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华东师范大学学前教育上岗证设计

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华东师范大学学前教育上岗证设计华东师范大学学前教育上岗证设计 概述 1. 幼儿园教育的五大领域:语言(讲故事、谈话)、社会(家乡、祖国、情感)、健康(保健和体育)、艺术(音乐、 美术)、科学(自然和数学) 2. 幼儿园活动要素:教育目标、内容、途径、方法、形式和评价。 3. 教师是儿童的观察者、支持者、引导者、合作者、倾听者。(教师的角色定位) 4. 幼儿园教育活动设计与指导的要求:发展性、趣味性、开放性、游戏性、整合性。 5. 预设性教育活动:由教师根据教育目标,以及幼儿的特点预先设定的教育活动 6. 生成性教育活动:由教师创设环境,引起幼...
华东师范大学学前教育上岗证设计
华东师范大学学前教育上岗证设计 概述 1. 幼儿园教育的五大领域:语言(讲故事、谈话)、社会(家乡、祖国、情感)、健康(保健和体育)、艺术(音乐、 美术)、科学(自然和数学) 2. 幼儿园活动要素:教育目标、内容、途径、、形式和评价。 3. 教师是儿童的观察者、支持者、引导者、合作者、倾听者。(教师的角色定位) 4. 幼儿园教育活动设计与指导的要求:发展性、趣味性、开放性、游戏性、整合性。 5. 预设性教育活动:由教师根据教育目标,以及幼儿的特点预先设定的教育活动 6. 生成性教育活动:由教师创设环境,引起幼儿的探究兴趣,然后生成主的活动。 7. 教育活动环境的要素:自然环境、物质和心理环境。 8. 环境创设的要求:自然、朴素、美观、安全、亲切、适合。 9. 表现性目标:幼儿参与活动后所得到的各不相同的结果。 数学 1. (简答)数学教育有助于学前儿童的思维发展,提高智能水平 答:数学教育是发展学前儿童思维能力的一个重要而有效的途径。许多心理学家和教育学家注意到,最基本的数 学结构和幼儿的运算思维结构之间有着非常直接、密切的联系。数学具有抽象性、逻辑性、广泛应用性的特点, 即使是幼儿掌握粗浅的数学概念,也需要他们将感知到的材料,经过一番分析与综合、抽象与概括、判断与推理 的过程,由感性认识逐步上升到理性认识。在这个过程中,幼儿的逻辑思维能力得到发展,从而提高他们的智能 水平。 2. 皮亚杰建构主义数学教育理论 (一)关于知识的分类与建构 将儿童所学知识归为三种不同类型:社会知识、物理知识、逻辑-数理知识。 (二)学前儿童怎样学习数学(简答) 建构主义学派认为,数学知识是高度抽象化的逻辑-数理知识,它并不存在于外在实体,而是人体作用于物体的过程中,对物体之间的内在关系进行“反省抽象”所建构而成的。数的逻辑结构是无法直接教导的,需要儿童自己通过操作和内心所创造的关系进行主体的自我建构。 3. (选择)皮亚杰建构主义数学教育的主张:提供实物让儿童操作;注重概念建构的过程;强调儿童学习过程的理 解与顿悟。 4. (简答)列乌申娜学前儿童数学教育理论 1) 感知觉的发展是儿童数概念形成于发展的基础。 2) 周围生活和客观现实是儿童数概念形成与发展的源泉。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 3) 数学教育的有效方法和形式:操作、游戏、小实验。 教学必须走在发展前面。 4) 5. (选、填)学前儿童学习数学的心理特点 1)从具体到抽象。2)从个别到一般3)从外部动作到内部动作4)从同化到顺应5)从不自觉到自觉。6)从自我 中心到社会化。 6. 感知集合教育:是指在不教给集合术语的前提下,让儿童感知集合及其元素,学会用对应的方法比较集合中元素 的数量,并将有关集合、子集及其关系的一些思想渗透到整个数学教育的内容和方法中去。 7. 学前儿童感知集合的意义,(简答需要名解+123内容) 1)儿童数概念的发生起始对集合的笼统感知。 2)感知集合是儿童数概念形成和发展的中间环节与必要的感性基础。 3)感知集合的包含关系有利于幼儿掌握数的组成及加减运算。 8. 分类的类型 按对象分类:按物体的名称分类;按物体的外部特征分类;按物体量的差异分类;按物体的用途分类;按物体间的联系分类;按物体的材料分类;按数量分类。 按包含关系分类:具体概念的分类;一级类概念分类;二级类概念分类。 