中国医学史年表

中国医学史年 公元前 约前4000年 在龙山文化晚期，中国人已会酿酒。 前1700年 相传伊尹创制汤液。陶器的发明，为汤液的创制提供了物质保证。 前1600年 甲骨文中记载人体解剖部位名称和各部疾病，尤以龋齿为较早的疾病记录。《尚书?说命》“若药弗瞑眩，厥疾弗瘳”。反映殷商时代已知药物对人体的作用。商都设有下水道。中国人民已知讲究住宅、身体、饮食卫生，并应用石器、骨器、青铜等制作卫生和医疗用具。 前1121年 中国已知利用微生物和酶加工食品的技术。 前1100年 西周时已确立了一整套医政组织和医疗考核:置医师，掌医之政令;又分医学为疾医、疡医、食医、兽医等，为医学分科之始。当时政府机关已设官员掌管藏 冰，变火，以救时疾。《周礼》载:“春时有痟首疾，夏时有痒疥疾，秋时有疟寒疾，冬时有嗽上气疾”。《礼记》载:“盂春行秋令，则民大疫”，“季春行夏 令，则民多疾疫”。当时已认识四季多发病以及四时气侯异常变化能引起的疾病流行。 前656年 晋?骊姬以“堇”(乌头)作为毒药使用。 前585年 晋?韩献子谓:“居土薄水浅之地，有沉溺(湿疾)重膇(足肿)之疾”。 前581年 中国已广泛应用针灸疗法。 前556年 《左传》襄公17年有“国人逐瘈狗(疯狗)”的记载。 晋?然明论程郑有惑疾(惑疾为精神病中之幻想)。 前549年 前541年 秦?医和侣:阴、阳、风、雨、晦、明六淫致病学说。 前522年 此时有疥和痁(久疟)病之记载。 前500年 公元前五世纪，医学家秦越人(扁鹊)诊病已用望、问、闻、切的诊断法，尤长切脉诊断。并曾用针灸、按摩、汤药等综合治疗，创救尸厥(休克)获愈。有关于用 毒酒进行外科手术麻醉之记载。1973年在湖南长沙马王堆出土的简帛医书有《五十二病方》、《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》、《导 引图》、《却谷 食气》等十余种，约成书于这一时期。已有汤、散、丸、药酒等剂型。《五十二病方》强调预防破伤风，对腹股沟疝的治疗已创用疝带和疝罩，并已有原始的手术修 补。对肛门痔漏论述详实，手术和非手术方法丰富。已用水银制剂治疗皮肤病等。《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》，是现存最早记载经脉学说的文献。 前400年 中国医学已形成了以五脏六腑、经络气血、阴阳五行和天人相应相结合的医学理论体系，为《内经》成书创造了条件。在《黄帝内经》一书中对血循环概念已有认 识，内脏解剖已相当正确。放腹水已用于临床。还公然宣告与鬼神致病决裂。燕国已有陶制下水道设置。《山海经》记载药物百余种，并叙述数十种疾病的治疗及预 防方法。《山海经》又载:“高氏之山，其上多玉，其下多箴石”。晋(郭璞注:“可以为砥针，治痈肿者”。《说文解字》注:“砭，以石刺病也”。进入青铜时 代后，则出现青铜砭针。 前380年 《行气玉佩铭》和《庄子?刻意》都有气功等医疗体育的记载，马王堆汉墓出土的帛画——导引图，是我国现存最早的医疗体育图。 秦始皇令方士献仙人不死之药，炼丹术兴起。秦阿房宫设浴池、冰库，前277年 并有十分坚固的直径约60公分的管道组成下水道。秦设厉人坊以收容麻疯病人。 前215年 淳于意生。他的《诊籍》记载26个病案，是中国最早的病历记录。