关于新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病

关于新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病 关于新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)临床问题的解答 分享 | 发布时间:2005年04月17日 点击数: 30867 次 字体:小 大 提问者:上海市第一妇婴保健院 段涛教授 解答者:上海复旦大学儿科医院 陈超教授 1、段涛教授:在产科实践中经常会遇到胎儿产前和产时缺氧的情况，胎儿娩出后如果Apgar评分正常，一般没有什么问题。但是一旦出现Apgar评 分低，新生儿窒息的情况，问题就复杂了。大家共同担心的问题是孩子以后智力发育会不会受影响。Apgar评分低的孩子去做B超或CT检查时，经常会得到一 个诊断，就是我们今天要谈的缺血缺氧性脑病，即使新生儿看上去没有什么问题时，也会被诊断为缺血缺氧性脑病。面对这个诊断，家长和产科医生都非常担心和困 惑，请您给我们介绍一下新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病究竟是怎么一回事。 陈超教授:新生儿缺氧缺血脑病(hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, HIE)是指围产期缺氧缺血所致的脑损伤，是导致新生儿死亡和发生后遗症的重要原因之一。由于新生儿脑发育未成熟，代偿能力较差，易受到各种因素的损伤， 尤其是缺氧缺血等因素。近年我国HIE的发生率有了一些变化，在城市由于围产期保健和窒息复苏工作做得比较好，HIE发生率呈下降趋势，而在农村、基 层，HIE发生率仍然比较高。由于HIE的后遗症多为智力障碍、癫痫、脑瘫等严重问题，医生、家长、社会对HIE非常重视，也非常担心，产科和新生儿科医 生的压力都非常大，这是可以理解的。但另一方面，由于过度担心和压力，在HIE临床处理过程中存在一些过度诊断和治疗的倾向。 2、段涛教授:请您介绍一下造成缺血缺氧性脑病的常见原因有哪些, 陈超教授:引起新生儿缺氧或/和缺血的各种疾病都可能是HIE的病因，其中围产期窒息最为常见，在HIE病因中产前和产时窒息分别占50%和 40%，出生后的原因约占10%。引起缺氧的病因有;围产期窒息、反复呼吸暂停、各种严重呼吸道疾病等。缺血的病因有:心跳呼吸骤停、大量失血、休克、重 度心力衰竭等。 在HIE病因中围产期窒息最为重要，但争议最多，主要问题在于对窒息的评判还没有统一。目前我国对新生儿窒息的评判主 谰軦pgar评分，只要 Apgar评分?7分就可以诊断新生儿窒息，并没有参考脐血pH值。对早产儿窒息也套用与足月儿相同的评分，但早产儿Apgar评分受多种因素影响， 结果往往不准确。发达国家对新生儿窒息的诊断标准非常严格，必须是5分钟的Apgar评分，还要脐血pH值。因此，我国新生儿窒息的诊断标准比较宽，将一 些没有窒息者也诊断窒息。 在导致新生儿HIE的病因中，农村郊区病人的主要问题是围产期保健不完善，出生时窒息复苏没有做好，及家庭接生等问题。城市病人的主要问题是孕妇合并疾病，发生产科合并症，影响胎儿和新生儿。 3、段涛教授:新生儿HIE的发病机理和病理基础是什么, 陈超教授:由于HIE的严重性，长期以来国内外对HIE的发病机理进行了大量的研究，取得了许多重要成果，使我们对HIE有了更多的认识，目前认为HIE的发病机理主要包括以下几方面。 (1)血流动力学变化:缺氧时机体发生潜水反射，为保证重要生命器官脑和心的血供，脑血管扩张，非重要器官血管收缩，这种自动调节功能使大脑在轻度 短期缺氧时不受损伤。如缺氧继续存在，脑血管自主调节功能失代偿，形成压力被动性脑血流，当血压降低时脑血流减少，造成缺血性损害。 (2)脑细胞能量代谢衰竭:缺氧时细胞内氧化代谢障碍，只能依靠葡萄糖无氧 产生能量，同时产生大量乳酸，导致酸中毒和脑水肿。无氧酵解产生的能量酵解 远远少于有氧代谢，必须通过增加糖原分解和葡萄糖摄取来代偿，从而引起继发性的能量衰竭，造成脑细胞死亡。 (3)再灌注损伤与氧自由基的作用:缺氧缺血时氧自由基产生增多和清除减少， 损伤细胞膜、蛋白质和核酸，致使细胞的结构和功大量的氧自由基在体内积聚， 能破坏，血脑屏障的结构和完整性受到破坏，形成血管源性脑水肿。 (4)钙内流:缺氧时钙泵活性减弱，导致钙内流，当细胞内钙浓度过高时，受钙调节的酶被激活，如磷脂酶、核酸酶、蛋白酶等被激活，产生一系列的神经细胞损伤和破坏作用。 (5)兴奋性氨基酸的神经毒性作用:能量衰竭可致钠泵功能受损，细胞外钾离子堆积，细胞膜持续去极化，突触前神经元释放大量的兴奋性氨基酸(谷氨酸)，过度激活突触后的谷氨酸受体，导致一系列生化连锁反应，引起迟发性神经元死亡。 (6)迟发性神经元死亡:缺氧缺血可引起二种不同类型的细胞死亡，即坏死和凋亡，缺氧缺血后由于急性能量衰竭造成细胞坏死，而于数小时后出现迟发性神经元死亡(即细胞凋亡)，细胞凋亡是HIE神经细胞死亡的主要形式。 新生儿HIE的病理变化与胎龄、损伤性质和程度密切相关，主要有以下3种病理形式。?两侧大脑半球损伤:主要见于足月儿，窒息为不完全性，首先发生 器官间的血液分流以保证心、脑血供。随着缺氧持续，血压下降，血流第二次重新分布(脑内分流)，即大脑半球的血供由于前脑循环血管收缩而减少，而丘脑、脑 干和小脑的血供则由于后脑循环血管扩张而增加。因此，大脑半球较易受损，常伴严重脑水肿。?基底节、丘脑和脑干损伤:为完全性窒息，二次血流重新分布的代 偿机制失效，脑部损害以丘脑和脑干为主，而脑外器官和大脑半球的损 害可不严重，脑水肿较轻。?脑室周围室管膜下/脑室内出血:主要见于早产儿，室管膜下生 发组织出血，伴脑室内出血。 4、段涛教授:但是最近有学者认为缺血缺氧性脑病这一名称似乎不太合适，因为它只是一种状态，使用这一名词不但不能说明问题，反而会引起混乱。您如何看待这种说法, 陈超教授:缺氧缺血性脑病的名称已沿用了几十年，它是有特定含义的，主要是指由于缺氧缺血导致的脑损伤，基本上能够反映该病的本质，我认为名称不是很重要，关键是我们给这个名称的定义，当然这个名称还不是十分完美，目前还没有人提出更完善的名称来取代它。 5、段涛教授:目前新生儿HIE的诊断依据有哪些,有没有什么好的方法来判断孩子是否会发生严重的并发症，特别是智力障碍, 陈超教授:尽管影像学检查发展非常快，但对新生儿HIE最重要的诊断依据仍然是病史和临床现，少数医师非常依赖影像学检查，而忽视病史和临床表现 的重要性。要详细询问病史，询问是否发生过窒息和其他缺氧缺血情况，窒息缺氧的经过和严重程度，复苏情况等。病情发展变化，出生后12-24小时内出现神 经系统症状，根据意识、肌张力改变、原始反射异常、惊厥和脑干受损等表现，作出临床诊断，并根据严重程度分为轻、中、重三度。 轻度:主要表现为兴奋，易激惹，肌张力正常，拥抱反射活跃，吸吮反射正常，呼吸平稳，无惊厥。症状多在3天内逐渐消失，预后良好。 中度:表现为嗜睡或抑制，肌张力降低，吸吮反射和拥抱反射减弱，约半数病例出现惊厥。足月儿上肢肌张力降低比下肢重，提示病变累及矢状窦旁区。早产儿如表现为下肢肌张力降低比上肢重，则提示病变为脑室周围白质软化。如症状持续7天以上，可能有后遗症。 重度:患儿处于昏迷状态，肌张力极度低下，松软，拥抱反射、腱反射消失，瞳孔不等大，对光反应差，前囟隆起，惊厥频繁，呼吸不规则或暂停，甚至出现呼吸衰竭。重度患儿病死率高，存活者常留后遗症。 若缺氧缺血发生在出生前几周或几个月时，患儿在出生时可无窒息，也无神经系统症状，但在数天或数周后出现亚急性或慢性脑病的表现，临床上较难与先天性脑畸形或宫内病毒感染相区别。 在进行临床评估的同时，要做一些必要的检查，进一步判断脑损伤的程度及对预后进行评价。 (1)影像学检查:?头脑超声检查:HIE时可见普遍回声增强，脑室变窄或消失，提示脑水肿;散在的高回声区，提示散在的脑实质缺血;局限性高回声 区，提示该部位有缺血性损害。?头颅CT检查:轻度表现为散在、局灶性低密度影分布两个脑叶;中度表现为低密度影超过两个脑叶，白质与灰质的对比模糊;重 度表现为大脑半球弥漫性低密度影，白质与灰质界限消失，侧脑室变窄。正常新生儿尤其是早产儿脑水分多，髓鞘发育不成熟，可存在广泛的低密度，因此HIE低 密度的诊断CT值应在18以下。?