曲轴毕业设计英文文献及参考书摘要

曲轴毕业英文文献及参考书摘要 .............................................................. 1 1.1 The structure of the engine ........................................... 1 1.2 发动机的结构 .......................................................... 9 ............................................................. 15 2.1 金属切削与机床 ....................................................... 15 2.2 数控机床刀具及其应用 ................................................. 15 2.3 数控机床及应用 ....................................................... 16 2.4 机床结构件几何优化设计的研究 ......................................... 16 2.5 耐磨损及腐蚀的铸态28CR白口铸铁 ...................................... 16 2.6 应变疲劳可靠性的现状及展望 ....................................... 17 2.7 仿人机器人发展及其技术探索 ........................................... 17 2.8 机械式拖拉机导向探测装置 ............................................. 17 2.9 RGRR-Ι构造混联6R机器人 ............................................. 17 2.10 大学生机械设计竞赛指导 .............................................. 18 1.1 The structure of the engine Before you start work, make sure you have a quality onlinemanual from ALLDATA. If you are leaving your engine repair to your mechanic, make sure you read our section on auto warranties on some tips on how to get a good extended warranty to protect yourself from unexpected repair bills. The engine is the heart of your car, but instead of pumping blood, the engine pumps air and fuel. The engines main function is to convert air and fuel into rotary motion so it can drive the wheels of the car. How does it do that ? Most common engines have 4, 6, or 8 pistons which move up and down in the cylinders. On the upper side of the piston is what is called the combustion chamber where the fuel and air mix before ignited. On the other side is the crankcase which is full of oil. Pistons have rings which serve to keep the oil out of the combustion chamber and the fuel and air out of the oil. Pistons are made from lightweight aluminum alloy and are designed to float in the cylinder without contacting the cylinder walls. They float on a thin layer of oil which is below the rings. If the rings fail, oil can leak into the combustion chamber and you will see grey smoke coming from the exhaust. If the rings wear or you lose oil to the engine, the pistons can score the cylinder walls damaging the engine and requiring a rebuild. The crankshaft is connected to the pistons via a connecting rod. As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder it rotates the crankshaft and converts the straight line motion into rotary motion. The valvetrain consists of valves, rocker 1 arms, pushrods, lifters, and the cam shaft. The valvetrain's only job is that of a traffic cop. It lets air and fuel in and out of the engine at the proper time. The timing is controlled by the camshaft which is synchronized to the crankshaft by a chain or belt. Now that we have a general overview of the parts involved let's talk about what