1972年发掘的马王堆汉墓女尸肌肤、内脏、脑均保存完整，说明当时已有相当先进的防腐技术。《淮南子?记论训》记有:“目中有病无害于视不可灼也，喉中有病无害于息不可凿也”。 前140年 讲究个人卫生，收拾痰涎，已用唾壶。 前117年 开始描述消渴病(糖尿病)。 前115年 张骞出使西域，带回红蓝花、番红花、胡麻、蚕豆、葫(即蒜)、胡荽、苜蓿、胡瓜、安石榴、胡桃等。 前100年 张衡作《温泉赋》。记述矿泉治病。 前71年 此时有女医、乳医。 前32年 饮茶之说，约始于此时。 前26年 侍医李柱国校方技书，有医经7部，经方11部。 前12年 籍武发箧中有裹药二枚赫蹄书，是迄今考古发掘到的包药用纸之始。 1~499年 1年 我国第一部药物书《神农本草经》约成书于此时。记载药物865种。其中已叙述了麻黄定喘、黄连治痢、常山止疟等。 2年 民疾疫者，舍空邸第医药——为公立时疫医院之滥觞。 16年 王莽使太医尚方与巧屠作人体解剖，量度脏腑以为医用。 26年 置太医令，掌诸医。下设员医二百九十三人，员官十九人。另设药丞、主药、方丞、主方各一人。 27年 《论衡?解除篇》提出蚤、虱有吸血之害。 44年 马援在交趾，军吏经瘴疫死者十之四五，自此将疟疾传至中原。 127年 以瓦罐置石胆、丹砂、雄黄、矾石、慈石其中，烧之之升华法，炼制外科用药。 148年 安息王子安清(世高)来中国，为史籍中记载中国与阿拉伯医药发生关系之始。 150年 梁冀卖牛黄牟利，说明当时医生已利用牛、马之胆结石为药。 162年 陇右军中大疫，死者十之三四，皇甫规亲入庵卢巡视。庵卢乃野战病院之始。 186年 毕岚创造翻车渴乌(洒水车)用洒南北郊路。 190年 《难经》约成于此时。该书对人体解剖等作了相当精确的描述。简牍《治百病方》成书(甘肃武威汉墓出土)。华佗在此时前后，应用酒服麻沸散进行全身麻醉，并在麻醉下进行腹部肿瘤摘除、肠吻合术等。 196年 已记述“眼角睑缘结膜炎”(《释名》:篾)。 196~204年 张仲景著《伤寒杂病论》，确立了辨证施治、理法方药的临床诊治体系。描述了肠痈(阑尾炎)、肺痈(肺脓疡)、阴吹(阴道直肠瘘)等等，创用人工呼吸法急救自缢以及灌肠术等。中国切脉诊断疾病的专书——《脉经》成书。 255年 医为司马师手术切除目瘤。 259年 皇甫谧撰成《针灸甲乙经》。 265年 《崔氏方》载有白降丹之制法。 284年 葛洪生。葛洪著《肘后救卒方》首先描述天花在中国的流行，并论述了沙虱(恙虫)病及应用虫末外敷、内服预防恙虫病的方法。创用咬人狂犬脑外敷被咬伤口，以防治狂犬病发作。他在炼丹中，涉及几十种药物，并记述了一些化学反应的可逆性及金属的取代作用，枝尊为化学之鼻祖。 304年 《南方草木状》，记有生物防治技术。 356年 实行传染病隔离:凡朝臣有时疾，染易三入以上者，身虽无病，百日不得进宫。 392年 唇裂修补手术获得成功。 401年 五世纪上半期临床治疗使用泥疗法和蜡疗法。 420年 早期的金针拨白内障技术用于临床。胡洽居士著《百病方》，始用水银制剂利尿。 465年 宋齐之间有释门深师、支法存描述诸脚弱(脚气病)症治。陈延之撰《小品方》约成于此时。 420~479年 雷斅编成药剂学专著《炮炙论》。 491年 私立慈善医院(廨)在吴兴水灾时建立。 499年 《刘涓子鬼遗方》论述金创，痈疽、疮疖等化脓性感染之诊断和治疗原则，是现存较早外科专著。 