磁共振成像(MRI):MRI不仅能检出急性期HIE的存在、分布和严重性，而且能帮助判断预后，还能发现髓鞘形成是否 延迟或异常，以判断神经发育情况。 HIE急性期脑水肿比较明显，可能会掩盖脑细胞损伤，并且病情还在变化之中，所以早期影像学检查不能反映预后，需在2-4周后复查。 (2)脑功能及脑血流检查:?脑电图(EEG)检查:表现为节律紊乱、低波幅背景波上的棘慢波爆发或持续弥漫性慢活动;重度HIE出现“爆发抑 制”、“低电压”甚至“电静息” 。?脑干诱发电位检查:表现为出波延迟、潜伏期延长、波幅变平。?多普勒超声脑血流速度(CBV)测定:有助于了解脑灌注情况，高CBV提示存在脑血管麻 痹和缺乏自主调节，低CBV提示存在广泛的脑坏死、低灌注、甚至无灌流。 (3)生化指标测定:神经烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100蛋白(S-100)和脑型肌酸磷酸激酶(CK-BB)存在于神经组织的不同部位，HIE后6-72小时它们在血液和脑脊液中的升高和脑损害程度呈正相关，可以作为HIE早期诊断和评估预后比较敏感的标志物。 (4)神经行为评估:根据患儿年龄不同选择相应的评估方法，对患儿的神经行为进行评估，并定期随访，根据结果观察病情变化，判断发生后遗症的可能性。 目前对新生儿HIE诊断存在过度诊断的倾向，主要原因一般有3方面，一是我国新生儿窒息的诊断标准比较宽;二是新生儿HIE的诊断标准也比较宽，将 一些有窒息病史但几乎没有HIE临床表现的病例诊断为HIE，三是由于HIE诊断指标特异性不强，将一些其他疾病诊断为HIE。 6、段涛教授:临床上作出HIE的诊断后，还应该与哪些疾病相鉴别, 陈超教授:这是非常重要的问题，目前有些地方诊断HIE太多了，一个重要的问题是HIE有时很难与其它疾病鉴别。有些医生将有神经系统临床表现、影 像学检查脑实质密度下降都诊断为HIE。有学者提出在目前诊断HIE病例中至少有1/3其实不是HIE，美国妇产科学会更提出有2/3可能不是HIE，尽 管具体数据很难准确统计，但至少说明在目前我们诊断HIE病例中，确实有一部分其实不是HIE。 那么这些病例究竟是什么,根据我们的临床观察及国内外研究结果显示，宫内感染和先天性遗传代谢疾病占了相当大的比例，这些疾病临床表现中也有神经症 状，影像学检查脑实质密度也降低，有时很难与HIE鉴别。但是只要仔细观察还是能够找到一些不同点，产科和新生儿科医师要仔细询问孕母病史，要仔细观察新 生儿出生时和新生儿早期的临床表现和病情演变，一般来说，宫内感染和先天性遗传代谢疾病没有HIE患儿那么典型的神经系统临床表现和病情演变。MRI可以 提供比CT更多的影像学信息，对这些疾病的鉴别诊断建议做MRI检查。同 时要进行宫内感染的一些检查、染色体检查、代谢性疾病检查等。随着科学技术的发 展，对这些疾病的诊断率正在逐渐提高。 7、段涛教授:一旦出现缺血缺氧性脑病，家长往往会非常担心，生怕会影响孩子的智力，以至于家长遇到缺血缺氧性脑病时会坚决放弃抢救，不要孩子了。 在临床上有时会遇到一种两难的境地(dilemma)，就是家属放弃抢救了，但是孩子的情况却好转了，又恢复了正常。家属认为既然是缺血缺氧性脑病，孩子 以后智力就会受影响，所以坚决不要孩子，医院的婴儿室只好寄养这种家属不肯领回去的孩子。在给出缺血缺氧性脑病的诊断以后究竟该如何和家属谈话，它对孩子 的近期和远期影响都有哪些,它对孩子智力的影响究竟有多大,导致智力低下的比例究竟有多高, 陈超教授:新生儿HIE常见的后遗症有智力问题(如智力低下、学习困难、智力障碍)、癫痫、行为问题、脑瘫等。HIE患儿是否有后遗症,后遗症有多 严重,在新生儿早期确实很难准确判断。在诊断HIE时，应该对HIE的严重程度进行评估，一般认为轻度HIE患儿后遗症发生率非常少见，即使发生，程度也 很轻微，家长不必过分担心，更不必放弃抢救，不要孩子了。中度HIE有一部分发生后遗症，但后遗症的严重程度差别也非常大，对一些较轻的后遗症经过积极的 康复治疗，可以恢复，因此对中度HIE不要轻易放弃治疗，要积极治疗，同时密切观察病情发展，如病情继续恶化向重度发展，再考虑放弃治疗。