日本的教育制度英文介绍

日本的教育英文介绍 篇一:日本政府着手英语教育制度改革 龙源期刊网 .cn 日本政府着手英语教育制度改革 作者: 来源:《世界教育信息》2014年第03期 据日本新闻网2014年1月11日报道，日本文部科学省开始着手英语教育制度改革，并已经制定出了一系列改革计划，包括在小学低年级开展英语教学，允许中学用英语授课，提高教师英语能力等，以培养出能在国际层面上发挥积极作用的高技术人才。 有教育专家示，现行的日本英语教育系统侧重阅读理解和语法，无法使学生充分发展英语交流能力，这将会阻止学生适应全球化浪潮。一位公立学校的英语教师说:“如果考试形式不发生变化，我们教学的方式也很难改变。”下村博文表示:“学生上中学后应该能用英语进行交谈，但在日本情况并非如此。我们正在把英语教学的目的从应试转变为交流。” 文部科学省认为，入学考试的变革能推动英语课堂的变 1 革，而改革遇到的最大挑战是培养合格的教师，该改革计划 成功的关键就在于国家能培养多少有能力的英语教师。文部 科学省计划规定中小学英语教师需要通过一系列的能力测 试，已有大量的教师为此开始参加辅导班。此外，学校将聘 用更多母语为英语的助教。 英语教育专家伊藤检索说，如果学生在小学时就把英语作 为一门正式学科来学习，在中学有更多实用英语的课程，那 么教学将会是非常有效的。但是有的学生在中学一开始学习 语法就厌恶英语，如果小学只是教中学目前在教的东西，只 会让学生更早产生“英语过敏症”，因此培养合格的教师、采 用适合于不同年龄的教学方法非常重要。 (华东师范大学楚明珠、陶媛编译) 篇二:日本美景英语介绍 Golden Pavilion (Japanese: き ん か く じ) official name is actually deer temple (Japanese: ろ く お ん じ), because the building is coated with gold foil, therefore, also known as Golden Pavilion.It is a temple in Kyoto, originally completed in 1397 (should ever four years) of Japan monastery, besides, the renowned tourist attractions, is the Japanese government designated as a national treasure, and in 1994 was designated as a UNESCO world cultural heritage an important historical building. Golden Pavilion is 2 one of the world cultural heritage, officially named deer temple . Fujisan (Japanese Fuji / ふ じ さ ん), is Japan's highest peak, one of the important national symbol of Japan. Active across the yamanashi and shizuoka prefecture, near the Pacific coast, 80 kilometers southwest of Tokyo. Senso-ji Temple is located in Taitouku District of Tokyo. It is an Edo-styled public amusement place currently remained in Japan. Senso-ji Temple is the most ancient temple in Tokyo. Tokugawa Leyasu in Edo period appointed the place as a praying place for his Shogun. 篇三:日本等级制度英文 English name: Estelle Chinese name:何琼(He Qiong) Student number:2012010235 “ Taking One’s Proper Station ” ——Japanese HierarchyThe term “Taking One?s Proper Station” is from the American female cultural anthropologist Ruth Benedict?s book “The Chrysanthemum and The Sword”. “Taking One?s Proper Station” means that everyone can set his mind at rest to stay on the level of their own, be not insurmountable, and only do the duty, which will ensure good order. This is also one of the most important connotations of Japanese hierarchy. Japanese 3 hierarchy penetrated into every corner of Japanese politics, family and etc, affecting Japanese values. Japanese hierarchy has been one of means to be taken to maintain good order in Japan and to ensure the safety of people. Even though it looks like two things generally north and south poles, Japanese treat order and hierarchy the way just as the Americans trust the freedom of faith and peace. For the US, it is very difficult to regard the hierarchical system as an appropriate social mechanism, but the Japanese believe in the role of the hierarchy. It is the basis of understanding the relationship between persons and the relationship between people and countries. In order to fully understand the Japanese hierarchy, this article will briefly summarize the Japanese hierarchy into three aspects: class role, social and family roles and international role, and from the three roles to understand the influence of hierarchy on politics, society and family and so on. 1. Class role Hierarchical class role is mainly played in Japanese politics. Government leaders during each period have made use of hierarchy to maintain social stability and enhance people?s sense of security. 4 From the seven century to the eight century, Japanese officials and private introduced a large number of Chinese cultures. The emperor and his court also used Chinese culture to reform the Japanese society. But Japan did not completely follow the Chinese culture and the transformationwas in order to adapt to the culture of hierarchy. Chinese class status combined with the identity, occupation and other various factors, with strong comprehensive while Japanese class status is relatively “simple”. They didn?t accept the concept of the Chinese emperor secular and thought that the royal family was detached from the secular and only royal family would inherit the throne. Compared with China the change to the throne, the Japanese throne are much more stable. Civil strife continued in 16th century. After decades of civil war, the generals Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated all opponents and became the first Shogun Tokugawa family in 1603. During the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa clan took measures to strengthen the feudal system. The main measure to enhance centralization was division level. It was very complex for Japanese feudal society to divide the feudal hierarchy. Everyone was fixed by means of hereditary 5 position. Tokugawa clan strengthened this system, and regulated specific acts of everyone in their level. Under the royal palace and noble, Tokugawa also divided four castes. The sequence was chevalier (samurai), agriculture (farmers), industry (workers), business (merchant). Besides, there was minimum level was untouchables. They included beggars and many people who worked various occupations other tabooed, such as Scavenger, Who buried death, Stripping the dead skins and tanner etc. These people were ranked outside the formal social organization. The status of the merchant class was just a bit better than untouchables, because traders were seen as the destroyer of feudal system. In the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa clan implemented of the policy of seclusion. The policy provisions were that the people whose boat exceeded construction or drove over a certain number of people were to be sentenced to death, which was purposed to stop the development and expansion of the merchant class. Other related law emphasized the businessman with low social status. For example, “Luxury ban order” provisions was businessman