500~999年 500年 陶弘景著《本草经集注》、《肘后百一方》等书。葛洪《肘后方》传入日本。 512年 姚法卫著《经验方》，所载人体寄生扁形动物所致病例，为世界医学史中姜片虫之最早记录。 514年 中国针灸传至朝鲜。 550年 中国针灸传至日本。 552年 梁元帝萧绎时，以《针经》赠日本钦明天皇。 562年 吴人知聪携《明堂图》等一百六十余卷至日本。 600年 记述蠼螋疮(肋间神经炎) 601年 记述治疗浮肿病忌盐。 608年 日本医师惠日、福因来中国学习医学。 610年 巢元方等著《诸病源候论》，详述数以百计的疾病、病因和症侯，该书记有肠吻合术、大网膜结扎切除术，血管结扎术等外科手术方法和步骤。 618年 中国医学教育在前代基础上逐步发展完善。唐大医署，分医学为四科，各设博士、助教以教授医学。其教材、学制、考核均较先进，是中国历史上较早的医科大学，师生840余人。 629年 中国广泛设立地方医学校教授医学。 641年 文成公主嫁藏王松赞干布，所带中医书由哈祥马哈德瓦和达马郭嘎译为藏文。开始了藏汉医学频繁交流。 650年 医学家广泛应用海藻、昆布、海蛤等，制成丸散，治疗地方性甲状脓肿。 652年 山西绛州僧，病噎食(食管癌)遗令弟子在他死后进行病理解剖，得见扁体肉鳞状物。孙思邈《备急千金要方》成书，是中国较早的临床百科全书。记 肝煮汁治夜盲症、用龟甲治佝偻病。用谷皮、赤小豆等煎汤防治载用羊肝、猪 脚气病等。其中所述下颌脱臼手法复位、导尿术、食管异物剔除术均较科学。并绘制彩色经络穴位挂 图。李谏议论消渴病{糖尿病)，小便至甜。 659年 唐高宗李治接受苏敬等建议，命令各地将所产之地道药材并绘图送京，由苏敬等24人，据之对前代本草著作进行修订。书成后，名曰《新修本草》，由政府颁行全国，是中国第一部药典。此时已使用汞锡银合金，作为齿科之填充剂。 667年 拂菻国遣使献“底也迦”(为含阿片之制剂)。 682年 孙思邈撰《千金翼方》成书，孙氏卒。 683年 秦鸣鹤治唐高宗风眩疾，刺百会、脑户两穴而愈。 685年 崔知悌卒。生前著有《骨蒸病灸方》、《产图》等。曾提出骨蒸(肺结核)与瘰疬(颈淋巴结核)同源。 693年 中国医学教育制度传入朝鲜，朝鲜教授中国医学。安金藏剖腹，医纳脏，以桑皮线缝合得愈。 701年 水蛭疗法用于临床。日本颁布大宝律令，引进中国医学教材和教育制度，设医师、医博士、医生、针师、针博士等进行医学教育。开元年间(713~741年)陈藏器著《本草拾遗》创“十剂”(方剂)分类法。并载“罂粟”入药。 732,733年 京城长安、洛阳以及其他各州设立病坊(医院)。 752年 王焘撰《外台秘要》，集唐以前医学之大成。记有金针拔内障法及白帛浸全尿各书记曰，比较黄痘进退以观疗效的技术等。 753年 藏医文献《据悉》(《四部医典》)约成书此时。 754年 中国鉴真和尚抵达日本，传授中国科学文化及医学。 762年 王冰重新编次注释《黄帝内经?素问》。 820年 装义眼成功。 841年 蔺道人《理伤续断方》科学地论述了肩关节、髋关节脱臼手法复位，四肢及脊柱骨折的手法、手术复位及夹板固定的方法和步骤。刘禹锡著《传信方》记载芒硝(硫酸钠晶体)再结晶的精制工艺。 852年 咎殷著《经效产宝》。 879年 外科手术使用乳香酒进行麻醉。 