happens during the normal operation of your engine. Most automotive engine today are 4-stroke (or 4-cycle) engines, meaning they have four distinct events which make up the cycle. A 4-stroke engine takes two complete crankshaft revolutions to complete the cycle. Below are the 4 complete parts of the 4-stroke cycle... The camshaft opens the intake valve and the piston moves down the cylinder. This creates vacuum and sucks in air and fuel into the combustion chamber above the piston. As the piston starts moving back up the cylinder the intake valve closes and seals off the combustion chamber. The causes the air and fuel to compress. As the fuel is compressed and the piston nears the top of the cylinder the spark plug fires and ignites the fuel and air. This explosion pushes the piston back down the cylinder and drives the crankshaft. After the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder, the exhaust valve opens and the gasses left over from the fuel and air are sent out to the exhaust system. To get a more indepth look into the engine, take a look at the Road Machines CD free preview. Put these four events together in the above order and you have a complete cycle. Are you asleep yet? That's enough theory, let's talk about the real world and problems you might encounter with the above mentioned parts. Remember I talked about the rings which seal the combustion chamber from the crankcase. The rings over time tend to wear out. When they wear they allow 2 the fuel and air to enter into the oil and dilute it. This dilution reduces the oils ability to lubricate your engine and can cause premature wear. Also if the rings wear down they can allow oil from the crankcase to enter the combustion chambers. This will result in oil being burned and exiting your tailpipe as grayish/white smoke. If your car spews grayish white smoke and it does not go stop in the first few minutes after start-up you might have warn rings. If the smoke goes away after start-up look to the valvetrain section. The crankshaft rides on bearings which can wear down over time. The bearings support the crankshaft and also the rods which connect the pistons to the crankshaft. A loud medium pitched knocking noise in the engine points to warn bearings most of the time. This is usually a costly repair and involves removing the crankshaft and either machining the surface where the bearings ride, or replacing the entire crankshaft. To prevent this type of problem, use a high quality oil, change your oil at suggested intervals (3 months or 3000 miles is a safe number) and always maintain your oil level between oil changes. Many times it is more economical to buy a replacement engine, than to have your engine rebuilt when you have a crankshaft bearing failure. Your mechanic can give you a better idea of costs involved. Remember the oil smoke problem mentioned above in the piston sections. If your car only smokes