苯及苯的同系物习题

苯及苯的同系物习题 苯的同系物?典型例题 A(CH B(CH C(CH D(CHCH 64810610653 【分析】同系物是通式相同，结构相似，分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH原子团的一系列物质，上述物质中B和D都符合苯和苯的同系 2 为同系物。 【】D。 【例2】已知二氯苯的同分异构体有三种，从而可以推知四氯苯的同分异构体数目是 [ ] A(1 B(2 C(3 D(4 E(5 【分析】二氯苯的三种异构体分别为两个氯原子在邻、间、对的位置，则可设想苯环上的H原子全换成Cl原子，其中2个Cl被H代换，即相当于二氯苯，也应是邻、间、对位，即有三种异构体。 【答案】C。 【例3】能够说明苯分子中不存在单、双键，而是所有碳碳键完全相同的事实是 [ ] A(甲苯无同分异构体 B(苯分子中各原子均在一个平面内，各键键角均为120? C(邻二甲苯只有一种 D(1mol苯最多只能与3mol H加成 2 【分析】苯分子中各原子均在一个平面内，各键键角均为120?，说明苯分子中六元环上的碳碳键键长相等，若由单、双键构成，其键长不可能相等，单键键长一定大于双键的键长，故B正确;若苯分子中存甲苯只有一种，则说明所有碳碳键完全相同。 【答案】BC urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway 【例4】某烃的同系物质量百分组成中均含碳85.71,，则该烃是 [ ] A(烷烃 B(烯烃或环烷烃 C(炔烃或二烯烃 D(苯及其同系物 【分析】逐个计算各类烃的含碳百分率，然后对号入座，显然并非本题解题最佳途径。可用整体思维法:因为CH的同系物随碳原子数的增n2n+2 多，含碳百分率增加，而CH，CH的同系物均随碳原子数的n2n-2n2n-6 100,是一常数，不必计算是否等于85.71,，因为只有烯烃或环烷烃的各同系物中含碳百分率相同。 【答案】B 【例5】下列化合物分别跟溴和铁粉反应，苯环上的氢原子被取代，所得一溴代物CHBr有三种同分异构体的是 [ ] 89 乙苯分子结构中只有一个支链，因此存在左、右对称关系， 【分析】A 两个与乙基邻位的碳原子上的氢被取代是相同的，两个与乙基成间位关系的碳原子上的氢被取代是相同的。对位上的氢原子被取代为第三种同分异构体。 2种。 C 间二甲苯中，只有两个碳原子存在对称关系，因此一溴代物有三种。 urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway D 对二甲苯的结构特殊，上、下，左、右结构全对称，因此一溴代物只有一种。 【答案】A、C。 【例6】下列各组有机物中，两者一氯代物的种数相同的是 [ ] A(对二甲苯和2,2-二甲基丙烷 B(萘和联三苯 C(甲苯和2-甲基丙烷 D(正戊烷和正己烷 【分析】要想准确、迅速分析判断出有机物同分异构体的数目，就必须在草稿纸上迅速写出有机物的结构简式或碳架结构，分析结构的特点，然后做出判断。 A 对二甲苯结构上下对称，左右也对称，苯环上氢原子被取代可生成一种一氯化物，甲基上的氢原子被取代又可以生成一种一氯代物。 2,2-二甲基丙烷，从结构分析，相当于一个碳原子上有4个甲基相连，故一氯取代物只有1种。 B 萘属于稠环芳烃，两苯环相并处无氢原子，相并的两个苯环上下对称，左右对称，故一氯代物有两种。联三苯属多环芳烃，三苯环之间有碳碳单键相连，但从结构分析，也是上下对称，左右对称，故有4种一氯代物。 urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway C 甲苯结构只有左右对称关系，因此苯环上氢原子被取代生成的一氯代物有3种(邻、间、对)，甲基上的氢原子被取代还有一种。2-甲基丙烷，可以看成中间的碳原子连接三个甲基和一个氢原子，因此一氯取代物有2种。 D 正戊烷和正己烷，从碳架结构分析可知都有左右对称关系，因此一氯代物都有3种。 【答案】D 【例7】用化学方法鉴别苯、己烷、己烯和甲苯四种液体。 【分析】本题鉴别几种物质，要求方法简单，现象明显。先用酸性KMnO溶液可以分出两组:即不褪色的是第一组:苯、己烷;使KMnO溶液44褪色的为第二组:是己烯、甲苯。再用浓HSO和溴水可以分别检验第一24 组、第二组两种物质。 【答案】 【例8】某一定量的苯的同系物完全燃烧，生成的气体依次通过浓HSO24和NaOH溶液，经测定，前者增重10.8g，后者增重39.6g(设吸收率均为100,)。又知经氯化处理后，该苯的同系物苯环上的一氯代物、二氯代物、三氯代物分别都只有一种。根据上述条件: (1)推断该苯同系物的分子式;(2)写出该苯的同系物的结构简式。 【分析】(1)设一定量的苯的同系物含碳xg，含氢yg。 CO——C HO——2H 22 44g 12g 18g 2g 39.6g xg 10.8g yg x=10.8(g) y=1.2(g) urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway 苯的同系物通式为CH n2n-6 (2)苯环的一氯代物、二氯代物、三氯代物分别都只有一种，由此可推出结构简式为: 】完全燃烧0.1mol某烃后，在标准状况下测得生成CO为20.16L 【例92和10.8mL水，求其分子式并指出属于哪类物质,该烃不与溴水反应，而能被酸性KMnO溶液氧化。0.01mol该烃氧化产物，恰好与0.5mol/L苛性4 钠溶液40mL中和。写出该烃可能有的结构简式。 =0.1?0.9?0.6=1?9?6 C?H=9?12分子式 CH 912 从分子式分析不饱和程度很大，但又不与溴水反应，说明该烃不是烯烃、二烯烃、炔烃，而应是芳香烃。又知能被酸性KMnO溶液氧化，说明4 苯环上有易被氧化的侧链，为苯的同系物。 n(NaOH),0.5×0.04=0.02(mol) 0.01mol烃的氧化产物与0.02mol NaOH中和，说明氧化产物为二元羧酸。 苯的同系物被酸性KMnO溶液氧化时，无论侧链有多长，每个铡连被4 氧化的结果都变成一个羧基。 urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway 由此可推断苯的同系物应该有两个侧链，为甲基乙基苯。 【答案】分子式CH(苯的同系物) 912 【例10】完全燃烧0.1mol某烃，将燃烧后的产物通过浓HSO后再通24过碱石灰，发现前者增重10.8g，后者增重39.6g，求该烃的分子式。在一定条件下，该烃能和液溴反应，但不能使溴的CCl溶液褪色;它还能被4+KMnO(H)溶液氧化，0.01mol氧化产物恰好和0.5mol/L的NaOH溶液40mL4 完全反应，写出该烃的结构简式和名称;若苯环上的一溴代物只有二种，确定是什么烃, 【分析】首先根据燃烧产物CO和HO的量求出分子式，根据性质和22+通式确定该烃为苯的同系物，它被KMnO(H)溶液氧化时，不论侧链上4 碳原子的多少，最终都被氧化成羧基，苯环上有几个侧链，就被氧化成几个羧基。再根据氧化产物和NaOH的量可以确定侧链的多少，写出同分异构体的结构简式，最后根据一溴代物的数目确定为对甲乙苯。 