919年 中国籍波斯人李殉《海药本草》行世。 936年 和凝著《疑狱集》，为法医学之始。 937年 曾进行瘿瘤(甲状腺肿)切除术。 934~965年 韩保昇删订《新修本草》等，编成《蜀本草》。 947年 以冰罨贴胸腹四肢治愈契丹主热病。为中国冰罨疗法始。 951年 临床使用鼻饲给苗。 958年 占城国贡蔷薇露。至北宋宣和年间(1119~1125年)，引进蒸制药露法。 959年 中国有植毛牙刷。 973年 刘翰等人编成《开宝新详定本草》。次年重定为《开宝重定本草》。 978年 翰林医官院(中国最早的医学利学院)组织编撰《圣惠方》等。 982年 用芥子泥外敷法治疗风湿病。 982~992年 王怀隐等修订《太平圣惠方》。颁诸州设医学博土掌之。 984年 日本?丹波康赖《医心方》成书。 998年 传说峨嵋山人为王旦之子接种人痘预防天花成功。于诸路设置病囚院(罪犯医院)。 1000~1300年 1026~1027年 王惟一著《铜人腧穴针灸图经》，次年又主持铸造针灸铜人两具，是最早的针灸教学模型。 1045年 根据解剖刑犯内脏，绘制《五脏图》。 1057年 宋代设校正医书局于编集院，全面校勘十世纪以前医籍。 1060年 宋代官办医科大学——太医局，学生定额一百二十人。分大方脉、风、小方脉、产、眼、疮肿、口齿兼咽喉、金镞兼书禁、疮肿兼折伤九科。掌禹锡等编著《嘉祐补注神农本草》。 1061年 中国政府再次令各地绘图呈送所产药物，并由苏颂编成《图经本草》。 1068年 医官马世辰应邀前往高丽国治病。 1075年 《苏沈良方》首载秋石制取法，为最早的性激素制剂。 1076年 改革医学教育，采用“三舍法”，重视临床实习考察，令生三百人分习各科。京师、开封道等设官营药铺医局熟药所。 1082年 唐慎微著《经史证类备急本草》。 1086年 记述银作镀金工人为水银所熏，引致头手俱颤;及贾谷山采石入，石末伤肺等职业病。韩祗和著《伤寒微旨》。王安石新法失败，医学三舍法教育制度被废止。 1093年 董汲著《小儿斑疹备急方论》，为中国第一部小儿急性斑疹热专书。 1095年 十一世纪前后，中国火葬之风盛行。十一世纪，已掌握淡水养珠法。中国南昌于夏季有制售驱蚊药者。 1098年 杨子建著《十产论》。 1100年 庞安时著《伤寒总病论》。 1103年 恢复医学三舍法教育制度。 1106年 泗州刑人时，郡守遣医与画工往视，并绘制成图，医学家杨介校以古书，编成解剖图谱《存真图》。 1107年 陈师文等校正《太平惠民和剂局方》。 1114年 中国政府设医药和剂局、医药惠民局。实行药政管理。 1116年 寇宗奭著《本草衍义》。 1117年 中国政府公布次年运历，示民预防疾病( 1111~1117年 宋医官合编《圣济总录》。 1118年 中固派兰茁等赴朝鲜教授医学。 1119年 阎孝忠集《钱乙小儿药证直诀》，为我国现存最早之儿科专著。翰林医官院人员达979人，次年精减三分之二。 1127年 中国首都(临安)设专人于每年新春清理下水道(地沟)，建立每日扫除街道垃圾及清除住户粪便等公共卫生制度。窦材《扁鹊心书》首载山茄花(曼陀罗花)和大麻花作全身麻醉剂。 1131年 中国政府设养济院收治无依及流离病患之人。 1182年 许叔微著《普济本事方》。 1133年 张锐著《鸡峰普济方》。 1137年 中国始有镶牙术。临安府将近城寺院等设为安济坊收治无依病患。 