用英语学日语 か

用英语学日语 か We have not been informed any news relating to the problem. 我々はその問題について何の連絡も受けていない The ferroelectric to paraelectric transition is second order and as a result is broad temperature. for supplies, the U.S. is totally dependent on imports. film deposition techniques, ～ the InP/Si substrates used for the growth of InGaAs solar cells, ～ The chemistry has been widely interpreted in terms of a compositionally model. these considerations it can be easily concluded that +文. 技術的（な）観点から（言うと） from a technical [viewpoint, perspective, point of view] from a technologic(al) standpoint [viewpoint, perspective, point of view] もっと実用的な観点からこの問題を見てみましょう。 Let's look at this issue from a more practical . be related to ～ Nobody knows that I'm related to that robbery. 私があの強盗事件と関係していることは、誰も知らない。 Both the sintering and grain growth behavior the presence of pyrochlore in the reactively calcined powders. The electrically-induced strain the electrostrictive coefficient ～ The reversible Rayleigh coefficients the intrisic contributions. The V90 prestress sholud resemble～ Fig.3 between precursor particle diameter and Er concentration in starting solution containing 0.20M precursor and 0.10M PVA Figure 8(a) and 8(b) show polarization electric field and strain versus electric field curves when the material is cycled between 0 and +2MV/m at 0,20,50,100, and 175MPa prestress values. In addition, it is important to mention here that no polar microregion for PIN in the studied temperature range.（文中のthere is 文） likely to be two possible mechanisms for this conduction.（～があるという there is 文） However, other significant factors such as impurities, heating rate, sintering time, which share responsibility in determining the dielectric response of the final sintered products. photoluminescence (PL) technique is a very useful tool for studying phase transitions, the PL as well as its field dependence in the PMN-PIN system.（～だけども、～に関する報告はないという文例） a UFA bank on the corner. そのかどにUFA銀行。 equal amounts of positive and negative charge on each surface. This due to the lack of available liquid-phase material. This due to larger columbite crystals in the starting materials. At room temperature the yellow PbO is metastable and transform to the stable red PbO on grinding. It seems that PZT is used for piezoceramics. 同類、発展形） This indicate that ～, This mean that ～, This results suggest that ～, etc. で、（～は～だ）と断定する事。 This problem more investigation and is still open to discuss. (この問題はさらなる研究が必要であり、いまだに議論の余地がある。） transition occurs at ～ due to the reduction in the volume of reduced layer. there is positional disorder of the lead ions. KNN solid solution a good candidate for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics because of its strong piezoelectricity. The effective surface tensional stress to play an important role. The behavior of the PMN and PMT-substituted system can using similar arguments. ～have been as due to a lack of long range order or to the presence of either static disorder/short range order. The covalency of the Ta and Nb cations also .（～も考えなければならない） Due to the fine size of the template particles, to obtain textured ceramics without the use of excess PbO or without extensive matrix grain growth. Thus, develop an amplitude dependent d coefficient ( with associated ) even if only 180 deg domain wall motion is present. Minor substitutions of Ba2+ for Pb2+ in PMN-PT solid solutions the formation of fine-grained pyrochlore^free perovskite materials. These results indicate that the systems may provide a substitute for the lead based piezoelectrics. ～it is very important to depress this phase transition temperature from room temperature to low One should consider that the pyrochlore-like ordering ～ ～ by～ The spectrum of NO3 in water by a weak maximum at ～ This also by XRD taken from both sides of the peak. also the perovskite structure was obtained without any secondary phase. All off-stoichiometric perovskites in Fig.1 to be single phase by TEM/SAD, e.g., Fig.2. confirmは確認する、裏付けられるというニュアンス The detection via DSC confirms X-ray results. 「DSCによる検出」はエックス線結果を裏付ける。 X-ray results are confirmed by detection via DSC. エックス線結果は「DSCによる検出によって」裏付けられ た。 The material to exhibit a quadratic electro-optic effect and a second order transition.