dressed, wore an umbrella, made arrangements for weddings, funerals when the amount 6 spent and so on. Tokugawa Shogunate fixed these two classes of samurai and farmers to maintain feudal social stability. Tokugawa confiscated weapons for farmers, and only samurai has the power of the sword. Samurai could not work as other classes could do, totally dependent on Daimyo, relied on rice as a salary each year from taxes extracted farmers to earn a living. There was also a huge difference between samurai and other three classes. Three classes were the “common people” while samurai swords also showed their privilege. Tokugawa decree provides: “the common people who were rude for samurai or misconduct of noble should immediately be headed”. For farmer class, they had to deliver to the government heavy taxes every year, which was used to feed samurai, government agencies, as well as the royal family. In a state of extreme poverty, farmers would also rebel against the feudal lords and shogun authorities. However, its resistance process is orderly. Generally peasant leaders submitted a petition up to feudal lords. If the feudal lords denied, the peasant leader could submit the petition up to shogun. Then the judgment would be half benefited to farmers. However, farmers leaders had been destroyed the basic law “must be loyal” by the 7 behavior of the insurgents. No matter how right the insurgents starting point, they must be sentenced to death. These insurgents or farmers also thought these inevitable without complaints to accept. This showed hierarchical class role was played deeply in the heart of Japanese. The core of maintaining order of the four classes was different laws for each class, which led the four classes “Taking One?s Proper Station”. However, the difference between four classes was not insurmountable. As long as the different classes of individual resources complementary, lower-class people could, through marriage, adoptive, adoption and other ways, obtain a higher status, thus changing their social status. This could enhance to social mobility to reduce conflicts between classes. For example, business class tried to use these ways to make their sons or posterities become samurai to change social status. But this did not destroy the hierarchy, because these people recognized the gap between the classes. However, this flow was difficult for most people, and even unable to conceive of it. In general, hierarchy was benefited to Tokugawa shogunate. In 1868, Japan entered the modern period, the Meiji 8 restoration period. For the establishment of what kind of Japan, Japanese Meiji government politicians Kido Takayoshi who Ito Hirobumi dispatch to the United Kingdom to hear Spencer?s comments. Spencer, referring to Japanese hierarchical wrote: “Japanese society, there was a national of rich basis that any country was incomparably -- the ?elders? traditional obligations, in particular obligations to the Emperor of Japan, would was a valuable resource for Japan. The Japanese would be under the leadership of the ?elder? steady progress, and overcome inevitable difficulties in many countries individualism”. In the political field, the Meiji government clearly divided obligations between the country and the people. Meiji government took measure “Abolition of the han system”, which cancelled each Daimyo lord qualification and hereditary system, with “county” instead of the administrative units of the “fan”. Buckingham was still a royal family. The ruling class of nobles, lords, daimyo unity called “Chinese family”, samurai to “Nobles”, industrial and commercial including untouchable unity to civilians. Noble?s class privileges were canceled. Such division just simplified the hierarchy, the ruling class and civilians still had the very big difference. 9 Until Japan defeat after World War II, the U.S. military occupation of Japan, Japan government just passed a law to achieve the personality equality. Japan?s rulers could rule the country powerfully and did not have to be fully accepted about public opinion and the government only required the support of “the public”, that was huge different from the United States. The government was run by elites while elected characters would not be included. House of Representatives elected by universal suffrage represent views of voters, only to criticize and question of senior officials, but no real say in the appointment, removal and decision-making, the budget and so on. That is a reflection of a caste system to ensure “Excellency” to lead Japan. Past experience that the Japanese had got into the habit of “obedience” and this habit has been solidified in their moral system and etiquette. As long as these “Excellency” occupying their place, their level of privilege would be respected by Japanese. Hierarchical class role was played in the field of political affecting Japanese, making people gradually get used to the hierarchy, trusting hierarchy could protect their safety, which has gradually formed this kind of psychological 10 “Taking One?s Proper Station”. Even in the process of learning from the West, Japanese leaders did not give up the hierarchy. Japan?s leaders happily see the formation of this “Taking One?s Proper Station” psychological, because it would be helpful to rule and to reduce unnecessary friction between classes. 2.Social and Family roles Hierarchy not only plays a significant role in the political, but also penetrates into the field of society, family life in Japan. Hierarchy gradually contributed to the formation of Japanese etiquette and manner. “Taking One?s Proper Station” has become a rule of life the Japanese believe in. How to respect the hierarchy is a kind of art. It also requires that the Japanese etiquette could reach to it. In Japan, the family is a place w(转 载 于:wWW.xlTkWJ.Com 小 龙文 档 网:日本的教育制度英 文介绍)here people can learn manners and observe the etiquette 11