弱电解质的电离平衡

弱电解质的电离平衡 水溶液中的离子平衡 弱电解质的电离平衡 [考求] 1.了解电解质的概念，了解强电解质和弱电解质的概念。2.了解电解质在水溶液中的电离，以及电解质溶液的导电性。3.了解弱电解质在水溶液中的电离平衡。 知识点一 强、弱电解质 1(电解质与非电解质 (1)电解质:在________里或________状态下能导电的________; (2)非电解质:在水溶液里和熔融状态下______不能导电的________。 2(强电解质和弱电解质 (1)概念 (2)与化合物类型的关系 强电解质主要是大部分________化合物及某些________化合物。弱电解质主要是某些________化合物。 问题思考 1((1)强电解质溶液的导电能力一定比弱电解质导电能力强吗, (2)能导电的物质一定是电解质吗, 2(强电解质一定易溶于水吗,易溶于水的电解质一定是强电解质吗, 3(电离方程式的书写 (1)强电解质用______，弱电解质用______。 (2)多元弱酸分步电离，且第一步电离程度远远大于第二步，如碳酸电离方程式:________________________________________________________________________， ________________________________________________________________________。 (3)多元弱碱电离方程式一步写成，如氢氧化铁电离方程式: ________________________________________________________________________。 知识点二 弱电解质的电离平衡 1(概念 弱电解质的电离平衡是指在一定条件下(温度、浓度)，弱电解质__________的速率和______________的速率相等的状态。如下图所示: engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 2(特征 3(外界条件的影响 电离平衡是一个吸热过程，主要受温度、浓度的影响。 (1)浓度:增大弱电解质的浓度，电离平衡________移动，溶质分子的电离程度减小;增大离子的浓度，电离平衡向左移动，溶质分子的电离程度________。 (2)温度:升高温度，电离平衡______移动，电离程度增大;降低温度，电离平衡向左移动，电离程度________。 问题思考 3(电离平衡右移～电解质分子的浓度一定减小吗,离子的浓度一定增大吗 , 知识点三 电离常数 表达式 1( 对一元弱酸HA: ，, HAH，A K,____________。 a 对一元弱碱BOH: ，,BOHB，OH K,______________。 b 2(特点 (1)电离常数只与__________有关，升温，K值________。 (2)多元弱酸的各级电离常数的大小关系是K?K?K，所以其酸性主要决定于第一步a1a2a3 电离。 意义 3( 电离常数数值的大小，可以估算弱电解质电离的趋势。K值越大，电离程度越大，酸(或碱)性越强。如相同条件下常见弱酸的酸性强弱: HSO>HPO>HF>CHCOOH>HCO>HS>HClO 23343232 问题思考 4(为什么说温度升高电离平衡常数(K或K)增大, ab 5(为什么多元弱酸的K?K?K a1a2a3? engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 戴氏高考中考总校(盐市口梨花节) 王志涛暑期作业 老师:邓典典 一、外界条件对弱电解质电离的影响 ,， 以CHCOOHCHCOO，H平衡体系为例，填写下列。 33 加少量加少量加少量加少量加水 加热 CHCOO3NaOH(s) HCl(g) 冰醋酸 Na(s) 平衡移动 电离程度 ，n(H) ，c(H) pH 溶液导电性 典例导悟1 (2011?福州质检)在一定温度下，冰醋酸加水 稀释过程中，溶液的导电能力如图所示。 请回答: (1)“O”点导电能力为“0”的理由是 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________。 (2)A、B、C三点pH由小到大的顺序是 ________________________________________________________________________。 (3)A、B、C三点电离程度最大的是________，其理由是 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________。 , 1变式演练1 在0.1 mol?L CHCOOH溶液中存在如下电离平衡:CHCOOH33 ,， CHCOO，H，对于该平衡，下列叙述正确的是( ) 3 A(加入水时，平衡向逆反应方向移动 B(加入少量NaOH固体，平衡向正反应方向移动 ,1，C(加入少量0.1 mol?L HCl溶液，溶液中c(H)减小 D(加入少量CHCOONa固体，平衡向正反应方向移动 3 二、强酸与弱酸(或强碱与弱碱)的比较 以盐酸和醋酸的电离为例，用“>”、“<”、“,”或相应汉字填写下表。 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 典例导悟2 下列关于盐酸与醋酸两种稀溶液的说法正确的是( ) ，A(相同浓度的两溶液中c(H)相同 ,1B(100 mL 0.1 mol?L的两溶液能中和等物质的量的氢氧化钠 C(pH,3的两溶液稀释100倍，pH都为5 ，D(两溶液中分别加入少量对应的钠盐，c(H)均明显减小 听课记录: 变式演练2 (2011?吉林月考)pH,1的 两种酸溶液A、B各1 mL，分别加水稀释到1 000 mL，其pH与溶液体积(V)的关系如图所示，下列说法不正确的是( ) A(A、B两种酸溶液的物质的量浓度一定相等 B(稀释后，A酸溶液的酸性比B酸溶液弱 C(若a,4，则A是强酸，B是弱酸 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 戴氏高考中考总校(盐市口梨花节) 王志涛暑期作业 老师:邓典典 D(若11，(原因是)CHCOOHCHCOO，H( ) 333 (2010?北京理综,10A) ,1，,(2)由0.1 mol?L一元碱BOH溶液的pH,10，可推知BOH溶液存在BOH===B，OH( ) (2010?福建理综,10C) (3)醋酸在醋酸钠溶液中电离的程度大于在纯水中电离的程度( ) (2010?全国理综?,8C) (4)某醋酸溶液的pH,a，将此溶液稀释1倍后，溶液的pH,b，则a>b( ) (2010?全国理综?,9A) ,15((2011?课标全国卷～10)将浓度为0.1 mol?L HF溶液加水不断稀释，下列各量始终保持增大的是( ) ，A(c(H) B(K(HF) a,，c，F，，c，HC. D.，c，H，c，HF，,16((2011?福建理综～10)常温下0.1 mol?L醋酸溶液的pH,a，下列能使溶液pH,(a，1)的措施是( ) A(将溶液稀释到原体积的10倍 B(加入适量的醋酸钠固体 ,1C(加入等体积0.2 mol?L盐酸 D(提高溶液的温度 7((2011?山东理综～14)室温下向10 mL pH,3的醋酸溶液中加水稀释后，下列说法正确的是( ) engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the A(溶液中导电粒子的数目减少 ,c，CHCOO，3B(溶液中不变 ,c，CHCOOH，?c，OH，3，C(醋酸的电离程度增大，c(H)亦增大 D(再加入10 mL pH,11的NaOH溶液，混合液pH,7 8((2010?重庆理综～13)pH,2的两种一元 酸x和y，体积均为100 mL，稀释过程中pH与溶液体积的关系如右图所示。分别滴加,1NaOH溶液(c,0.1 mol?L)至pH,7，消耗NaOH溶液的体积为V、V，则( ) xy A(x为弱酸，VV xyxy C(y为弱酸，VV xyxy 题号 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 答案 9.[2010?浙江理综,26(1)(2)]?25 ?时，弱电解质的电离平衡常数:K(CHCOOH),a3,,5101.8×10(HSCN),0.13，难溶电解质的溶度积常数:K(CaF),1.5×10，K。 asp2,3,1?25 ?时，2.0×10mol?L氢氟酸水溶液中，调节溶液pH(忽略体积变化)，得到c(HF)、,c(F)与溶液pH的变化关系，如下图所示: 请根据以上信息回答下列问题: ,1,1(1)25 ?时，将20 mL 0.10 mol?L CHCOOH溶液和20 mL 0.10 mol?L HSCN溶液分别3,1与20 mL 0.10 mol?L NaHCO溶液混合，实验测得产生的气体体积(V)随时间(t)变化的示意3 图如图所示: 反应初始阶段，两种溶液产生CO气体的速率存在明显差异的原因是2 ________________________________________________________________________， ,,反应结束后所得两溶液中，c(CHCOO)________c(SCN)(填“>”、“<”或“,”)。 