按物体的特征差异数量分类:一个特征的分类;两个特征的分类;三个及以上特征的分类 9. 分类教育的注意点 1)充分利用自然条件和日常生活情景。 2)提倡并鼓励幼儿交流分类的结果。 3)扩展幼儿有关分类的,尝试多种分类形式。 10. 计数活动:就是将具体集合中的元素与自然数列里从:“1”开始的自然数之间建立起一一对应关系。 11. 学前儿童计数能力发展的过程(选、填):口头数数;按物点数;说出总数;按群计数。 12. 10以内基数概念的教育(填) 采用“计数”的方法教儿童认识基数。 结合“数的形成”的方法教儿童认识基数。 按范例数量取物或按数字取物,练习巩固基数概念。 运用多种感官感知物体的数量,练习巩固基数概念。 采用相邻两个数的比较和转换,了解相邻数之间的关系。 通过顺数、倒数,让儿童掌握自然数列。 通过操作或游戏法,让儿童掌握单数、双数。 13. (填、选)表象水平的加减运算是学前阶段儿童运算最经典的特征,学习的方式主要依靠口述应用题和集合图(集 合图被广泛运用)。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 14. 空间形体的感知与词的联系;经历配对—指认—命名的过程。 15. 排序活动的类型:(1)按次序规则排序:物体量的、数量多少、外部特征;(2)按特定规则排序 16. “量的守恒”概念的教育方法(填) 运用变式帮助儿童感受和体验量的守恒 添加干扰因素帮助儿童感受和体验量的守恒。 用数表示量,帮助儿童感受和体验量的守恒。 利用等分数学,渗透整体与部分关系的思想。 17. 自然测量:利用自然物直接测量的方法。 18. (填)时间具有流动性、抽象性和不可逆性的特点。 19. (填)认识时间概念的特点:1)主动性2)含糊性:表达时间的词语发展存在一定困难。3)易受生活实际经验的 影响4)易与空间关系混淆。 20. 时间概念含糊,往往用“昨天”表示过去发生的事,用“明天”表达即将发生的事。 21. 正式的数学教育活动:教师有目的、有计划地组织全体幼儿开展的数学教育活动。通过幼儿自身的参与,学习初 步数学概念并发展思维能力的一种专项活动。 22. 为什么说操作法是学前儿童数学教育的最重要方法? 答:操作法提供给儿童合适的材料、教具、环境、让儿童在自己摆弄的实践过程中进行探索,获得数学感性经验和逻辑知识的一种方法。它是儿童学习数学最重要、最有效的方法。运用操作法应强调以下几点:1)体现年龄差异2)创设操作条件3)明确操作顺序4)交待操作目的、要求及方法。 23. 归纳法:在幼儿已有知识的基础上,运用推理概括出一些简单的本质特征或规律,以获得新的数学知识。 音乐 1、 音乐是一种社会审美生活的主观反映。 2、 音乐的基本特征:材料的特殊性;流动性;情感性;表现性;不确定性。 3、 学前儿童音乐教育:以音乐为手段,在音乐教育的过程中促进儿童的全面发展。 4、 学前儿童音乐教育价值:1)音乐本位:承担音乐本身的教育目的 1) 教育本位:实施全面发展教育的手段。 5、 学前儿童音乐教育的特点:1)形象性和感染性2)趣味性和游戏性3)技能性和综合性 6、 如何理解幼儿园的音乐教育活动, 1.学前儿童音乐教育是以儿童为主体,以适合儿童的音乐为客体,有老师精心设计和组织的教育活动;以培养孩子的音乐能力,促进孩子身心全面发展为目标的幼儿园教育活动。 2.学前儿童音乐教育的特点:1)形象性和感染性2)趣味性和游戏性3)技能性和综合性 3.幼儿园音乐教育活动不同于社会上或家里对幼儿音乐的培养,主要在于不同的价值取向。音乐艺术是人类文化的重installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 要组成部分,而“教育的天职变在于培养主体和传递文化,通过文化使主体成长,并使文化在主体那里成为生动的精神。以教育为价值取向的音乐教育在于传递和发展音乐艺术文化本身,而两者实际上可以在音乐教育的过程中达成统一。对于学前儿童音乐教育而言,应以教育价值取向为主,以音乐价值取向为辅,两者互为补充。 7、学前儿童音乐教育的主要理论与流派 1)达尔克罗兹音乐教育体系:“体态律动“;视唱练耳;即兴创作。 