（示す ＞発現する） Perovskite for the base powder. Only two exothermic peaks in CMN. the intensity increased with increasing La-content ～ The ac field amplitude dependence ( nonlinearity ) of the piezoelectric response is often attributed to ～ From ～, ～ From a plot of log t vs 1/T, ～ this figure Ps and Pr can be obtained to be 30 and 37 mC/cm2.respectively. The dielectric loss magnitude increases . Measurements of complex impedance were carried out for at This is a significant volume change that may translate into porosity residual stresses in a precursor-derived film. as noted elsewhere. A secondary question is this symmetry can be regarded as macroscopic or whether it is confined to polar clusters within a matrix of cubic symmetry. 二番目の質問は、この対照性がマクロスコピックであると考えられるのかどうか、又は、立方晶対照性 のマトリックス内における極性クラスターに限定されるのかどうかである。 The pattern was obtained そのパターンを得た。 The pattern was obtained そのパターンを得た。 The pattern was obtained from ～ そのパターンを得た PMN pyrochlore was produced solid state reaction of mixed oxide powders and via a simple partial oxalate method with no need for pH control or expensive starting materials Previous studies the dielectric properties of PMN-based solid solution have functionally-related gene 機能的に関連した遺伝子 The reversible Rayleigh coefficients the intrisic contributions. the second question, it is appropriate to ～ The physiological significance was discussed the control of asparatate biosynthesis. It is interesting comparative biochemistry. The compositions a profile～ PZT ceramics and piezoelectric composites are poled in an oil bath a large dc electric field. Instead, ～ 通常文頭、文尾で用いる Instead, he told nothing. その代わりに、彼は何も話さなかった。 The binary materials precipitated PbTi3O7, the equilibrium rutile. Equation is derived by a two-dimensional lattice～ the grain are tetragonal the width of ～ the porosity is not interconnected, we have～ the excess Pb is indeed in solid solution, one can～ Mg and Nb to occupy the B sites randomly in a 1:2 ratio. the domain wall can be moved nearly reversibly by the alternating field. Based on this , ～ having a high texture fraction the sample have～ this demonstrated potential, the wide variety of potential～ （DespiteはIn spite of よりも堅い現） the relative maturity of the pattern-making technology, ～ the distribution of the Tb cations in the structure, the wide variety of potential～ the positive identification of the ordering reflections in Fig.2 as consistent with pyrochlore, one should note that ～ copper should be sufficiently ～, additional measures were taken to ～ to the alkaline niobates, and in particular to the potassium sodiumu niobate family, (KNN) the near MPB composition 0.8BNT-0.18BKT was processed and evaluated. The dielectric properties of the PMN ceramics was examined frequency and temperature. principal of education （教育の主要な役割） Moreover, attempts to refine site occupancy factors did not lead to improved agreement indices. This is lower than Ts. ～La was compensated the B-site cations ratio. The situation by taking into account the effect ～ The in the properties is due to the increases in density and the uniform grain size of the hot-pressed materials. Films were grown at temperatures from 500 to 700 ?, , as well as at 575 and 625?. 完全に completely / 完全に perfectly The single crystal shows an almost linear strain-field response. Further work is necessary to this issue. Hence, for simplicity, the discussion the competition ～ 簡単に simply / こつこつと、入念に diligently A of PZT capasitors with this typebottom hybrid electrode was shown in Fig.1. Fig.2 on crystal structure of ～ Fig.1 Schematic illustration of optical setup in THz-TDS apparatus. Procedures established in the cited study this problem were followed in the present work. , the acoustic energy density can be defined as ～ these conditions, ～ The probable reaction sequence in the mixed oxide : A+B=C It is thinking about the types～ It should be mentioned that through the diffused E maxima and relaxor-type behavior were reported in some NaNbO3-BaTiO3 solid solution ceramics, the relaxor-like compositions belong to the BaTiO3-rich of this system and are therefore out of scope of the present work. The theory can easily so as to include the case of nonequivalent protons. further service areasサービスエリアをさらに拡大する triglycerides （ トリグリセリドの型をとっている ） In this method, both sample sides should be electroded and poling samples of small area. The butyl group is a useful carboxyl-protecting group because it is cleaved by acids. 