grayish/white smoke at start-up you may have leaking valve seals. Valve seals keep oil from above the valve from leaking into the combustion chamber. When they wear, they can allow oil to seep into the combustion chamber and collect there until your start the engine again. You generally do not get oil leaking past the valve seals while the engine is running since the seals expand with the heat of the engine and plug the leak. Another common problem is the timing chain or belt will slip or even break causing the camshaft to stop rotating. Remember the camshaft tells the valves when to open and if it stops spinning then the valves stop opening and closing. No valve moving, no engine running . 3 A term you will here when talking about timing chains and belts is "interference engine". When an engine is an "interference engine" the pistons and valves are so close together that if the valves were to stop moving (broken belt or chain) and the crankshaft kept spinning they would crash into the piston. (that's the interference) This crash tends to do bad things to an engine, breaking valve, bending pushrods, and even cracking pistons. This is why most manufacturers recommend changing the timing chain or belt every 60,000 miles. Timing belts dry out, stretch and deteriorate over time so even if you do not have 60,000 miles on the car think about changing the belt after it's 6 years old. If you are wondering if your engine is an interference engine, you can check with Gates, who makes timing belts and has a PDF file which will tell you if your engine is an interference engine and the recommended service interval. * Change your oil regularly and use the recommend weight of oil. Check your owners manual or under the hood for the correct oil to be used. * Give your engine a chance to warm up before driving if possible. Doing this will let the oil get into all parts of the engine before you put a load on the engine. This is even more critical in cooler temperatures when the oil is cold and sluggish. * Change your timing belt or chain at your manufacturer's recommended interval. * Avoid "snake oil" additives advertised on late night TV. Regular oil changes and good maintenance habits will keep your engine running it's best. * If you have a turbo-charged engine, give the engine a minute or two to cool down before turning it off. This cool down period allows oil to circulate and cool down the bearings in the turbo. If you shut off the engine immediately after hard driving, the oil can gum up around the hot bearings and create problems down the road. * If you have to replace your engine, discuss the benefits of buying used versus 4 new. If you plan on keeping your car for some time, a new engine might be the best bet. Sometimes new engines are not much more expensive than rebuilt ones, and offer the best solution. * When trying to diagnose engine noises, be as descriptive as possible. Take note to when