重度HIE患儿 后遗症发生率比较高，那些脑干严重损伤、频繁惊厥、长时间昏迷、肌张力松软等病例，常发生严重后遗症，应向家长明确交代病情，如家长提出放弃治疗要尊重家 长的意见。 8、段涛教授:对于缺血缺氧性脑病，有什么比较好的治疗方法吗, 陈超教授:新生儿HIE是一个多环节、多因素的病理生理过程，患儿对缺氧的耐受性差异很大，因此，HIE的治疗应当根据病人的特点，在缺氧缺血的不同阶段进行针对性的个体化联合治疗，才能提高疗效减少毒副反应。 (1) 急性期的处理:?监护:对HIE患儿应密切监护，不仅观察神经系统 症状，还要监护各脏器损害情况。?维持组织最佳的灌流:严重缺氧的新生儿出生时常有低血压，可给予多巴胺和多巴酚丁胺，维持收缩压在50mmHg以 上，有利于改善肾脏的灌流和心肌收缩力。由于缺氧后脑血流自主调节功能障碍，应尽量避免血压的剧烈波动而致颅内出血。?适当限制液体入量和控制脑水肿:对 脑水肿的处理应从控制液体量入手，若有明显颅高压症状和体征，可予甘露醇治疗，每次0.125-0.25/kg，间隔6小时，甘露醇可减轻脑水肿。? 控制惊厥:如出现惊厥或兴奋症状，选用苯巴比妥，苯巴比妥不仅可镇静止痉，且可降低脑代谢率，改善脑血流，减轻脑水肿，还有清除自由基的作用。苯巴比妥负 荷量15-20mg/kg ，缓慢静脉注射或肌注。如未能止痉，隔30min加用5mg/kg ，直至负荷量30mg/kg，给负荷量24h后给维持量每日5mg/kg，给1次。?维持适当的血糖水平:动物实验证实低血糖会加重HIE，而高血糖能降 低脑损害的程度。因此在新生儿缺氧时应维持血糖水平在正常水平(70-120mg/dl)。 (2)其他治疗:?亚低温疗法:近年选择性头部亚低温(降低脑温2?C-4?C)对HIE的神经保护作用已引起了国内外学者的关注。其可能的作用机 理是:降低脑组织的能量需求和耗氧量，减轻脑水肿，延迟继发性能量衰竭和细胞凋亡，延长治疗时间窗，与其他干预措施起协同的保护作用。?神经营养因子:近 年研究显示神经营养因子可改善细胞周围环境，促进受损神经细胞的修复和再生，其中研究较多的是碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和胰岛素样生长因子 (IGF-1)。 (3)康复干预:0-2岁小儿大脑处于快速发育的灵敏期，可塑性强，因此对HIE患儿尽早开始感知刺激和动作训练可促进脑结构和功能代偿，有利于患儿的恢复和减轻后遗症。 HIE的根本问题是神经细胞的死亡，使已经死亡的神经细胞恢复是非常困难的，虽然神经科学发展非常快，很多研究显示神经细胞是可以再生的，干细胞、 神经生长因子的研究也很多，但毕竟还处于研究阶段，还需要做大量的多中心随机对照临床研究。由于新生儿HIE还没有特别有效的治疗方法，各种探索性的治疗 比较多，一些单位将一些尚处于研究阶段的还没有成熟的治疗技术急于在临床推广应用，导致对HIE的过度治疗，这是目前比较普遍存在的问题。因此，对HIE 的治疗应依据循证医学的原则，任何新的治疗方法都必须有充分的临床前研究资料，有严格的多中心随机对照临床研究的结果。 9、段涛教授:谈完了家长的压力，我们再谈谈产科医生的压力。家长的反应除了担心以外，还会有愤怒，往往会认为是产科医生导致了缺血缺氧性脑病的发 生，所以经常会发生医疗纠纷，甚至引起法律诉讼。请您介绍一下造成缺血缺氧性脑病中哪些是自然发生的,哪些与产科处理不当有关,有什么好的方法可以避免 吗, 陈超教授:其实，新生儿HIE在很大程度上是可以预防的，我们应该借鉴发达国家的经验，从多方面着手预防HIE。事实上我国许多大城市已经做得比较 好，根据我们复旦大学儿科医院新生儿科统计，来自上海市区的新生儿HIE已显著地减少，我们病房的HIE病例大多数来自郊区和民工的孩子。 预防新生儿HIE应重点做好以下几方面工作:?应健全围产期保健制度，完善产前检查，尤其是农村和民工孕妇，要及时发现孕母和胎儿问题及时治疗，这 是预防新生儿HIE的第一道关，也最为重要。?妥善处理孕妇合并的疾病和各种产科合并症，产科合并症常危及胎儿和新生儿，是导致窒息的重要原因。?新生儿 科医师要熟练掌握窒息复苏技术。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.