2)柯达伊音乐教育体系:(1)音乐教育应该从幼儿园开始 (2)以唱歌教学为主要教学内容 (3)以“儿童自然发展法“作为课程安排主要的依据 (4)以首调唱名法、节奏唱名和柯尔文手势为基本教学工具 3)奥尔夫音乐教育体系:(1)“元素性“音乐教育 (2)“节奏第一“的观点 (3)课程内容:嗓音造型、动作造型和声音造型 4)铃木音乐教育体系——母语教学法 5)综合音乐感教育体系: “综合音乐感”,也即“综合音乐素质”是对儿童进行音高、力度、音色、节奏、曲式等方面素质的综合培养。 唱歌的简单知识和技能 7、 1) 姿势 2)呼吸 3)发声 4)咬字吐字 5)音准 6)协调一致 7)保护嗓音 8、 系列层次活动:是指以一个音乐活动材料(可以是一首歌曲或乐曲、一种节奏、一种舞步、一个音乐游戏或一种音 乐知识技能等等)为基础而设计的层层递进、环环相扣,以促进儿童全面发展为目标的教学活动结构系列。 9、 韵律活动:在音乐的伴奏下以协调的身体动作来表现音乐的活动。 10、 韵律活动的基本类型 1)律动及其组合 2)舞蹈及其基本表演形式:集体舞;邀请舞;双人舞;表演舞;独舞;自编舞 3)音乐游戏及其种类 从游戏形式来分——歌舞游戏;表现游戏、听辨反映游戏。 11、 预知学习:是一种通过教师的引导,帮助儿童将原有的知识、技能(即儿童预知的经验)应用到新的问题情 境中去的特殊的学习方法。 12、 整体感知:指在音乐教育活动中利用音乐形式结构本身的整体统一性和整体协调性,从整体入手引导儿童感 知、体验并表现音乐的一种方法。 13、 三个记忆方式 图谱:动作谱;图形;语言 14、 “多通道参与”:是指在音乐活动中调动儿童的多种感觉器官(如听觉、视觉、运动觉、言语知觉等)协同参 与,以更好地丰富和强化儿童对音乐的感受和理解,体验并享受音乐艺术的美。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 15、 “多通道参与”的基本形式——视觉辅助材料参与、动作辅助材料参与、言语辅助材料参与。 科学 1、 科学的概念,(关于自然、社会和思维的知识体系。是社会实践经验的总结,并在社会实践中得到检验和发展。) 科学是人们对客观世界的一种正确的认识,是反映客观事实的规律的知识体系(静态)。 科学是人们探索世界,获取知识的过程(动态) 科学是一种看待世界的方法和态度。 2、 科学技术的功能, 1) 认知功能:1.科学技术知识使人们的思想日益科学技术化;2.科学技术理论对科学技术实践具有指导作用。;3. 科学技术的发展改变人们的精神和道德面貌。 2) 生产力功能:1.可以提高劳动者的生产劳动能力;2.通过掌握科学知识进行技术发明,可以创造新的生产工具, 提高生产水平;3.可以扩大劳动对象,使原来尚未开发的自然资源得到广泛的利用;4.现代科学技术的发展可 以使现代化管理成为生产力的一种新要素。 3、 学前儿童科学教育的涵义, 1) 学前儿童科学的特点 1. 二~四岁学前儿童学习科学的特点:(1) 认识处于不分化的混沌状态 由直觉行动思维向具体形象性思维(2) 认识带有模仿性,缺乏有意性 的过渡阶段 (3) 认识带有明显的拟人化倾向 (4) 认识带有表面性和片面性 2. 四~五岁学前儿童学习科学的特点:(1) 好奇好问 以具体形象性思维为主 (2) 初步理解科学现象中表面的和简单的因果关系 (3) 开始根据事物的表面属性、功用和情景进行概括 分类。 3. 五~六岁学前儿童学习科学的特点:(1) 有积极地求知欲望 抽象思维开始萌芽 (2)初步理解科学现象中比较内在的、隐蔽的因果关系。 (3)能初步根据事物的本质属性进行概括分类 2)学前儿童科学教育的涵义 学前儿童科学教育是指幼儿在教师的指导下,通过自身的活动,对周围的自然界(包括人造自然)进行感知、观察、操作、发现,以及提出问题、寻找答案的探索过程。(举例) 学前儿童科学教育的实质是对学前儿童进行科学素质的早期培养。 4、 学前儿童科学教育的目标 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 答:(1)对周围事物感兴趣,有好奇心和求知欲,积极的情感和态度,形成良好的个性品质。(情感态度——动力) )获取周围世界广泛的科学经验,并在感性经验的基础上形成初级的科学概念。(知识经验——基础) (2 (3)学习探索周围世界和学科学的方法和技能。(技能方法——核心) 5、 学前儿童科学教育的内容(填) 1. 人体的结构及其功能 eg:骨骼、皮肤 2. 人的生理活动和心理活动 eg:消化呼吸等八大系统,自制力、注意力、记忆力、积极性 1. 人体 3. 