烃中含有0.9molC原子，1.2molH原子，所以烃的分子式为CH。它能被912+KMnO(H)溶液氧化，又符合CH的通式，判断该烃为苯的同系物，此4n2n-6 外能与液溴反应，但不能使溴的CCl溶液褪色，就进一步确定为苯的同系4 物。 又因为0.01mol氧化产物恰好和0.5mol/L的NaOH溶液40mL完全中和，故为二元酸，因此原物质是带有两个侧链的苯的同系物，可能是 urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway (对甲乙苯)，由于苯环上的一溴代物只有两种同分异构体，故该烃只能 【例11】燃烧0.2mol某烃时，总共生成14.4g水。试推断该烃可能的结构简式和名称。 【分析】从题目所给条件，只能求出烃分子中的氢原子数，因此凡是分子中含有这个数目氢原子的烃都属于本题答案。 设该烃是CH xy 若为烷烃CH，2n，2=8，n=3，烷烃只有丙烷CH——CH——CH。 n2n，2323 若为炔烃CH，2n-2=8，n=5 炔烃为戊炔CH， n2n-258 urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway 若为二烯烃CH(不考虑聚集二烯) 58 2-甲基-1，3-丁二烯 【答案】见分析 【例12】某烃相对分子质量为120，含碳90,，求烃的分子式。该烃经酸性KMnO溶液氧化得到一种分子式为CHO的产物。写出该烃可能有4864 的结构简式和名称。 【分析】该烃分子中含碳原子数(120×90,)?12=9，含氢原子数120×(1-90,)?1=12，所以烃的分子式为CH。 912 从烃分子组成可知为苯的同系物。苯的同系物因为侧链受苯环的影响，能被酸性KMnO溶液氧化。甲基——CH被氧化成羧基，甲苯被氧化的43 产物是苯甲酸。苯的其他同系物乙苯、二甲苯等均能被酸性KMnO溶液氧4化。而且不论侧链长短，每个侧链均被氧化成羧基。有两个侧链被氧化的产物是苯二甲酸，有三个侧链被氧化的产物是苯三甲酸。 urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway 因此用酸性KMnO溶液可以鉴别苯和苯的同系物。从酸性KMnO溶液44 氧化苯的同系物后的生成物也可以推断确定苯的同系物侧链的数目。 该烃被酸性KMnO溶液氧化后生成物的分子式为CHO，是苯二甲酸，4864 说明只有两个侧链。又知烃分子式为CH，说明分子中侧链有一个甲基和912 一个乙基。甲基乙基苯有3种同分异构体。 答案: urban traffic structure in the urban public transport system, rail traffic with a fast, large capacity, low pollution and high efficiency, become an indispensable part of urban traffic structure, is the contradiction between supply and demand of the growing metropolis, cities, effective means to meet the needs of urban traffic. The following table is a rail transport and other modes of urban passenger transport capacity, transportation speed and resource consumption, and so on. Comparison of urban passenger traffic characteristics table 5.1-2 traffic volume (human/h) transport speed (km/people) Road area occupied (M2/people) scope bike 2,000 10-15 3,000 short car 20-50 10-20 wide bus 6,000-9,000 1-2 40-60 0.25-0.5 from the Metro light rail of 10,000-30,000 in long-distance line 3 More than 0,000 40-60 do not occupy an area both in terms of transport over long distances, transport efficiency, or from the level of resource consumption and environmental pollution, rail transport is undoubtedly an effective means to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities. Especially in urban population strength enormous traffic demand on the route to ease traffic pressure, rail transportation has incomparable advantages. Washington, DC, area of 177km2, and a population of 600,000, is a United States political center. For the Washington Metro system United States second-busiest subway, second only to the New York subway, opened in 1976. Current rail sizes for 5, station 86, total 171.6km, net annual passenger volume reached 223 million people. According to statistics, from 2000 to 2009 vehicle trip down 12.7%, bus travel has increased by 12%. Objectives of the Washington Metro system boils down to the following three points: by driving onto the tracks at the station transfer mode in order to alleviate traffic congestion; For those who will not or cannot drive the person with a better option than conventional public transit; Block highway