纸黄金的投资风险

大学英语四级仔细阅读专项强化真题试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.Forthousandsofyears,peoplehaveknownthatthebestwaytounderstandaconceptistoexplainittosomeoneelse.“Whileweteach,welearn,”saidRomanphilosopherSeneca.Nowscientistsarebringingthisancientwisdomup-to-date.They’redocumentingwhyteachingissuchafruitfulwaytolearn,anddesigninginnovativewaysforyoungpeopletoengageininstruction.Researchershavefoundthatstudentswhosignuptotutorothersworkhardertounderstandthematerial,recallitmoreaccuratelyandapplyitmoreeffectively.Studentteachersscorehigheronteststhanpupilswho’relearningonlyfortheirownsake.Buthowcanchildren,stilllearningthemselves,teachothers?Oneanswer;Theycantutoryoungerkids.Somestudieshavefoundthatfirst-bornchildrenaremoreintelligentthantheirlater-bornsiblings(兄弟姐妹).ThissuggeststheirhigherIQsresultfromthetimetheyspendteachingtheirsiblings.Noweducatorsareexperimentingwithwaystoapplythismodeltoacademicsubjects.Theyengagecollegeundergraduatestoteachcomputersciencetohighschoolstudents,whointurninstructmiddleschoolstudentsonthetopic.Butthemostcutting-edgetoolunderdevelopmentisthe“teachableagent”—acomputerizedcharacterwholearns,tries,makesmistakesandasksquestionsjustlikeareal-worldpupil.Computerscientistshavecreatedananimated(动画的)figurecalledBetty’sBrain,whohasbeen“taught”aboutenvironmentalsciencebyhundredsofmiddleschoolstudents.StudentteachersaremotivatedtohelpBettymastercertainmaterials.Whilepreparingtoteach,theyorganizetheirknowledgeandimprovetheirownunderstanding.Andastheyexplaintheinformationtoit,theyidentifyproblemsintheirownthinking.Feedbackfromtheteachableagentsfurtherenhancesthetutors’learning.Theagents’questionscompelstudenttutorstothinkandexplainthematerialsindifferentways,andwatchingtheagentsolveproblemsallowsthemtoseetheirknowledgeputintoaction.Aboveall,it’stheemotionsoneexperiencesinteachingthatfacilitatelearning.Studenttutorsfeelupsetwhentheirteachableagentsfail,buthappywhenthesevirtualpupilssucceedastheyderiveprideandsatisfactionfromsomeoneelse’saccomplishment.1．Whatareresearchersrediscoveringthroughtheirstudies?A．Seneca’sthinkingisstillapplicabletoday.B．Betterlearnerswillbecomebetterteachers.C．Humanintelligencetendstogrowwithage.D．Philosophicalthinkingimprovesinstruction.正确答案：A解析：细节题。原文第一段第二、三句话指出，罗马哲学家塞内卡说：“我们教别人的同时，我们也在学习”。现在，科学家们正在把这一古老的智慧引人到当今世界中来。接着第二段指出，研究人员发现参与辅导他人的学生会得到更高的分数。由此可知，塞内卡这一思想在现代仍旧适用，故答案为A。B项将二者的关系颠倒了，原文强调的不是更好的学习者会成为更好的老师，而是教会别人的同时自己可以学习得更好，故排除。C、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。2．WhatdowelearnaboutBetty’sBrain?A．Itisacharacterinapopularanimation.B．Itisateachingtoolunderdevelopment.C．Itisacutting-edgeappindigitalgames.D．Itisatutorforcomputersciencestudents.正确答案：B解析：细节题。原文第三段第一、二句话指出，最先进的工具是尚在开发中的“教学代理”，计算机科学家已经创造出了一个名叫“贝蒂的大脑”的动画人物，它已经被数百名初中学生“教过”环境科学知识了。由此可知，“贝蒂的大脑”是一款辅助学生学习的教学工具，故答案为B。A、C两项原文未提及，故排除。D项与原文不符，原文是说初中学生教过贝蒂环境科学知识，而不是说贝蒂是计算机科学专业的教师，故排除。3．Howdoesteachingothersbenefitstudenttutors?A．Itmakesthemawareofwhattheyarestrongat.B．Itmotivatesthemtotrynovelwaysofteaching.C．Ithelpsthemlearntheiracademicsubjectsbetter.D．Itenablesthemtobetterunderstandtheirteachers.正确答案：C解析：细节题。原文第二段第一、二句话指出，研究人员发现，参加辅导他人活动的学生会更努力地去理解，更准确地记起知识并更能有效地应用它们。在考试中，学生教师的分数比那些只自己学习的学生要高。原文第三段倒数第二句话指出，在准备教学的过程中，学生教师将自己脑海中的知识系统化了，并且提高了自己的理解能力。由此可知，教授别人知识，可以帮助学生更好地学习他们的学科知识，故答案为C。A、B、D三项原文均未提及，故排除。4．Whatdostudentsdototeachtheirteachableagents?A．