概略的に、図式的に schematically 外部からの、外的な、偶然の extrinsic 賢い smart 外面的に externally 外見上、～＞ this result can be achieved～ Full details of the techniques employed previously. The present paper physical, electrical, and electrooptic properties of ～. ～ reduce the substrate cost Experimental details elswhere, ～ ～, This later. ～, and hence, further in this paper. that以下が Since Tm is low, ～ the criteria would～. the criteria would～ Relaxors a considerable amount of ～ Perovskite solid solutions in the PMN-PT are known to exhibit excellent dielectric properties and as materials for multilayer capacitors. Piezoelectric properties of BNT are very and it has been projected as the key non-lead material. High-density ceramics within the system lithium-sodium niobate ( a partial phase diagram for which is shown in Fig.1 ) support high sound velocities and exhibit electromechanical properties for high-frequency filter applications. The demand for lead-free ceramics has grown considerably （ここ十年の間に） 近年＞ in recent years in the last few years＞過去２、３年に in the past few years＞過去２、３年に over the last few years＞ 過去２、３年にわたって over the past few years＞ 過去２、３年にわたって Since～＞ ～以来 Weight loss PbO volatility was limited to less than 1%. This can differences in the ～ The small amount of pyrochlore formed in PMN ceramics sintered at 1200? to many factors, ～ couldはcanよりも自身がないときに使う The authors the observed nonlinearity the motion of non-180 deg domain walls. 著者らは観察された非線形性は非１８０ドメイン壁の移動に起因する と考えた。 High dielectric and piezoelectric properties are essential for selection of the material. For many applications, the high electromechanical coupling and large mechanical quality factors offered by these materials have been the main for a good device material. 急に、くっきりと sharply / 明確に、はっきりと specifically / はっきりと significantly To date, ～ / In the next three decades,～ a substrate for nucleation and growth of the desired phase, the template～. Phase and attenuation od S at 10 GHz for each temperature. The binary complex is stable at ph 9. Early thinkers speculated that the matter was made up of small particles. The of the PMN and PMT-substituted system can be interpreted using similar arguments. However, the as to whether the cation order in the niobates can be altered by thermal treatment. Films were grown at temperatures from 500 to 700 ?, , as well as at 575 and 625?. All compositions showed a steady increase in longitudinal strain with decreasing temperature and an increase in the strain hysteresis at a well-defined temperature. Conversely, ～ ～ both structures exhibit an fcc cation arrangement, but the A and B cations ～ of these domains results in an increase of P and e as～ both single and polycrystalline forms of PMN-30%PT have similar acoustic energy densities for t=600 N/m2.（これはthat以下であるという事実を強調している。） Disk-shaped samples for dielectric measurement of thickness 1.5 mm from sintered pellets. 共通の common 逆に、対照的に Conversely,～ 基本的な fundamental For many applications, the electromechanical coupling and mechanical quality factors offered by these materials have been the main criteria for a good device material. It may be better to improve an system than try to create something else. 新たな何かを作り出すよりも、既存のシステムを改善した方が良い場合もある。 the observed K dependency, the temperature Tm increased with decreasing grain size. KCl was added to the powders as an internal standard. Specifically, ～ More specifically,～ To the effect of an electric field, we utilize the concept of domain wall pressure that moves a domain wall. The PLD system has been described elsewhere. Although we have not investigated the strain in these epitaxial InGaAs layers yet, ～（まだ詳しくは調べていない） the low-frequency dielectric properties previously. Rhombohedral PMN-32.5PT as the matrix～. Tanaka the system BNT-BaTiO3 and reported the presence of ～ This study the temperature dependence ～ There are a number of studies on the NaNbO3-BaTiO3 binary system, but most of them focus on the dielectric properties and systems with high BaTiO3 concentrations due to their remarkable relaxor characteristic. （物性、相が） densities They that it has a dielectric constant of ～ at room temperature with loss < 0.002. （物性、相が） The