人体的生长和衰老 eg:营养、生殖、繁衍 4. 保护身体及身体健康 eg:饮食、运动 2. 动植物(外部特征、1. 动物 生活习性、种类) 2. 植物 1. 生态环境诸要素及其关系:保护环境的方法 3. 生态与环境 2. 生态环境污染的表现 3. 保护生态环境的方法 1. 天文现象:太阳、月亮、星星 2. 气候和季节现象:春夏秋冬、节气、公转自转、雨雪 4. 自然科学现象 3. 物理现象:沉、浮、光与影、声学、电学 4. 化学现象:衣服褪色、饭是这么熟的、氧化 1. 科学技术在家庭生活中的运用:家用电器 5. 生活中的科学技术 2. 科学技术在社会生活中的运用:道路、交通工具、通讯工具 3. 科学技术的发展 6、 预定性科学教育与选择性科学教育的区别 预订性 选择性 目标 有需要全班儿童都要达到课题目标 没有要求儿童一定要达到的课题目标,它服从幼儿科学教 育总目标 计划 有专门的科学教育活动设计和计划 没有具体详细的活动计划或 内容主题 有教师规定的活动内容和统一的主题 儿童可以自由选择活动内容、主题 时间过程 儿童参与的时间和探索过程基本由老师掌握 儿童参与的时间和探索过程由幼儿决定,老师作适当指导 材料 老师为幼儿提供一样的 材料多,由幼儿自由选择 空间 老师需为全班儿童提供极大的空间 老师为儿童提供空间,根据幼儿园情况可大可小 指导方式 老师直接指导 间接指导 组织形式 以集体组织形式为主 没有目的的组织形式,以个别活动为主,或两三个儿童自 愿组合,共同探索 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 7、 观察 观察的涵义:观察的方法是指教师有目的、有计划地组织和启发学前儿童运用多种感官,去感知客观世界的事物与现象,使之获得具体的形象,并在此基础上逐步形成概念的一种方法 观察的意义:通过观察的方法,儿童(1)可以直观生动具体地认识事物,提供丰富的感性经验。(2)提高学前儿童感官的综合活动能力,培养其运用感官探索周围环境的习惯。(3)发展学前儿童抽象思维能力、形成有关概念 8、 观察的类型(三个观察注意点+举例) (1)个别物体的观察:是学前儿童对单个物体(或一类物体)或现象的观察。注意点:(1)通过观察,帮助学前儿童获得关于物体与现象的各方面的信息(2) (2)长期系统性观察:是学前儿童在较长时间内,持续地对某一物体或现象进行系统的观察,对其质和量两方面的发展变化过程有较完整的认识。注意点:(1)主要观察动物、植物的生长过程,以及季节、气象的变化;(2)中班开始使用这种观察,主要在大班进行;(3)一般在物体或现象有明显变化时组织幼儿进行观察。 (3)比较性观察:是学前儿童同时观察两种或两种以上的物体并进行比较,以找出物体间的异同点。注意点:(1)帮助学前儿童发现物体的不同点和相似点,(2)比较性观察的阶梯,(3)一般在3岁后期开始使用 9、 观察活动的指导:1)尽可能提供实物、实景;2)调动幼儿的多种感官参与观察;3)引导学前儿童多角度地观察 )指导学前儿童学习观察方法(顺序观察法、比较观察法、典型特征观察法) 事物;4 10、 实验内容指引 物理实验(声、光、电、力等) 化学实验(让鱼刺变软) 植物实验(控制与植物生长有关条件的实验) 动物实验(动物的生活习性等) 11、 小实验活动的指导 1) 教师进行演示实验前要作预备性实验;要使每个儿童看清演示过程;演示实验要与讲解、提问紧密配合。 2) 在指导学前儿童操作实验时,要为儿童的操作实验提供必要的用具和材料;指导学前儿童使用工具和材料,学 习操作技能;给予学前儿童充分的实验时间;交待实验规则,保证学前儿童安全;引导学前儿童通过观察,注 意实验材料、方法、操作过程中的变化和实验结果。 12、 种植与饲养活动的指导 1) 要注意选择合适的内容。植物:易生长、易照顾、生长周期相对较短的植物。动物:可供学前儿童观察和欣赏 的;生命力强的、性情温顺的;易于管理、不影响学前儿童安全的小动物。 2) 应结合种植、饲养活动应进行认识活动。 3) 要以学前儿童种植、饲养为主,教师重在帮助引导。 4) 不追求结果,重在过程 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 5) 培养幼儿爱护动植物,关爱生命的情感和行为。 