Theymotivatethemtothinkindependently.B．Theyaskthemtodesigntheirownquestions.C．Theyencouragethemtogivepromptfeedback.D．Theyusevariouswaystoexplainthematerials.正确答案：D解析：细节题。原文倒数第二段第二句话指出，教学代理的问题强迫学生老师用不同的方式思考和解释教学资料。由此可知，学生们为了教会教学代理，采取了不同来解释教学资料，故答案为D。A、B、C三项原文均未提及，故排除。5．Whatisthekeyfactorthateasesstudenttutors’learning?A．Theirsenseofresponsibility.B．Theiremotionalinvolvement.C．Thelearningstrategyacquired.D．Theteachingexperiencegained.正确答案：B解析：细节题。原文最后一段第一句话指出，最重要的是，教学过程中的情感体验促进了学生学习。题干中的ease同义替换了原文最后一段第一句话中的facilitate，两者都有促进的含义。由此可知，促进学习最主要的因素是情感体验，故答案为B。A、C两项原文均未提及，故排除。D项与原文不符，不是教学经验促进了学习，而是那些教学中的沮丧或者开心的情感促进了学习，故排除。Anewbatchofyoungwomen—membersoftheso-calledMillennial(千禧的)generation—hasbeenenteringtheworkforceforthepastdecade.Atthestartinglineoftheircareers,theyarebettereducatedthantheirmothersandgrandmothershadbeen—orthantheiryoungmalecounterpartsarenow.Butwhentheylookahead,theyseeroadblockstotheirsuccess.Theybelievethatwomenarepaidlessthanmenfordoingthesamejob.Theythinkit’seasierformentogettopexecutivejobsthanitisforthem.Andtheyassumethatifandwhentheyhavechildren,itwillbeevenharderforthemtoadvanceintheircareers.Whilethepublicseesgreaterworkplaceequalitybetweenmenandwomennowthanitdid20-30yearsago,mostbelievemorechangeisneeded.AmongMillennialwomen,75%saythiscountryneedstocontinuemakingchangestoachievegenderequalityintheworkplace,comparedwith57%ofMillennialmen.Evenso,relativelyfewyoungwomen(15%)saytheyhavebeendiscriminatedagainstatworkbecauseoftheirgender.AsMillennialwomencomeofagetheysharemanyofthesameviewsandvaluesaboutworkastheirmalecounterparts.Theywantjobsthatprovidesecurityandflexibility,andtheyplacerelativelylittleimportanceonhighpay.Atthesametime,however,youngworkingwomenarelesslikelythanmentoaimattopmanagementjobs:34%saythey’renotinterestedinbecomingabossortopmanager;only24%ofyoungmensaythesame.Thegendergaponthisquestionisevenwideramongworkingadultsintheir30sand40s,whenmanywomenfacethetrade-offsthatgowithworkandmotherhood.ThesefindingsarebasedonanewPewResearchCentersurveyof2,002adults,including810Millennials(ages18-32),conductedOct.7-27,2013.Thesurveyfindsthat,inspiteofthedramaticgainswomenhavemadeineducationalattainmentandlaborforceparticipationinrecentdecades,youngwomenviewthisasaman’sworld—justasmiddle-agedandolderwomendo.6．WhatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphaboutMillennialwomenstartingtheircareers?A．Theycangetaheadonlybystrivingharder.B．TheyexpecttosucceedjustlikeMillennialmen.C．Theyaregenerallyquiteoptimisticabouttheirfuture.D．Theyarebettereducatedthantheirmalecounterparts.正确答案：D解析：细节题。原文第一段第二句话指出，在千禧一代女性职业生涯的起跑线上，她们的受教育程度要高于其母亲和祖母——或者比她们同龄的年轻男性还要高。由此可知，千禧一代年轻女性的受教育程度高于同龄的男性，故答案为D。A、B两项原文均未提及，故排除。C项与原文不符，根据原文第一段的描述，我们可以看出千禧一代年轻女性对于自己的未来感到悲观，故排除。7．HowdomostMillennialwomenfeelabouttheirtreatmentintheworkplace?A．Theyarethetargetofdiscrimination.B．Theyfinditsatisfactoryonthewhole.C．Theythinkitneedsfurtherimproving.D．Theyfindtheircomplaintsignored.正确答案：C解析：细节题。原文第二段第一、二句话指出，尽管公众认为现在男性和女性在职场的地位要比以前更加平等，但大多数人认为需要作出更多的改变。75％的千禧一代的女性认为这个国家需要继续进行变革来实现职场上的性别平等。由此可知，大多数千禧一代的女性认为她们的职场待遇还需改善，故答案为C。A项与原文不符，原文中说只有15％的年轻女性认为她们因为性别在工作中受到了歧视，故排除。B、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。8．WhatdoMillennialwomenvaluemostwhencomingofage?A．Asenseofaccomplishment.B．Jobstabilityandflexibility.C．Rewardsandpromotions.D．Joyderivedfromwork.正确答案：B解析：细节题。