the noise occurs, at what throttle position, and when the noise started occurring. Sometimes changing the weight of oil being used can cause a new noise to crop up. Make sure your mechanic knows if you changed oil brands or weight recently. That's about it for the engine. If you have any other questions feel free to e-mail me at kevin@autoeducation.com Automotive electronic control system consists of sensors, the electronic control module, actuators, three major components of the development of new technology can be divided into electronic engine control technology and electronic technology, vehicle chassis safely electronic-controlled technical. In modern automotive electronic control system in all aspects of each field has made important contribution. Based on the chassis of the airbag control technology to automobile technology, for example, the domain to electronic technology as the core of the safety device is studied. The airbag as passive safety car in an important device, effectively protect the life safety of personnel rides. Through the statistics and data showed that, in the car collision, can correctly use belt and airbags can make head injury rate reduce 30-50%, facial injury rate reduce 70-80%. Based on the airbag action safety protection and measured the time process were analyzed to verify the rough study the feasibility of the airbag. Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing,and boring. Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools,and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the workpiece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. 5 The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, carriage assembly, and the leadscrew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well-normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides a heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one fiat way in one or both sets. They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modem lathes the ways are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. High tech's popularization and the application cause the automobile product renewal the step to be getting quicker and quicker, also causes China automobile industry the independent research and development level and the technical level and the disparity internationally is getting bigger and bigger, in the concept automobile's development aspect is the difference disparate extremely. Joins WTO the automobile to sound the alarm to China, simultaneously also brings the infinite opportunity, our government as well as the Car company must enlarge to the automobile design research and the investment, establishes one kind of positive correct automobile design the idea, widely carries out the concept automobile's design. The headstock is mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways,usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the work at various speeds. Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears--similar to a truck transmission--through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modem lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to 6 provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy beatings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size d this hole is an important dimension of a lathe because it detemtines the maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailstock assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location. An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be movedtransversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the tailstock and headstock spindles. The third major component of the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76 mm (2 to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a handwheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways. The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum workpiece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of workpieee that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. llley are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mtn ( 12 to 24 inches) swing and from 610 to 1 219 mm (24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1 270 mm (50 inches) and center 7 distances up to 3 658 mm ( 12 feet) are not tmcommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes--with swings usually not over 330 mm ( 13 inches)--also are available in bench type,designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench or cabinet. Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the workpiece, they ale not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production time is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator's time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing. The engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered. The engine lathe has been replaced in today's production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic tracer lathes, turret lathes, and automatic screw machines. All the advantages of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish and accuracy, are now at the designer's fingertips with production speeds on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today. Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used. Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, 8 in terms of ability to repeat accurately andrapidly. Applying this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating. In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turret lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations. Even though pistons and connecting rods tend to become shock absorbers to these loads, radial deflection (both positive and negative) leads to “oscillations” created about the crank’s axis of rotation. This will be discussed in more detail later in the story. For now, it’s important to recognize that crankshafts, as a function of torque produced, tend to become “rubber” in the manner by which reciprocating motion (pistons) is converted into rotary motion (torque). As has been previously pointed out, engines are “parts packages” and should be treated as such where no single part operates completely independently. Accordingly, crankshafts can have influence on such variables as valve timing, intake manifold selection and header sizing. But first, we should discuss some of the more common issues. 1.2 发动机的结构 在你开始工作之前，你必须有一个来自ALLDATA的高级指南。如果你将发动机交给机 械师修理，务必阅读汽车保证书的相关条款的建议，它如何告诉你获得使你免于意料之外 的维修账单的长期保证。 发动机是汽车的心脏，但它不是抽取血液，而是抽吸空气和燃料。发动机的主要功能 是将空气和燃料运送到轮转机，这样它能驱动汽车的的轮子。它如何做到那样呢？ 最普通的发动机有4，6或8个能在汽缸中上下移动的活塞。活塞的上面被称作燃烧室，燃料和空气在点燃前在那里混合。下面是充满油的曲柄轴箱。活塞是由较轻的 铝合金制成的，它们能在汽缸中移动而不接触汽缸壁。它们在一个稀薄的吊环下面的油层 上移动，如果吊环损坏，油可能漏进氧化室，你会看到白烟从排气装置中冒出来。如果吊 环损坏或者发动机缺油，活塞可以摩擦汽缸壁，损害发动机，因此需要重修。 曲轴通过一个连杆连接到活塞。当活塞在汽缸中上下移动时，它使机轴旋转， 9 并将这一直线运动传到轮转机。 气门装置：气门装置由阀门，摇臂，推杆，升降机。时间选择倍通过链条和传动带和机轴 同步的凸轮轴控制。 既然我们对有关的部分有了一个大致的了解，让我们讨论在正常的发动机运转中将发 生什么。现在大多数发动机是4杆（或4个周期）发动机，意味着它们有4个分开的部分 构成。一个4杆发动机需要两个完整的机轴旋转来完成循环。下面是4杆的4个完整部分。 凸轮轴打开进气门，并且活塞沿着汽缸向下移动。这创造了真空状态并将 空气和燃料吸收到上面的燃烧室。 当活塞沿着汽缸向上移动时，进气门紧闭并密封燃烧室，这导致空气和燃 料压缩。 当燃料被压缩并且活塞接近汽缸顶端时火花塞点燃并引燃燃料和空气。这 个爆发过程推动活塞沿着汽缸向下运动并驱动机轴。 在活塞到达进气行程的下止点之后，排气门打开并且来自燃料和空气的气 体排放到排气系统。 为了对发动机有一个更深入的了解，看一看 Road Machines CD 的免费预演。 把4 个部分按以上顺序放在一起，你将有一个完整的周期。你任然不理解吗？让我们讨论以上 有关部分的真实世界和问题。 记住我说过来自曲柄轴箱的吊环密封燃烧室。吊环经过一段时间会损坏。当它 们损坏时它们将允许燃料和空气进入油里并稀释它。这种稀释减弱了油润滑发动机的能 力，并可以导致过早的损坏。同时如果吊环损坏，它们将允许来自曲柄轴箱的油进入燃烧 室。这将导致油燃烧并作为白烟排出排气管。如果你的汽车喷出白色的烟并且不能在发动 后几分钟内停止，你的吊环可能损坏了。如果烟在发动后散出则检查气门装置部分。 曲轴依靠随着时间损坏的轴承运转。轴承支撑曲轴和连接活塞与曲轴的杆。一 个中等音调的在发动机上的碰撞声大多意味着轴承的损坏。这通常是昂贵的修理并涉及到 撤销下损坏的并且或者加工轴承运转面或者替换整个曲轴。为了防止这种问题，使用优 质油，按建议的间隔换油（3个月或3000英里是一个安全的数字）并且在换油前总是保持油量。大多时候买一个替代发动机比重修发动机更经济。当你有一个曲轴轴承损坏时，你 的机械师可以给你一个更好的节省费用的建议。 记住上面在活塞部分提到的油烟问题。如果你的汽车在发动时只冒白烟， 10 你的阀门封口可能漏损。阀门封口阻止来自阀门上面的油漏进燃烧室。当它们损坏时，它 们允许油进入燃烧室并在那里聚集直到你在次发动发动机。当发动机运转时通常不会通过 阀门封口漏油，因为封口随着发动机的热量膨胀并堵上漏洞。 另一个普遍的问题是定时链条或传动带将滑动甚至断裂，引起凸轮轴停止转动。记 住凸轮轴决定阀门何时打开。如果它停止旋转然后阀门停止打开和关闭。没有阀门的运动， 就没有发动机的运转。当讨论定时链条和传动带时你将听到一个术语是干涉引擎。当一个 引擎为干涉引擎时，活塞和阀门是如此靠近以致如果阀门停止运动（损坏的链条或传动带） 并且机轴停止旋转，它们将猛撞活塞。（这是干涉) 这种撞击对发动机有害，使阀门损坏， 推杆弯曲甚至使活塞破裂，这就是为什么大多数制造商建议每60000英里更换定时链条或传动带。定时传动带随着时间变长，损坏，因此即使你的汽车没有行驶60000英里也应在它使用6年后考虑更换传动带。如果你想知道你的引擎是否为干涉引擎，你可以和Gates联系，他制造定时传动带并有一个告诉你此问题并推荐发动机使用时间的PDF文件。 规律换油并使用推荐重量的油。查阅你的用户指南或在引擎盖开启后使 用适当的油。如有可能，在开车前让你的发动机热身。这样做将在加负担于发动机前使油 进入它的所有部分。这在低温油冰冷不活泼的情况下尤其重要。 按照制造商建议的时间间隔更换你的定时链条或传动带。避免使用深夜电视广告宣传的骗 人的万灵油。有规律的换油和好的保养习惯将使你的发动机保持最佳状态。 如果你有一个涡轮增压发动机，在关闭发动机之前给它一两分钟冷却, 这种冷却时间将允许润滑油流动并让涡轮里的轴承散热。如果你长时间的驾驶后立即关闭发动机，油可以 在热的轴承周围粘住并由此制造麻烦。 如果你必须更换发动机，讨论相当于买新的发动机买旧的好处。如果你打算使用汽车 一段时间，一个新的发动机可能是最好的选择。有时新的发动机并不比重修发动机更贵并 能更好的使用。当试图分析发动机的噪音时，尽可能的描述。记下噪音何时发生，在什么 油门位置。有时候改变使用的油的量可能引起新的噪音。如果你最近改变油的品牌或重量， 务必让你的机械师知道。 这就是关于发动机的问题。如果你有任何其他问题可以随时发e-mail给我。 发动机零件精度高，结构复杂，但比较典型，制造工艺比较成熟，工艺水平普遍高于 其它总成，生产工艺过程和组织形式具有一系列的特点，这表现在生产的专业化、系列化、 11 多品种，生产过程的自动化，包括自动线的广泛采用和加工过程综合自动化的发展等方面。 