分类活动的指导 13、 1) 在充分感知物体的基础上进行分类 2) 学习根据不同的标准进行分类:根据物体的外部特征进行分类;根据物体的功能(用途)进行分类;根据物体 的材料进行分类;根据事物之间的联系进行分类;根据物体的特征进行分类。 3) 明确分类标准或鼓励儿童自己确定分类标准。 4) 学习不同的匪类活动类型。 14、 测量的类型 1) 观察测量:指通过眼睛、手等感官的观察来测量物体,一般用于特征比较明显的认识对象。 2) 非正式量具测量:指不采用通用的量具,而用一些自然物,对物体进行直接测量的方法。Eg木棍、积木、绳 子、步、手指等 3) 正式量具测量:以通用的标准量具对物体进行测量。适合学前儿童使用的测量工具主要有尺、天平、温度计、 钟表、秤等。(填、选) 15、 信息交流的类型 1) 语言的方式:描述;讨论; 非语言的方式:图像记录;手势、动作、表情; 2) 语言 1、 学前儿童语言教育的价值,(名、简、填) 1) 社会交际的价值:语言是人们认识和交际的工具,对于婴幼儿来讲,他们很早就有交际的需要,在前语言阶段 表现为一种“交流意识”和“应答意识”,而随着语言的获得,幼儿便开始用语言来表达自己的需要和情感, 用语言来调节自己的动作和行为,用语言来认识整个世界。 2) 发展价值:儿童获得语言,被称为儿童社会化发展历程中的一个里程碑,对儿童身心健康、全面地发展具有积 极的影响。 2、 语言教育目标中强调语言的交际功能,重视幼儿在与成人和同伴交往过程中语言的运用。 3、 幼儿语言教育目标的结构 1) 幼儿语言教育目标的层次结构(纵向层次目标) (1) 终期目标 (2) 年龄阶段目标 (3) 活动目标 2) 幼儿语言教育目标的分类结构(横向) (1) 倾听能力的培养 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel (2) 表述能力的培养 3) 欣赏文学作品能力的培养 ( (4) 早期阅读能力的培养 每一分类目标中都包含:1.认知;2.情感和态度;3.能力和技能的目标。 4、 早期阅读:是指幼儿从口头语言向书面语言过渡的前期阅读准备和前期书写准备。 5、 幼儿语言的教育内容和方法是实现幼儿语言教育目标的手段和保证,也是将目标转化为幼儿语言发展的中介。 6、 语言发展特点:从非言语交际向口语交际转换,从口语交际向书面语言学习转换。 7、 示范模仿法——教师通过自身的规范化语言,为儿童提供语言学习的样板,让儿童始终在良好的语言环境中自然地 模仿学习,有时也可以由发展较好的儿童来示范。 8、 视、听、讲、做结合法(定义) 视——教师提供具体形象的讲述对象让儿童观察。(提供给孩子观察的对象) 听——教师用语言描述、启发、引导、暗示、示范等,让儿童充分地感知与领会。 讲——儿童在感知理解的基础上,充分地表达个人的认识。 做——教师给儿童提供一定的想象空间,通过儿童的参与或独立地操作活动,帮助儿童充分地构思,从而组织起更 加丰富、连贯、完整、富有创造性的语言进行表述。 游戏法——教师运用有规则的游戏,训练儿童正确发音,丰富儿童词汇和学习句式的一种方法。 9、 10、 小班是语音教育的关键时期,语音教育的重点应放在听力和发音练习上。中大班幼儿语音教育的重点是对个 别幼儿发音的矫正,正音工作注重培养幼儿语音修养的能力。 11、 幼儿词汇教育的途径 在日常生活中丰富幼儿的词汇 通过观察丰富幼儿的词汇 运用听说游戏(智力游戏)进行词语练习 运用儿童文学作品进行词汇教育 通过各种类型的教育活动进行词汇教育 16、 日常生活中谈话与有目的、有计划、有组织的谈话活动的区别与联系 日常谈话 谈话活动 形式 简单,不讲究方法手段 较复杂,讲究方法手段 话题 谈话自发产生 虽是“生成”的,但由教师预设确定 交谈内容 谈者共同了解或感兴趣的 大部分儿童有一定生活经验与感受 谈话中心 可以随时转移 只能围绕某一中心 起始时间 不受时空限制 控制在幼儿园集体活动时间范围内 联系:互相联系、互相补充、共同促进儿童语言交际能力的发展。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 日常交谈是谈话活动的语言基础,谈话活动中的语言学习又能提高日常交谈的。 美术 一、名解 1、儿童美术——指儿童所从事的造型艺术活动,它反映了儿童对其 世界的认识、情感和思想 2、拟人化——指儿童把无生命的物体或有生命的动植物画得和人一样,不仅赋予它们以生命,而且赋予它们一切人所具有的特点和本领的绘画现象。 