短时间内完成,据此樱桃树施肥有以下特点: upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 1、重视前期追肥。樱桃开花到果实成熟只需40~60天,需要营养集中,因此施肥管理上,除秋施基肥外,还应进行萌芽前、果实发育初期追肥,第一次以速效性氮肥为主,第二次施用氮磷钾复合肥或果树专用肥。 2、注意采收后施肥。果实采收后,为了增强树体营养积累,促进花芽分化,可追施氮、磷、钾复合肥。 3、施足基肥。以秋季早施为宜,一般每年9~10月份结合翻耕,每667平方米施腐熟有机肥(圈肥、土杂肥、人畜粪均可)2000~5000千克。 4、根外追肥。盛花期喷施0.3%尿素、0.1~0.2%硼砂、0.2~0.4%磷酸二氢钾混合液,对增产有较好效果。 5、施肥方法。樱桃树垂直根不发达,根系在土壤中分布浅,但水平根发达。生长期施肥,为减少伤根,可放射线沟施集中穴施。 参考资料 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service
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