reactively calcined and milled powders for surface area, parrticle size, and phase purity by x-ray diffraction. The cubic form, which is stable at the processing temperatures, readily transforms to tetragonal upon cooling. BNT and BKT have perovskite structure with rhombohedral and tetragonal symmetry respectively and exhibit ferroelectric properties below rhombohedral to pseudocubic phase transition temperature(Tr-p). The symmetry of the polar phase below 435? is tetragonal, it becomes orthorhombic at 225 ? and finally rhombohedral at -10?. Single-phase perovskites with extended solubility were synthesized. The low-temperature phase has a perovskite psudomonoclinic structure and inverts to a psudotetragonal structure at a temperature that decreases with increasing x. Thompson particle was also important. Based on these studies From these results the columbite route is an effective way ～ The dielectric properties of the PMN ceramics as function of frequency and temperature. To the dynamic poling model, the higher harmonic ～ Although ～, ～ Although I am a private citizen, I have some relationship. 私は一般市民だが、いくぶんかかわりがある。 （主に雑誌用？） Yet ～, ～ Yet Sony, ～ (Yet は、yet文の前に説明があって、それを説明する時に使う） here these samples showed ～ The loss tangent of the material from the ～ Using this as the guideline a composition given as (Li0.03Na0.55K0.42) NbO3. Eventually, ～ As a result, ～ As a function of frequency, ～ As a consequence, ～ repeated experiments these results it can be concluded that ～ Tanaka pointed out that modification of BNT with BS better piezo properties. Sintering under ordinary conditions often to poor densities, and thus properties that are not optimized. The of this investigation were: (1) A fabrication process has been developed ～. (2) Increasing ～. the remanent polarization ～ 結局は eventually（注意：否定文には使わない） this result is unexplained. Therefore decoupling is the ～. ～ PZT ceramics are the transduction material～ ～. heat treatment at 1300 ? for 24h yielded completely 1:1 ordered samples for all values of x. ～ the deviation from stoichiometry Using a sintering agent which can form low temperature melting phase can effectively the evaporation. From Fig.8 and 9, strontium is more effective at the Tmax. Three of the four families show a in LUT at high PT contents despite the increase in Tmax shown in Fig.7. This is attributed to non-180 domain～ this is ～. The low liquid phase content increases the growth rate. The dramatic change in electrooptic sensitivity of these compositions as at ～ The decoupling of the high-field LUT from the Tmax at higher PT content and a clear trend in Tmax with dopant are major hurdles to selection of an optimum material. The of fluorite for compositions with～ These lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have relatively good piezoelectric properties, but they also have some . The NBT-based ceramics have a low depolarization temperature (Td), which is much lower than their Curie temperature and usually below 200 deg.C. For the KNN ceramics, the most serious problem is the poor sinterability. The powder was calcined at 700? for 1h the perovskite phase. These mixtures were then calcined between 750 and 850 ? for 6h the desired perovskite phase as verified by X-ray diffraction(XRD). Back side and front side contacts using Ti/Au contacts on The presence of PbRuO appear to be the high leakage current This is about a typical PZT capacitor. The to fluorite formation and its relative stability were enhanced ～ Two in the data presented in Table I were observed : (1) An increase in sintering temperature～. (2) Excess MgO increased the ～. However, the major of KNN ceramics is the need for special handling of the starting powders, sensitivity of properties to nonstoichiometry, and complex densification process. The physiological significance was discussed the control of asparatate biosynthesis. It is interesting comparative biochemistry. Piezoelectric exhibited by certain piezoelectric crystals, polarized polymers, and composites are used in a number of electromechanical transducer applications, including vibration, pressure, and stress sensors, as well as hydrophones. ある種の圧電結晶や分極後高分子、そしてコンポジットによって現れる圧電現象 は、～に用いられている 顕著な改善 marked improvement // remarkable improvement // significant improvement On that, ～ Correspondingly, ～ Here, ～ （カンマなしパターン） Here we show that there are cases where 180 domain wall motion can also contribute to this nonlinear response. ～and the bulk polarizability can be written as P = 3xE E is the incident electric filed at the fundamental frequency. Several device designs diffraction work on PMN has indicated～ the very long sintering timeit is apparent that～ The covalency of the Ta and Nb cations also .