3、透明化——指儿童在绘画表现时,总认为凡是客观存在的东西,都必须把它们画出来。 4、夸张式——指儿童在绘画中常常不自觉地把自己关心的事物、认为重要的事物画得很突出。 5、展开式——指儿童从不同角度观察到的事物在同一画面上表现出来的绘画现象。 6、行为目标——陈述的是儿童的学习行为变化的结果,这种行为变化的结果是可以观察和测量的。 7、表现目标——陈述的是儿童在参与某种活动后所得到的各个不相同的结果。它所关注的是儿童在活动中表现出来的某种程度上的首创性的反应形式,而不是预期的结果。 8、创造性动作策略——根据绘画主题,让欧诺个做即兴式演出,然后再进行创作。 9、再定义策略——在儿童创作之前,教师提出一个基本形状,让儿童阻抑对此形状的习惯性反应,并思考利用此一形状来完成作品。 10、合成策略——在儿童创作之前,教师提出两个或两个以上的基本造型,让儿童思考利用这些基本造型做有意义的连结,来完成完整的作品。 二、填空 1、幼儿画房子时,房子里的人物透出来的是透明化的表现形式 2、学前儿童掌握技能一般要经历感知、模仿、练习、创造阶段 3、学前儿童美术教育目标内容选择依据:学前儿童发展的特点、学前儿童美术教育的目标、教学内容的系统性。 4、学前儿童美术欣赏类型:艺术作品、自然景观、周围环境。 5、过程目标陈述的是儿童学习行为变化的过程。 6、儿童绘画发展的三个阶段:涂鸦阶段、象征阶段、图式期 7、学前儿童教育目标的依据:学前儿童美术发展的规律、学前儿童美术教育科目的性质、社会文化对学前儿童美术教育的要求。 8、学前儿童手工教育的内容:手工工具、材料及其性质;手工材料的基本制作技法。 三、选择 1、儿童手工发展经历了哪些阶段, 无目的的活动期;基本形状期;样式化期 2、儿童在绘画中把自己注重的突出是什么表现,夸张式 3、能用简单的几何图形代替实物是那个阶段的特征,象征期 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 4、圆圈代表大象——命名涂鸦 大班的手工教育目标 5、引导幼儿用多种技法折纸成图形—— 6、手工技能练习——先密后疏 7、引导儿童用各种线条感受物体的基本结构是中班幼儿的绘画教育目标。 8、儿童从不同角度同一画面展现出来——展开式 9、引导儿童学习深浅、冷暖,初步学习,根据画面需要,恰当用颜色是大班幼儿的绘画目标 四、简答 1、儿童美术与成人美术本质的特点,P80 1)同美术史儿童发展的一种表现。 2)儿童美术是儿童自我表现的一种方式。 3)儿童美术史儿童探索美术媒介,并使自我得以肯定的一条途径。 4)儿童美术是对儿童实施审美教育的一条重要途径。 2、图式期儿童的绘画特点,P83 1)在造型上,儿童画的各个独立图形开始出现融合的趋势,这一阶段的后期,儿童已能用流畅的线条来表现物体的 整体形象,并用一些细节来表现物体的基本特征。 )在色彩认识上越来越精细,对于色彩的明度、饱和度等方面的辨别能力有了较大的提高,能按物择色,根据物体2 的固有色来着色,并在轮廓线内涂色,但不注重颜色的协调。同时,儿童开始用色彩表达自己的情感。涂色技能 有了进一步的提高,能均匀地涂在轮廓线之内,并学会用两种颜色的相接来表现色彩的渐变。 3)构图上,逐渐摆脱了基地线,尝试将整张画纸作为地面来表现作品中的形象,构图开始具有层次感,形象与形象之间已有了一定的联系,所画形象基本上能反映主题,这一阶段后期,有部分儿童尝试从一个固定角度出发去表现物体的空间关系,出现了遮挡式构图。 3、对于幼儿美术可以从哪些方面来评析,P97 1)幼儿画的表现要符合幼儿身心的发展。 2)幼儿画要能表达出内心心象,并能宣泄个人的情感。 3)幼儿画要能发挥幼儿的个性,而有自我的表现。 4)幼儿画要能表现出活用绘画材料的特征。 5)幼儿的图画作品,要和画纸的大小相称,才会令人感觉舒适。 4、儿童美术欣赏分哪几个阶段,P84 1)本能直觉期(0-2岁) 特点:此阶段中儿童对形状、颜色等美术基本要素的视觉偏爱是由生理机能组织决定的,是一种本能的快感,还没有 真正独立的美感反应。 2)直接感知美术作品的某些形式审美特征(2-7岁) installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 特点:(1)对作品内容的感知先于对作品形式的感知 )能感知美术作品的某些形式审美特征 (2 (3)喜欢感知描绘熟悉的物体和令人愉快的现实主义美术作品,以及色彩明快的美术作品。 