3 (2)25 ?时，HF电离平衡常数的数值K?________，列式并说明得出该平衡常数的理由a ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________。 题组一 强弱电解质 1(下列说法正确的是( ) A(强电解质溶液一定比弱电解质溶液的导电性强 B(强电解质的稀溶液中不存在溶质分子 C(强电解质都是离子化合物，而弱电解质都是共价化合物 D(不同的弱电解质只要物质的量的浓度相同，电离程度也相同 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 戴氏高考中考总校(盐市口梨花节) 王志涛暑期作业 老师:邓典典 2((2011?临沂模拟)有关常温下pH均为3的醋酸和硫酸的说法正确的是( ) ,11,1A(两种溶液中，由水电离出的氢离子浓度均为1×10 mol?L B(分别加水稀释100倍后，两种溶液的pH仍相同 ,2,C(醋酸中的c(CHCOO)和硫酸中的c(SO)相等 34 D(分别加入足量锌片，两种溶液生成H的体积相同 2,4,1,4,1,10,13(已知下面三个数据:7.2×10 mol?L、4.6×10 mol?L、4.9×10 mol?L分别是下列有关的三种酸的电离常数，若已知下列反应可以发生:NaCN，HNO===HCN，NaNO 22NaCN，HF===HCN，NaF NaNO，HF===HNO，NaF。 22 由此可判断下列叙述不正确的是( ) ,4,1A(K(HF),7.2×10 mol?L ,10,1B(K(HNO),4.9×10 mol?L 2 C(根据两个反应即可得出一元弱酸的强弱顺序为HF>HNO>HCN 2 D(K(HCN)A ?开始反应时的速率A>B ?参加反应的锌的物质的量A,B ?反应过程的平均速率B>A ?盐酸里有锌剩余 ?醋酸里有锌剩余 A(??? B(??? C(??? D(??? 题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 答案 题组三 实验探究 8(用实验确定某酸HA是弱电解质。两同学的

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如下: ,1甲:?称取一定质量的HA配制0.1 mol?L的溶液100 mL; ?用pH试纸测出该溶液的pH，即可证明HA是弱电解质。 乙:?用已知物质的量浓度的HA溶液、盐酸，分别配制pH,1的两种酸溶液各100 mL; ?分别取这两种溶液各10 mL，加水稀释为100 mL; ?各取相同体积的两种稀释液装入两个试管，同时加入纯度和质量相同的锌粒，观察现象，即可证明HA是弱电解质。 (1)在两个方案的第?步中，都要用到的定量仪器是________________。 (2)甲方案中说明HA是弱电解质的理由是测得溶液的pH______1(选填“>”、“<”或“,”)。 (3)乙方案中说明HA是弱电解质的现象是 ________________________________________________________________________。 ?装HCl溶液的试管中放出H的速率快;?装HA溶液的试管中放出H的速率快;?22两个试管中产生气体的速率一样快。 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the (4)请你评价:乙方案中难以实现之处和不妥之处: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________。 (5)请你提出一个合理而比较容易进行的方案(药品可任取)，作简明扼要表述: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________。 9(已知NH?HO和CHCOOH的电离常数在同温条件下近似相等。现有pH试纸、0.1 3231,1,1,mol?L氨水、0.1 mol?L盐酸、0.1 mol?L NaOH溶液、CHCOONH固体和蒸馏水。请应34 用化学平衡知识