产品的系列化是提高发动机制造技术水平的前提和条件，而自动化的流水生产又对生产专 业化提出了迫切的要求。 曲轴作为发动机中最重要的零部件之一，国内、外对其研究开发都很重视。欧美等汽 车工业发达的国家，经过多年的积累，通过计算机三维设计，利用有限元分析方法对曲轴 的各项强度指标进行分析，使曲轴在初期达到完美的设计。在加工工艺方面，由于国外大 多采用了先进的数控设备，而国内大多以手动设备为主，精度差，这就要求我们在实际设 计加工工艺的过程中充分考虑各方面的因素，在借鉴国外先进的工艺的同时充分考虑 现有设备资源的利用和改造，达到少投入，增大收益。 汽车电子控制系统由传感器、电子控制组件、执行器三大部分组成，由其发展的新技 术大致分为发动机电控技术、车身底盘电控技术、车身安全电控技术。电控系统在现代汽 车各方面各领域里做出了重要的贡献。本文以车身底盘电控技术中的安全气囊技术为例， 对汽车安全领域里以电控技术为核心的安全装置进行了研究。安全气囊作为汽车被动安全 装置里重要的一项装置，有效地保护了乘车人员的生命安全。通过大量统计和实测资料都 表明，在汽车相撞时，能正确使用安全带和安全气囊可使头部受伤率减少30%-50%，面部 受伤率减少70%-80%。本文通过对安全气囊动作起安全保护的时间过程及相关实测进行粗 略的研究分析来印证安全气囊的可行性。 多品种生产是发动机生产的另一特点，随着国民经济的发展，各种用途的汽车的品种 愈来愈多，要求生产多种性能和规格的发动机。为此，各大汽车公司及发动机专业厂在发 动机设计和生产上都充分考虑了多品种和系列化。 多品种生产是建立在系列化的基础上的，各个发动机厂都有自己的产品列，这些系列 和汽车系列既相适应但又是彼此独立的。实现发动机系列化的方式有三种： 第一种 ：仅仅通过增加缸数而其它尺寸参数不变形成由不同功率组成的列产品，如 直列四缸、直列六缸、V6, V8, V12, V16缸等。以这种方式形成系列最为简单，通用件多，在同一生产线上生产同一系列的不同品种发动机零件最为方便。 第二种 ：通过变更发动机的缸径、冲程等参数来形成发动机系列。这种方式用得也 不少。在采取一些技术和进行简单的调整以后，也可在同一生产线上加工同一系列的 不同品种的零件。 第三种 ：采取强化措施，来增加发动机的功率。对汽油机是用改善冲气效率的方法， 12 如用多腔化油器代替单腔化油器。而柴油机则采用增压或增压中冷等方式来提高功率。采 用高增压、中冷方式，功率可以提高100%,所以增压方式提高柴油机功率的最好方法。目 前不少厂通过这种方式来形成自己的系列产品。低增压比自然进气可提高柴油发动机功率 25-35%,高增压可提高功率50-60%,高增压加中冷则可提高发动机功率80-100% 。近年来汽 油机也有用增压方式的，可提高功率15-30% 。 产品的系列化是实现多品种生产的必要条件，但生产过程的多品种适应性却是实现 多品种生产的关键，国外在发展中小批量和大批量多品种生产方面进行了大量的工作。不 但发展了各种适合于多品种生产的自动、半自动单机，而且也建立了进行多品种生产的流 水线或自动线。 汽车从诞生的那天起，就给人类带来无数不幸。全世界平均每天有千余人丧于车祸， 每年死于交通事故的人数达到几十万，受伤人数为百余万。交通安全是一个重要课题，而 汽车本身性能是一个重要因素。因此，进入21世纪，世界各国都把汽车的安全性，特别是被动安全问题作为汽车工业发展的另一个重要目标。 计算机在汽车上的应用，带来了汽车设计与制造的新理念。传统的汽车是从纸上的构 思、设计开始，通过模型定型，测取数据来加工零部件。在总装线上形成汽车。现代汽车 工业则完全不同，它要求在新型汽车设计的第一个环节，所有环节的人都要参加，用集体 的思维和数据来构造汽车。通过计算机辅助设计技术，设计出完全满足市场需求、符合国 家安全法规的约定、造型优美、生产、服务成本均低廉的汽车。通过计算机网络来协调所 有环节的步调，以保证汽车的生产秩序，同时也构成企业的依据。在汽车设计开发中，完 全数字化、信息化并贯穿生产、管理、服务的科学化的全过程。 内燃机的发展水平取决于其零部件的发展水平，而内燃机零部件的发展水平，是由生 产制造技术等因素来决定的。也就是说，内燃机零部件的制造技术水平，对主机的 性能、 寿命及可靠性有决定性的影响。同样，制造技术与设备的关系也是密不可分的 ，每当新 一代设备或工艺材料研制成功，都会给制造技术的革新带来突破性的进展， 进入新世纪 后，科学技术的发展会异常迅猛，新设备的研制周期将越来越短，因此，新世纪内燃机制 造技术必将形成迅速发展的局面。 由于铸造技术水平的提高，气冲造型、静压造型、树脂自硬砂造型制芯、消失模铸造， 使内燃机铸造的主要零部件如集体、缸盖可以制成形状复杂曲面及箱型结构的薄壁铸件。 这不仅在很大程度上提高了机体刚度，降低了噪声辐射，而且是内燃机达到轻量化，由于 13 象喷涂、重熔、烧结、对韩、电化学加工、激光加工等局部表面强化技术的进步，使材料 功能得到完善的发挥;由于设备水平提高，加工制造技术向高精度、高效率、自动化方向 发展，带动了内燃机零部件生产向高集中化程度发展，另一方面，柔性制造技术的推广， 使内燃机产品更新换代具有更大的灵活性和适应性，多品种小批量生产的柔性制造系统引 起了内燃机制造商们的广泛认同，也顺应了生产技术发展及市场形势的变化。电子技术及 计算机在设计、制造、试验、检测、工艺过程控制上的应用，推动了行业的技术进步，提 高了内燃机的产品质量，新材料的发展也推动了内燃机零部件生产工艺的变革，特别是工 程塑料、陶瓷材料及复合材料在内燃机上的运用，有力地促进了内燃机制造技术的发展。 随着内燃机电控技术的发展，电控系统三大组成部分(传感器、执行器、控制单元)将成为 内燃机零部件行业的重要分支，同时向传统的内燃机制造业提出了新的课题。 科学技术的进步为内燃机发展不断注入新的活力，由此可以推断:21世纪，内燃机制 造技术将向高进度、多元化方面飞速发展，它的发展速度和方向不仅关系到内燃机的质量， 还直接对内燃机的未来产生重大影响，就其产品技术进步快慢而言，汽车内燃机发展最快， 其次是机车、船舶、发电机组、工程机械、农业机械等。 综上所述:新世纪的内燃机将面临来自各方面的挑战，它将义无反顾地朝着节约能源、 燃料多样化、提高功率、延长寿命、提高可靠性、降低排放和噪声、减轻质量、缩小体积、 降低成本、简化维护保养等方向迅猛发展。在21世纪，天然气、醇类、植物油及氢等代用燃料将为内燃机增添新的活力，而内燃机电子控制技术在提高品质的同时也延长了内燃机 行业“生命”，新材料、新工艺的技术革命，为21世纪内燃机的发展产生了新的推动力，21世纪的内燃机，将在造福人类的同时不断弥补自身缺陷，以尽可能完美的形象为人类做 出新的贡献。 14 2.1 金属切削与机床 内容摘要： 涵盖了机械制造的基本内容，着重讲述了机械制造工程及自动化专业学生的必备知 识，其内容几乎涉及工科院校的每个学生。 