5、象征期儿童有什么特点,P81 1)能用简单的线条画出象征物体的外部轮廓,幼儿已能把基本形状结合在一起构成形象,所画物体缺乏完整性。 2)象征期的早期,画面上颜色的种类较少,常以线条画为主,也出现了小面积的涂色,但涂色不均匀,常涂到轮廓 线的外面。 3)从空间上看,这个时期幼儿表现的都是独立的事物,事物与事物之间没有任何联系,只是一种想到什么画什么的 片段罗列,没有组成统一的画面、形成整体意义。 4)这一阶段的后期,画面上开始出现了空间关系,幼儿开始发现“在空间关系里存在着明确的秩序。” 6、儿童手工制作发展经历了哪些阶段,有什么特点,P84 1)无目的的活动期(2-4岁) 这一阶段初期,孩子的行为并没有明确的目的或意识,只是以纯粹的玩耍为中心。此阶段后期,儿童开始偶然 形成的造型命名。 2)基本形状期(4-5岁) 这时期幼儿的表现欲非常强,喜欢使用剪刀等工具来制作,它们已有一定的制作意图,能利用各种工具盒材料 进行表现。 样式化期(5-7岁) 3) 此阶段儿童能够用各种工具和材料制作出他们喜欢的较复杂的物体形象,并用几个物体想象构成具有一定情节 的场面。 体育 1. 学前儿童体育的内涵:学前儿童体育是学校体育的组成部分,是遵循0~6岁儿童生长发育的特点和规律,以增强 其体质,发展身心素质和初步运动的能力,提高他们健康水平为目的所进行的一系列的教育活动。 2. 学前儿童体育的手段:卫生因素,自然界自然因素,体育活动、舞蹈、摩抚,其他各项手段 3. 学前儿童体育在学前教育中的地位(主要任务), 幼儿教育史学校教育的预备阶段和基础环节。《幼儿园工作规程》中指出,幼儿园的主要任务是“实行保育与教育 相结合的原则,对幼儿实施体、智、德、美全面发展的教育,促进其身心和谐发展。”可见,幼儿体育是幼儿教育 的重要组成部分,其性质类似于学校体育。但幼儿体育又具有其独特性,它是融幼儿保育的教育为一体的特殊的教 育领域。而且,在对学前儿童实施全面、和谐发展教育时,还需把“体育”放在首位。 低强度、高密度、急缓结合、动静交替。 4. 学前儿童体育活动必须考虑幼儿的运动负荷问题,注意做到: 5. 体质:是指人体的质量 体质包括四个方面:1)体格2)体能3)人体的适应能力4)心理状态 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 6. 影响体质的因素:遗传、变异、疾病、营养状况、生活环境与条件、体育活动与身体锻炼,其中科学的、适合于 体育活动与身体锻炼是影响学前儿童体质最积极、最有效的因素。 幼儿的 7. 人的身体素质,一般可以包括力量、速度、灵敏性、耐力、平衡能力、柔韧性等方面 8. 幼儿身体素质的特点及培养的基本途径:1)力量素质2)耐力素质3)调整素质 9. 适合于学前儿童的动作练习包括四方面:1)基本动作练习2)基本体操练习3)体育游戏活动4)运动器械的活动 10. 基本动作:即人体的基本活动能力,是指人们在日常生活和社会实践活动中所必需的、最基本的身体运动的技能, 例如走步、跑步、跳跃、投掷、攀登、钻、爬等动作。 11. 学前儿童跳跃练习指导的基本要点, 答:在指导幼儿进行双脚连续向前跳(学小兔子跳)时,重点应放在轻轻落地的动作教学和要求上;在指导幼儿 立定跳远时,重点应放在摆臂与蹬地动作方面,即要求幼儿摆臂要协调而有力,蹬地时要快而有力;在指导幼儿 进行侧跳练习时,重点应放在教会幼儿如何在跳跃的过程中变换身体的方向,以利于下一个动作的需要。 12. 投掷练习的要点 1)在投掷活动中,应尽可能让幼儿左手和右手都有机会参与练习,这样有利于促进幼儿身体两侧肌肉的协调发展 2)在掷准的练习中,幼儿掷准的距离应由近到远,掷准的目标应由大到小,由静到动。 3)为提高和保持幼儿参与投掷活动的积极性,应经常变化投掷物和投掷目标,投掷物的选择要适合于幼儿,注意其 重量大小及安全性。 13. 幼儿韵律操:是将简单的舞蹈动作或律动动作与徒手体操的动作有机地组合在一起的体操动作。一般都伴有轻松 活泼、旋律简单优美、节奏感较强的儿童音乐。 14. 幼儿器械体操,是指借助一定的器械所做的体操动作 15. 编排成套的幼儿体操动作的程序是:由上肢或四肢伸展的动作——扩胸、转体的动作——腹背的动作——下肢及 全身的动作——放松、整理的动作。其动作的速度应由慢到快,再由快到慢。