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一个实验(只限于选用上述试剂)，证明NH?HO为弱电解质(弱碱)。 32 弱电解质的电离平衡 【课前准备区】 知识点一 (1)水溶液 熔融 化合物 1( (2)都 化合物 2((1)全部 强酸 强碱 大多数盐 部分 弱酸 弱碱 水 (2)离子 共价 共价 3((1)=== ，, (2)HCOH，HCO 233 , ，,2HCOH，CO 33 ，,3(3)Fe(OH)Fe，3OH 3 知识点二 1(电离成离子 离子结合成分子 2(, ? (1)向右 减小 (2)向右 减小 3( 知识点三 ，,，,c，H，?c，A，c，B，?c，OH，1. c，HA，c，BOH， 2((1)温度 增大 问题思考 1((1)导电能力强弱要看溶液中离子浓度大小，离子浓度大的，导电性强，若强电解质 溶液中离子浓度很小，而弱电解质溶液中离子浓度大，则弱电解质溶液导电能力强。 (2)能导电的物质不一定是电解质，如Cu、氯水等。 2(强电解质不一定易溶于水，如CaCO、BaSO都是强电解质，易溶于水的也不一定是34 强电解质，如NH、HO、HPO、HF等，故强、弱电解质与溶解性无必然联系。 3234,，3(都不一定。如对于CHCOOH CHCOO，H平衡后，加入冰醋酸，c(CHCOOH)333 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 戴氏高考中考总校(盐市口梨花节) 王志涛暑期作业 老师:邓典典 增大，平衡右移，根据勒夏特列原理，只能“减弱”而不能“消除”，再次平衡时，c(CHCOOH)3，比原平衡时大;加水稀释或加少量NaOH固体，都会引起平衡右移，但c(CHCOOH)、c(H)3都比原平衡时要小。 4(由于电解质的电离是吸热过程，升高温度，电离程度增大，故K或K增大。 ab，5((1)一级电离电离出的H抑制了二级电离，依次类推。 ，(2)一级电离完成后，酸式酸根离子是一个阴离子，从阴离子中电离出H是比较耗能的，，且酸式酸根离子带的负电荷越多，电离出H越困难。 【课堂活动区】 一、右移 右移 右移 左移 左移 右移 增大 增大 增大 减小 减小 减小 增大 增大 减小 减小 增大 增大 减小 增大 减小 减小 增大 增大 增大 减小 增大 增大 减小 减小 减小 增大 增大 增大 增大 增大 二、< > , < , > , , < 变大 变大 > , , < 典例导悟 1((1)冰醋酸是纯净的固体醋酸，没有水存在，醋酸没有电离，因而导电能力为0 (2)BA>C～则其离子浓度:B>A>C～故c(H)也是B>A>C～可知pH关系。(3)弱电解质的电离与浓度有关～浓度越小～电离程度越大～故应为C。 ，2(B [盐酸是强酸，醋酸是弱酸，二者浓度相同时电离出H浓度不相同，A错;同浓度、同体积的两酸中和氢氧化钠的能力相同，B正确;pH,3的两酸溶液稀释100倍时，盐酸pH,5，而醋酸pH<5，因稀释时促进了醋酸的电离，C错;盐酸中加入对应的钠盐(NaCl)，，c(H)不变，故D错。] 变式演练 1(B 2.A 【课后练习区】 高考集训 1(D [乙酸、碳酸和苯酚为弱电解质～其酸性强弱关系为乙酸>碳酸>苯酚～乙醇为非电解质～则等浓度的四种溶液pH由小到大的排列顺序为乙酸<碳酸<苯酚<乙醇。] ，,1,4 ,1B [根据HA在水中的电离度可算出c(H2(),0.1%× 0.1 mol?L,10 mol?L～所，以pH,4,因HA在水中有电离平衡～升高温度促进平衡向电离的方向移动～所以c(H)将，,c，H，?c，A，,7,1增大～pH值会减小,C选项可由平衡常数表达式算出K,,1×10 mol?L～所c，HA，，,4 ,1，,10 ,16以C正确,c(H),10 mol?L～所以c(H～水电离), 10 mol?L～前者是后者的10倍。] ，，2,,，3(C [A项，由电荷守恒知c(H)，c(NH),2c(SO)，c(OH)，pH,7，c(H),c(OH44,2,，2,，)，故2c(SO),c(NH)，c(SO),c(NH);B项，醋酸越浓，电离程度越小，当c,10c444412，，时，前者溶液中H浓度达不到后者溶液中H浓度的10倍，pH相差不到1;C项，醋酸远,c，OH，远过量;D项，加入(NH)SO固体，抑制NH?HO的电离，则减小。] 42432c，NH?HO，32 4((1)? engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 解析 因CHCOOH是弱酸～不能完全电离。 