原文倒数第二段的前两句话指出，随着千禧一代的女性逐渐成熟，她们对工作具有与男性同行相同的看法和价值观。她们想要拥有稳定、灵活的工作，而且相对来说她们不太重视高薪。由此可知，成熟的职业女性看重的是工作的稳定性和灵活性。B项中的stability同义替换了原文中的security，故答案为B。A、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。C项与原文不符，原文描述的是她们不太看重收入和升职，故排除。9．Whatarewomenintheir30sand40sconcernedabout?A．Thewelfareoftheirchildren.B．Thenarrowingofthegendergap.C．Thefulfillmentoftheirdreamsinlife.D．Thebalancebetweenworkandfamily.正确答案：D解析：细节题。原文倒数第二段最后一句话指出，在30多岁和40多岁的职场人士中，许多女性面临着工作和母亲身份的取舍，由此可知，这两个年龄段的职业女性面临的是工作和家庭的平衡，故答案为D。A、C两项原文未提及，故排除。B项与原文不符，原文是说在30多岁和40多岁的职场人士中，对高管这一职位的看法性别差距很大，并非指这两个年龄段的职业女性要缩小性别差距，故排除。10．WhatconclusioncanbedrawnaboutMillennialwomenfromthe2013survey?A．Theystillviewthisworldasonedominatedbymales.B．Theyaccountforhalftheworkforceinthejobmarket.C．Theyseetheworlddifferentlyfromoldergenerations.D．Theydobetterinworkthantheirmalecounterparts.正确答案：A解析：推理题。原文最后一段最后一句话指出，年轻女性像中老年妇女一样，认为这是一个男性主宰的世界。由此可知，千禧一代的女性依旧认为这个世界是由男性主导的世界，故答案为A。B、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。C项与原文不符，根据调查可知，她们看待世界的方式和老一辈是一样的，故排除。Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumpingpractices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted(抽取).TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers(地下蓄水层)belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1,000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepisthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinating(脱盐)theoceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible,buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.11．HowcouldCalifornia’sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchers?A．Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.B．Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.C．Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.D．Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.正确答案：B解析：细节题。原文第一段第三句指出，新的研究已发现地下深水储备可以帮助加利福尼亚州解决干旱危机。由此可知，从地下深处抽水可以解决干旱问题，故答案为B。文中所提及的淡水储备都是自然形成的，而非人为建立水库进行储备的，A项与原文不符，故排除。C、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。12．Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepaquifers?A．Itwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.B．Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.C．Itmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.D．Itisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.正确答案：B解析：推理题。由原文第二段可知，最近在加州从深层蓄水层用泵抽水变得有合算了。从地下1000到3000英尺的地方抽水的成本很高，而且还同时伴随着其他一些问题。最大的顾虑是地表会逐渐下陷。由此可知，以前人们认为从深层蓄水层用泵抽水成本高，还可能引起地表下沉，代价太大，不值得，故答案为B。原文第一段只表明地下深水可以帮助解决危机，无法推断其重要性，而且这是最近的研究发现的，而不是以前意识到的，故排除A项。由第四段可知，含盐量较高的水只是有些深井可能会现的，一般深井中的水质量可能还是优质的，故排除C项。D项原文未提及，故排除。13．Whatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepunderground?A．Thesinkingoflandsurface.B．Theharmtotheecosystem.C．Thedamagetoaquifers.D．Thechangeoftheclimate.正确答案：A解析：细节题。原文第二段第三句指出，从地下蓄水层抽水最大的问题是地表会逐渐下陷，由此可知，可能造成的后果是地表下沉，故答案为A。B、C、D三项原文均未提及，故排除。14．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwells?A．Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.B．Theyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.C．Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.D．Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.正确答案：D解析：推理题。原文第三段第三句指出，井水是更加可靠的淡水来源，由此可知，更加可靠意味着相对稳定，故答案为D。A、B两项原文均未提及，故排除。该句说加州只是希望这些深井能解决水资源短缺的问题，而不是干旱问题，C项属于偷换概念，故排除。15．Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersources?A．