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圣索菲亚大教堂

2017-09-02 7页 doc 37KB 37阅读

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圣索菲亚大教堂圣索菲亚大教堂 Hagia Sophia is famous in particular for its massive dome in Istanbul, Turkey, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have "changed the history of architecture." It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a...
圣索菲亚大教堂
圣索菲亚大教堂 Hagia Sophia is famous in particular for its massive dome in Istanbul, Turkey, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have "changed the history of architecture." It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520. 圣索菲亚大教堂是 位于现今土耳其伊斯坦布尔的宗教建筑,因其巨大的圆顶而闻名于世,是一幢“改 变了建筑史”的拜占庭式建筑典范。在1520年被塞维利亚主教座堂取代之前圣索 菲亚大教堂一直是世界上最大的教堂。 It were named after Saint Sophia, Sophia is the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom--- "Church of the Holy Wisdom of God". 大教堂以一位名为索菲亚的圣人而命名,因此称为“圣索菲亚”。这个词在希腊 语里的意思是上帝智慧。其拉丁语名称则为Sancta Sophia,解作“上帝圣智教堂。, 历史: From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as the Greek Patriarchal cathedral of Constantinople. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and was the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site, the previous two having both been destroyed by rioters. It was designed by the Greek scientists Isidore of Miletus, a physicist, and Anthemius of Tralles, a mathematician. 在该教堂伫立的地点曾经存在过两座被暴乱摧毁的教 堂,公元532年拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼一世下令建造第三所教堂。在拜占庭雄厚的 国力支持之下,由物理学家米利都的伊西多尔及数学家特拉勒斯的安提莫斯 的这所教堂在公元537年便完成了其建造。刚竣工时的圣索菲亚大教堂是正教会 牧首巴西利卡形制的大教堂, In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Mehmed II, who subsequently ordered the building converted into a mosque. The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed and many of the mosaics were plastered over. Islamic features – such as the mihrab, minbar, and four minarets – were added while in the possession of the Ottomans. The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was secularized. 奥斯曼土耳其人在1453年征服君士坦丁堡,苏丹穆罕 默德二世下令将大教堂转变为清真寺,还将钟铃、祭坛、圣幛、祭典用的器皿移 去,用灰泥覆盖基督教马赛克。日后又逐渐加上了一些伊斯兰建筑,如米哈拉布、 敏拜尔及外面的四座叫拜楼。 It remained a mosque until 1931 when it was closed to the public for four years. 随 着土耳其共和国的建立,1934年该教堂失去了其宗教意义。1935年2月1日, 这座历经血雨腥风见证了数个帝国兴盛衰亡的建筑重新以博物馆的身份对世人 开放。。 Location Designer Type Material Length Width Height Istanbul (historically Beginning date 532 Constantinople) Turkey Isidore of Miletus Anthemius of Tr (1931-–土耳其伊斯坦布尔(史称Cathedral 位于 君士坦丁堡) (1261–1453), 米利都的伊西多尔 设计者 特拉勒斯的安提莫斯 Cathedral (1204–1261), 博物馆(今);东正教教类型 堂(前);天主教教堂(前)Cathedral 帝国清真寺(前) (562–1204). 材质 方石、砖 长度 82米(269英尺) Ashlar, brick 宽度 73米(240英尺) 82 m (269 ft) 高度 55米(180英尺) 73 m (240 ft) 动工日期 公元532年 55 m (180 ft) 完工日期 公元537年 Dome圆顶 Interior of the Hagia Sophia The face of one of the cherub in the upper left corner, once covered by the Ottomans, is visible again. The interior of the dome undergoing restoration 1.The dome is supported by pendentives, which not only restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow its weight to flow downwards, but also achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality by enabling the dome to transition gracefully into the square shape of the space below. 圆顶由帆拱支撑。帆拱可令圆顶得以接驳在下面由柱子组成的方面。帆拱不仅 可以达到令人满意的美学效果,又可稳定圆顶的侧面,使圆顶的重量得以引向下 方。 2.Another interesting fact about the original structure of the dome was how the architects were able to place forty windows around the base of the dome. Hagia Sophia is famous for the mystical quality of light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, which gives the dome the appearance of hovering above the nave. This design is possible because the dome is shaped like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella with ribs that extend from the top of the dome down to the base. 圆顶 底部每两个肋之间都有一扇窗户,摆设这40个窗户的方式同样引人注目,这些 彩色玻璃窗户所将光线引入大厅各处造成神秘光线的效果,使圆顶看起来悬浮在 正厅之上,原本就足够雄伟 的圆顶因此显得更加有趣。这大概是由于圆顶的形 状像扇贝壳或伞的内部,伞骨由伞的顶端延伸至底部。 Mosaics马赛克 The church was richly decorated with mosaics throughout the centuries. They either depicted the Virgin Mother, Jesus, saints, or emperors and empresses. Other parts were decorated in a purely decorative style with geometric patterns. 多个世纪以来, 圣索菲亚大教堂的马赛克布置相当华丽。这些马赛克描绘了圣母玛利亚、耶稣、 圣人、帝王及皇后,还有其他纯粹装饰性的几何马赛克。 经历: During the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia. Many of these items were shipped to Venice, whose Doge, Enrico Dandolo, had organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople. 1204年,君士坦丁堡遭到洗劫,拉丁十字军肆意破坏城内重要拜占庭建筑的贵 重物品,包括圣索菲亚大教堂的黄金马赛克。组织入侵君士坦丁堡的恩里科?丹 多洛把许多劫掠得来的物品运到威尼斯。 Following the building’s conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were covered with plaster, due to Islam’s ban on representational imagery. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 49, the building was restored by two Swiss Italian brothers, Gaspare and 1847– Giuseppe Fossati, and Sultan Abdülmecid allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process. 圣索菲亚大教堂在1453年变为清真寺,由于伊斯兰教禁止具象的影像,许多 马赛克都被石膏覆盖。不过这些马赛克并没有被一次性地全部被覆盖,一些十七 世纪的纪录反映访客依然可在教堂内看到基督的图像。在1847年至1849年间, 加斯帕雷和朱塞佩?福萨蒂负责修复圣索菲亚大教堂,苏丹阿卜杜勒-迈吉德一世 让他们记录他在修复期间发现的马赛克。 The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in an earthquake in 1894. These include a great mosaic of Christ Pantocrator in the dome, a mosaic over a now-unidentified Door of the Poor, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross, and a large number of images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. 福萨蒂兄弟留下的记录成为了在1894年地震被完成摧毁或部分损毁的马赛克 图像的原始记录,这些马赛克包括位于圆顶的基督神像、今未能识别的“贫困之 门”上的一个马赛克、一个以珠宝装饰外层的十字架图像及大量天使、圣人、牧 首及教会长老的图像。 . Imperial gate mosaics帝国大门马赛克 Virgin and Child flanked by Justinian I and Constantine查士丁尼一世和君士坦丁一世伴在圣母和圣婴两侧 The Deësis mosaic with Christ as ruler三圣像马赛克 Detail of Deësis mosaic三圣像马赛克的细节 Mosaics with geometric pattern decorate the upper imperial gallery上层帝国楼座 的几何图案马赛克
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