3 (2)× ,1解析 0.1 mol?L BOH溶液的pH,10～说明BOH为弱碱～弱碱不能完全电离～存在电离平衡。 (3)× ,，, 解析 醋酸可发生电离:CHCOOHCHCOO，H～而醋酸钠提供大量的CHCOO～333 从而导致上述可逆反应向逆反应方向移动～醋酸电离程度减弱。 (4)× 解析 对酸溶液进行稀释～氢离子浓度降低～pH增大。 ，,5(D [HF为弱酸～存在电离平衡:HFH，F。根据勒夏特列原理:当改变影响平 衡的一个条件～平衡会向着能够减弱这种改变的方向移动～但平衡的移动不能完全消除这种，改变～故加水稀释～平衡正向移动～但c(H)减小～A错误,电离常数只受温度的影响～温,，,7度不变～电离常数K不变～B错误,当溶液无限稀释时～c(F)不断减小～但c(H)接近10 a,，，cFcHnH，，，，，，,1，mol?L～所以,～由于加水稀释～平衡正向移动～所以溶液减小～C错误,cHcHFnHF，，，，，，，cH，，，中n(H)增大～n(HF)减小～所以增大～D正确。] cHF，， 6(B [醋酸是弱酸～稀释10倍同时也促进了其电离～溶液的pH<(a，1)～A错误,醋酸根离子水解显碱性～向酸溶液中加入适量碱性溶液可以使pH增大1～B正确,盐酸完全电离～加入盐酸后溶液的pHHNO>HCN。由此可判断2,4,1,K(HF)>K(HNO)>K(HCN)～其对应数据依次为K(HF),7.2×10 mol?L～K(HNO),4.6×1022engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the 戴氏高考中考总校(盐市口梨花节) 王志涛暑期作业 老师:邓典典 4,1,10,1 mol?L～K(HCN),4.9×10 mol?L。] 4(D [因醋酸是弱酸～稀释过程中继续电离～故稀释100倍时3 (3)? (4)难以准确配制pH,1的HA溶液;难以做到锌的表面积相同 (5)配制NaA溶液，测其pH大于7，证明HA是弱电解质 解析 此题考查了学生灵活应用所学知识评价实验和设计实验的能力。证明HA是弱电解质的原理有两个:一是证明HA不能完全电离～溶液中存在电离平衡,二是证明HA与强,1碱反应生成的盐具有弱碱性。甲、乙两同学都是利用了第一个原理。0.1 mol?L的HA溶液，,1pH>1～说明c(H)<0.1 mol?L～也就是说明了HA不能完全电离～为弱电解质。同pH的盐，酸和HA用水稀释相同倍数后～由于HA是弱电解质～存在电离平衡～c(H)减小程度小～溶，，液中c(H)大于盐酸中c(H)～与锌粒反应速率快。再由原理二～设计出一个更为简易的方案:配制NaA溶液～测其pH>7～即证明HA是弱电解质。另外解此题第一问时～很易丢掉容量瓶容积～要注意答题的严密性。 ,1方案一 把一小块试纸放在表面皿或玻璃片上，用蘸有0.1 mol?L氨水的玻璃棒点9( 试纸的中部，试纸上显示的颜色跟

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比色卡相比，记录溶液的pH值。由于氨水只有部分,电离为OH，由上述测定的pH值小于13，就可推知NH?HO是弱电解质。 32,1,1方案二 取上述0.1 mol?L氨水、0.1 mol?L NaOH溶液，分别加入等量的蒸馏水，再,1,1测定稀释后两种溶液的pH值，变化大的是0.1 mol?L NaOH溶液，变化小的是0.1 mol?L氨水，说明随着氨水稀释，氨水的电离度不断增大，推知NH?HO是弱电解质。 32,1方案三 取上述0.1 mol?L氨水，加入CHCOONH固体(CHCOONH溶液呈中性)，3434，再测定混合溶液的pH值，发现溶液的pH值变小。因为加入CHCOONH后，c(NH)增大，344,破坏了氨水的电离平衡，使氨水的电离平衡不断向逆反应方向移动，造成c(OH)减小，pH值也变小。 ,1,1方案四 取上述0.1 mol?L氨水和0.1 mol?L盐酸等体积混合后，测定反应后溶液的pH值，结果溶液呈酸性，说明NHCl溶液能够水解而推知NH?HO是弱电解质。 432,1方案五 取上述0.1 mol?L氨水测定溶液的pH值，然后稍微加热，再测定溶液的pH值。由于氨水电离平衡的正反应是吸热反应，温度升高平衡向正反应(吸热反应)进行，造成,,1,1OH浓度增大，溶液的pH值升高。而0.1 mol?L盐酸、0.1 mol?L NaOH是强电解质，完全电离，离子浓度受温度影响较小，故溶液的pH值基本不变。(以上方案任选其一) engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the