People’shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.B．People’swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.C．Thecostmaygoupduetodesalination.D．Theymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater.正确答案：C解析：细节题。原文第四段第一、二句指出，深蓄水层的水含盐量较高，需要在抽取后进行脱盐处理，从而增加成本，由此可知，C项与原文相符，故答案为C。A、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。B项与原文不符，水源成本增加可能会提高水费，而不是降低，故排除。TheAlphaGoprogram’svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.Butcanartificialintelligence(AI)machinesactethically,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?OneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,theywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatiftheonlyriskisdamagetothecaritself,nottothepassengers?Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo’striumph,Microsoft’s“chatbot”tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-24.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo’svictoryandTaylor’sdefeathappenedataboutthesametime.Thisshouldbeawarningtous.ItisonethingtouseAIwithinagamewithclearrulesandcleargoals.ItissomethingverydifferenttouseAIintherealworld.Theunpredictabilityoftherealworldmaybringtothesurfaceatroublingsoftwareproblem.EricSchmidtisoneofthebossesofGoogle,whichownsAlphaGo.HethinksAIwillbepositiveforhumans.Hesaidpeoplewillbethewinner,whatevertheoutcome.AdvancesinAIwillmakehumanbeingssmarter,moreableand“justbetterhumanbeings”.16．WhatdoestheauthorwanttoshowwiththeexampleofAlphaGo’svictory?A．Computerswillprevailoverhumanbeings.B．Computershaveunmatchedpotential.C．Computersareman’spotentialrivals.D．Computerscanbecomehighlyintelligent.正确答案：D解析：推理题。原文第一段指出，阿尔法围棋程序的胜利证明了电脑已经变得非常聪明，由此可知，D项描述符合原文，故答案为D。作者的关注点是“计算机的智慧”，而非其“潜力”，而且文中也没有提及未来计算机会不会战胜人类、会不会成为人类的对手，所以A、B、C三项均与题干所问不符，故排除。17．WhatdoestheauthormeanbyAImachinesactingethically?A．Theyarecapableofpredictingpossiblerisks.B．Theyweighthegainsandlossesbeforereachingadecision.C．Theymakesensibledecisionswhenfacingmoraldilemmas.D．Theysacrificeeverythingtosavehumanlives.正确答案：C解析：推理题。原文第三段后半段指出，无人驾驶汽车有时会面临对生命的选择问题，也就是在危险来临时选择救谁的问题，是救孩子还是乘客?是救狗还是救车?这就是一种有关于伦理道德的两难境地，由此可知，C项符合原文，故答案为C。A、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。B项更着重利益方面，没有突出伦理，故排除。18．WhatissaidtobethebiggerchallengefacinghumansintheAIage?A．Howtomakesuper-intelligentAImachinessharehumanfeelings.B．Howtoensurethatsuper-intelligentAImachinesactethically.C．HowtopreventAImachinesdoingharmtohumans.D．Howtoavoidbeingover-dependentonAImachines.正确答案：B解析：细节题。原文第四段第二句指出，向比我们还要聪明的机器灌输伦理道德将是更大的挑战。由此可知，B项描述符合原文，故答案为B。A、C、D三项原文均未提及，故排除。19．WhatdowelearnaboutMicrosoft’s“chatbot”Taylor?A．Shecouldnotdistinguishgoodfrombad.B．Shecouldturnherselfoffwhennecessary.C．Shewasnotmadetohandlenovelsituations.D．Shewasgoodatperformingroutinetasks.正确答案：A解析：推理题。由原文第五段可知，人们“聊天机器人”泰勒本来是用来回复人们的留言的，而且按照程序设计它可以从收到的信息中学到东西，还可以慢慢提高处理对话的能力，但当有人给它灌输种族主义时，它也会接受并吸收学习这种不好的思想，这说明泰勒不能分辨它所接收到的信息正确与否，故答案为A。B项与原文不符，原文指出因为它的错误言论，微软把它关闭了，而不是它自己关闭了，故排除。C、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。20．WhatdoesEricSchmidtthinkofartificialintelligence?A．Itwillbefarsuperiortohumanbeings.B．Itwillkeepimprovingastimegoesby.C．Itwillprovetobeanassettohumanbeings.D．Itwillbeheretostaywhatevertheoutcome.正确答案：C解析：推理题。原文最后一段指出，埃里克-施密特认为人工智能对人类有着积极的意义，人工智能的进步将使人类更聪明、更有能力，“人类只会变得更好”，由此可知，埃里克-施密特认为人工智能不会危害人类，而是为人所用，是人类的财富，故答案为C。A项与埃里克-施密特的观点不符，他认为人类是最终的赢家，而不是人工智能，故排除。B、D两项原文均未提及，故排除。