整套动作的活动量也应由小到大, 再由大到小。 16. 学前儿童各年龄阶段体育游戏的特点 小班:内容比较简单,动作也简单,活动量较小;多是有具体情节和角色的游戏,而情节较简单、角色不多,通常是幼儿非常熟悉的角色,主要角色一般由教师来担任;常常全体幼儿做同一动作或完成一两项任务;游戏的规则也很简单,幼儿对游戏结果不太注意,没有较强的胜负意识。 中班:内容开始复杂,幼儿喜欢情节较复杂的游戏和活动量较大的追捉性游戏;游戏的角色也有所增多,角色通常都是由幼儿自己来担任,增加了一些无情节的游戏;游戏的规则较严格,较复杂,带有一定的限制性;出现两人或小组的合作性游戏;幼儿对游戏的结果开始有所注意,喜欢自己能获胜。 大班:动作难度增大,动作增多,内容更加丰富,游戏的活动量也增大,幼儿喜欢竞赛性的游戏以及需要体力与智力相结合的游戏;游戏角色和情节的关系更加复杂;游戏的规则也可以较杂;合作性的游戏增多;幼儿对游戏结果较注意,喜欢有胜负的结果。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 17. 各种车辆玩具对学前儿童发展的影响 1)使幼儿有机会练习身体不同部位的肌肉,促进大肌肉的发展及身体控制能力的发展 2)使幼儿获得视觉运动经验,发展幼儿的空间知觉和判断能力 3)使幼儿产生极大的独立感和自豪感 4)激发幼儿愉快的情绪和想象力 5)熟悉基本的交通规则 18. 组织学前儿童体育活动的基本原则 1)日常性原则; 2)适量性原则; 3)多样性原则; 4)身体全面协调发展的原则 19. 日常性原则注意点:1)每日都应该让幼儿进行适当的体育活动2)注意幼儿一日活动动与静的交替安排 20. 影响幼儿活动量大小的因素:运动的数量、时间、强度、密度。 21. 运动的密度:也称练习密度,是指在一次体育活动中,幼儿身体实际练习的时间与活动总时间的百分比 22. 适合幼儿活动量的特点 (1)活动量应由小到较大,然后再由较大到小,活动前后心率之差不应超过50次 2)心率恢复在5分钟内,早操活动心率恢复在3分钟之内。 ( (3)运动的强度不宜过大,而练习密度则应该稍大一些 (4)幼儿在活动中的心率最好是在130次/分以上,但最高不超过180次/分 (5)注意在活动中动与静、急与缓的交替,使运动具有一定的节奏性 23. 早操活动:它不能简单地被看成是在早晨做一些幼儿基本体操,而是应该把其理解为:“在早晨进行身体 锻炼的 活动总称”。 24. 能引起幼儿高度兴奋或活动量较大的游戏活动,则应该放在该部分的后半段,以便使之与幼儿身体机能活动的水 平相适应。 25. 幼儿集体体育教学活动的基本特点: 心率之差40~50 心率恢复5分钟 活动密度50~70% 26. 教学活动时间,小班15~20分,中班20~25分,大班30分 27. 幼儿教师的任务 1)积极创造条件,为幼儿提供丰富的户外体育活动的设备、器材和环境。 2)进行必要的引导和指导 3)注意幼儿活动时的安全,并随时进行必要的安全指导与安全教育。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel 4)控制和调节幼儿的活动量。 installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-1~1-3. Table 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate ... Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pressure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric "Bu" type support tube, diameter 0.8M, single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bottom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric "y" pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel
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