（～も考えなければならない） PMN-PT by a mixed-oxide route from～ The powder was calcined at 700? for 1h the perovskite phase. all in flowing air. However, the Curie point, the tand rapidly with increasing temperature～ this range, ～ heating for 10h, the samples had had a Lotgering factor ～ of melting point is invaluable in the identification of unknowns. The oxides in alcohol with YSZ balls as media by ball-milling for 16h. Using a sintering agent which can form low temperature melting phase can reduce the evaporation. excess MgO on the densification behavior of Ba-substituted PMN is ～ Furthermore, small-angle resonant X-ray scattering measurements on PMN for compositional segregation between the ordered domains and the disordered matrix. 試験的な A tentative , ～ of these domains results in an increase of P and e as～ Moreover, the Pt capacitors, the Ru capacitors showed ～ corona point arrangements having 1,5, and 32 needles were used. Fortunately, ～ At higher prestress, ～ Perovskite-structured ferroelectrics show both intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric response. The is due to field-induced changes in the polarization, while the is associated with domain wall and/or phase boundary motion. However, research on the NN ceramics has rarely been reported, possibly because to fabricate high-density NN ceramics due to the volality of the sodium component at the sintering temperature. He insisted that the first step was to energy efficiency. まずは、エネルギー効率を向上するべきだと彼は主張した。 The cell a 1 mm thick InP buffer layer doped n type with a target carrier concentration of 1 x10 cm3 効果的な effective ここに herein 交互に、代わるがわる alternately 広範囲に、広く、大規模に extensively Fig.X. of a PZT thin film grown on a RuO2/MgO substrate. Fig.X. (001) and (100) taken on the surface of the PT-BF-polymer composite before and after poling. Fig.X. of the (a) as-annealed and (b) electrically poled samples. Fig.X. for lead titanate compositions with (a) x=0, (b) x=-0.1, and (c) x=-0.2 heat-treated at 500 ?. Fig.X. of the load recording assembly used for relaxation studies under the application of an electric field. Fig.X. showing the anisotropy of crack lengths in a mechanically poled sample. Fig.X. of the corona discharge poling apparatus. Fig.X. Fracture toughness, Kic, of unpoled samples Fig.X. Load time trace for a sample under the application of an electric field of magnitude 10 kV/cm. Fig.X. of ln (-dP/dt) vs time for the trace shown in Fig.6. Fig.X. electrical and optical properties (A) La content for 65/35 Zr/Ti ratio and (B) Zr/Ti ratio for La content of 7 at.%. Fig.X. for a (001)PMN crystal, a PMN ceramic, and a "hard" PZT ceramic. Fig.X. of EC-69 as a function of s, taken at various Eac. Fig.X. Dielectric constant temperature. Fig.X. Time the electrical current of Pt/PZT/Pt/MgO and RuO2/PZT/RuO2/MgO capacitors. Fig.X. Transparency of polished plates of PLZT. Fig.X. of PLZT polished and thermally etched at 1300? for 1h. Fig.X. showing a microindent introduced in a mechanically poled sample. Fig.X. of an individually fired PZT filament having a diameter of ~25 mm. Fig.X. of the PMN-PT solid-solution system. Fig.X. for processing of piezoelectric and electrooptic ceramics. Fig.X. hysteresis loops from various ferroelectric ceramics: (A) BT capacitor, (B) soft PZT, (C) PLZT relaxor, and (D) PSZT antiferroelectric material. Table II. Dielectric and Piezoelectric of PZT Ceramics, Fired PZT Compostites, and 0.5PbTiO3-0.5BiFeO3-Polymer Composites Table I. d33 of PZT Ceramics Poled by Different Corona Point Arreangements Table III. of Typical Ferroelectric Ceramics Table V. Fluid of the PZT suspension Table III. for PLZT Compositions Table X. Lattice of Phases Identified Table X. Fluid of the PZT suspension Table X. Dielectric and Piezoelectric of PZT Ceramics Table X. Electrooptic R and g for PLZT Compositions Table X. of typical Ferroelectric Ceramics