本书包括绪论、金属切削、机床概述、车床及其加工、往复运动机床及其加工、铣床及其 加工、孔加工、磨削加工、其他机床及其加工、非传统加工工艺（特种加工）、机床测试、 面向加工的设计（切削加工结构工艺性）、平面加工、计量学机床数学控制等内容。 （美）PNRao 著.金属切削与机床[C].机械工业出版社,2005 2.2 数控机床刀具及其应用 内容摘要： 以金属切削过程的基本理论及切削加工工件表面成形理论为基础，介绍刀具几何参数 与切削用量的合理选择和已加工表面粗糙度的成因及其影响因素；以数控刀具的使用与管 理为主线，阐述各类数控刀具的特点与合理使用技术、典型材料切削实用刀具以及数控工 具系统的种类和应用；以提高数控机床加工效率、保证加工质量为宗旨，介绍刀具预调仪 的选用与管理以及刀具管理系统的职能。编著时注意简化基本理论的叙述，注重与生产实 际的联系，强调应用性内容的介绍。结合数控工具系统的发展趋势，尽量反映技术发展的 最新成果及相关国际标准。全书分数控加工的切削基础、已加工表面质量、数控刀具材料 及其选用、数控刀具的种类及特点、数控车削刀具、数控铣削刀具、孔加工刀具、典型材 15 料的切削性能和实用刀具以及数控工具系统等。 徐宏海.数控机床刀具及其应用[C].化学工业出版社,2005 2.3 数控机床及应用 内容摘要： 结合当前数控机床的实际应用水平，从应用的角度系统地介绍了数控机床及相关的知 识。书中首先介绍了数控机床的基本知识；然后介绍数控机床的各个组成部分：包括计算 机数控系统、数控机床的机械结构、位置检测装置和伺服系统；围绕数控机床的应用，介 绍了应用数控机床进行加工所需要的技术基础知识；各类数控机床的数控编程基本知识与 方法；介绍并剖析了若干个应用实例；针对数控机床应用中的常见问题；介绍了数控机床 的使用与维护常识。 陈玉杰.数控机床及应用[C].北京理工大学出版社,2009 2.4 机床结构件几何优化设计的研究 内容摘要： 针对机床结构件的特点，通过有限元网格的特殊划分提出了一种适用于几何优化设计 的特殊单元“拟单元”。在设计变量的处理上把截面变量和几何变量分为两个子空间，并 且根据具体情况可在不同的子空间取不同的目标函数和约束函数。为了减少计算工作量用 二次多项式拟合方法进行近似重分析计算，效果明显。应用本文方法计算实例表明：当仅 对某车床床身作截面优化时，其重量可双原设计减轻8.9%，但当对该床身的截面和几何两类设计变量作优化设计时，则其重量可双原设计减轻25.4%。 温文源.南京工学院.机械工程学报[C],1988 2.5 耐磨损及腐蚀的铸态28Cr白口铸铁 内容摘要： 首先在销盘式二体磨损试验机上，使用二种不同硬度的磨料对三种基体状态的28Cr 铸铁耐磨性进行了比较，结果表明具有铸态奥氏体基体的28Cr铸铁具有良好的耐磨性；进而在腐蚀磨损试验机上对铸态28Cr铸铁与马氏体15Cr1MolCu铸铁在不同PH值介质中 的耐腐蚀磨损性能进行了对比，考察了在什么介质条件下28Cr铸铁取代15Cr铸铁才是合 理的以及28Cr铸铁作为耐腐蚀磨损材料的成份选择原则。另外还对不同状态及成份的28Cr 铸铁的机械性能进行了测定，为工程上的实际使用提供了依据。 贺林.西安交通大学.机械工程学报, 1987 16 2.6 内容摘要： 未来是应用塑性变形知识解决结构失效问题的时代，应变疲劳可靠性分析是其中重要 问题之一，它在90年代才引起注意，文献很少。现有方法假设Coffin-Manson循环应变 —寿命（CSL）关系中的疲劳强度和塑性系数为独立随机变量，强度和塑性指数为常数， 实际上它们都是拟合试验数据的相关随机变量。因此，只适于缺乏试验数据时的近似分析。 试验揭示了材料的循环应力一应变（CSS）响应存在很大分散性。考虑这一分散性和CSL 与CSS关系中材料常数的相关性，建立新的方法是未来值得研究的基础课题。建立考虑平 均应变/应力影响和多轴方法，使之应用于工程实践是值得进一步研究的重要课题。 赵永翔.西南交通大学机械工程研究所.机械工程学报[C],2001 2.7 仿人机器人发展及其技术探索 内容摘要： 仿人机器人是研究人类智能的高级平台，它是综合机械、电子、计算机、传感器、控 制技术、人工智能、仿生学等多种学科的复杂智能机械，目前已成为机器人领域的研究热 点问题之一。对国内外仿人机器人研究现状进行广泛调研，其中日、美等国在研制仿人机 器人方面做了大量的工作，中国各高校也积极研究，取得了突破性进展。概括并分析机器 人自由度配置、步态规划的分类、基于零力矩点的稳定性判据、传感器的分类和应用以及 机器人控制系统等关键技术。 于秀丽.北京邮电大学.机械工程学报[C],2009 2.8 机械式拖拉机导向探测装置 内容摘要： 拖拉机自动导向能提高行驶轨迹的精度，提高行间作业质量，减轻驾驶员劳动强度。 机械式拖拉机自动导向利用田间的作物、秸秆或垄沟等进行接触探测，机构简单、成本低、 易维护。设计针对玉米秸秆行间作业的低成本机械式导向探测装置。通过对导向探测器具 有的特点进行分析，确定触杆的对称结构和偏心半椭圆形状特征，在对触杆进行受力分析 的基础上确定触杆形状的关键参数即偏心矩。经过试验表明这种形式的导向探测装置及角 位移传感器能实现拖拉机在秸秆行间的导向探测，并对秸秆无破坏。 何卿.中国农业大学工学院.机械工程学报[C],2007 2.9 RGRR-Ι构造混联6R机器人 17 内容摘要： 新型并联双自由度转动关节(RGRR-?)活动构件少、工作空间大，利用RGRR-?构造混 联6R机器人可以实现高刚度、大工作空间、机构紧凑等。提出混联机构的求解新方法， 即建立少自由度并联机构的运动坐标参数与机构运动输入参数之间的关系，把混联机构的 求解转化为各少自由度并联机构的求解和运动坐标参数之间的串联求解，降低了求解难 度，可以方便地推导出位置的正解和反解。此方法对其他混联机器人的运动学分析有借鉴 作用。 姜铭.东南大学机械工程学院.机械工程学报[C],2010 2.10 大学生机械设计竞赛指导 内容摘要： 主要介绍了大学生在参加机械设计竞赛中常用的设计、加工方法；着重讲解了原理方 案的构思，包括抓取方案、行走方案、搬运方案、越障方案、提升方案、攀爬方案以及创 新设计等。在机械本体制作过程中，作者根据多年的指导经验，讲述了常用零件及其设计、 机械加工基本知识，常用工具及其使用、竞赛中常用的设计、加工及装配技巧。 为了做到对作品的灵活控制，作者用了一定的篇幅，详细讲解了电机的选择，以及如何控 制直流电机、舵机和步进电机，并给同学们提供了一种适用于大学生机械设计竞赛的控制 平台（包括控制电路板和遥控板）。为了方便大家完成控制部分的设计，本书还列出了控 制部分的详细代码。针对同学们在撰写理论方案中出现的种种问题，作者对理论方案的撰 写做了一些介绍，并做了举例说明。 赵明岩. 大学生机械设计竞赛指导[C].浙江大学出版社,2008 18