1144年 成无己著《注解伤寒论》。 1149年 中国陈旉《农书》内，记录农村对于垃圾粪便之合理处理和利用。 1150年 刘昉等编《幼幼新书》。 1156年 《小儿卫生总微论方》刊行。 1165年 东轩居士《卫济宝书》首先记述了“癌”。 1170年 洪迈刊《洪氏集验方》，首次记述同种异体骨移植木。 1174年 陈言著《三因极一病证方论》。 1176年 预防呼吸道传染病，强调:鼻闻臭秽，能致温疫传染。 1181年 郭雍著《传寒补亡论》。 1182年 刘完素著《素问玄机原病式》刊行。 1186年 刘完素著《素问病机气宜保命集》。张元素著《珍珠囊》。 1189年 张杲著《医说》。崔嘉彦著《崔氏脉诀》。 1195年 中国诸路提举司，置广惠仓，修养胎令，保护孕妇婴孩。 1200年 张杲已能明确鉴别天花，水痘。王执中著《针灸资生经》刊行。 1217~1221年 张从正著《儒门事亲》。 1227年 艾原甫著《本草集议》，有“猪胆合为牛黄”之记载，为最早之人工牛黄。 1231年 李杲著《内外伤辨惑论》。 1232年 药肆中始有“饮片”之名。 1237年 陈自明《妇人大全良方》成书。是中国现存最早之妇科专著。 1247年 宋慈撰《洗冤录》。系现存第—部法医专著。其中人体解剖，法医检查、鉴别中毒、急救等达到先进水平。该书流传国外，有多种外文译本。 1249年 李杲苦《脾胃论》。 1253年 严用和著《济生方》。 1254年 陈文中著《小儿痘疹方论》。 1265年 请尼泊尔?阿尼哥修补明堂针灸铜人像。 1268年 中国颁布卫生法规，设官医提举司掌医户差役词讼。令各路荐举，考试儒吏(法医)，执掌卫生法规。禁售乌头、附子、巴豆、砒霜等剧毒药品，禁卖坠胎药，禁止乱行针医。因医死人，必须酌情定罪。 1270年 南宋末已成功栽培茯苓。元政府设“广惠司”。 1280年 元制规定，向大汗献食者，皆用绢巾蒙口鼻，俾其气息，不触饮食之物，是为应用口罩之最初记载。 1285年 各路医学教授学正，训诲医生每月朔望到指定处交流经验。 1292年 元政府在大都(北京)、上都(多伦)各置回回药物院。 1294年 曹世荣著《活幼心书》 1297年 杭州有冷水浴场。 1300年 滑寿发现小儿麻疹之粘膜疹。 1301~1699年 1301年 外科已应用水疗法。 1316年 政府规定医生必须精通十三科之一，始准行医。 1330年 忽思慧《饮膳正要》成书，是第一部营养学专书。 1331年 李仲南著《永类钤方》，首次提出“俯卧拽伸”复位法治疗脊柱骨折。 指出膝关节“半伸半屈”最有利于髓骨骨折之整复。 1335年 齐德之著《外科精义》。 1337年 危亦林著《世医得效方》，首创“悬吊复位法”治疗脊柱骨折。 1341年 杜本增订《敖氏伤寒金镜录》，列三十六舌苔，是最早之舌诊专书。 1347年 朱震亨著《格致余论》、《局方发挥》。 1359年 滑寿著《诊家枢要》。 1368年 王履著《医经溯回集》。 1384年 徐彦纯著《本草发挥》。 1403~1408年 明政府编成大型类书《永乐大典》，其中收载明代以前的大量医书。 1406年 朱棣等著《救荒本草》。《普济方》约成书于此时。 1443年 明太医院复刻《铜人腧穴针灸图经》，并重铸针灸铜人。 1476年 兰茂《滇南本草》约成书于此时。 1492年 王纶著《本草集要》。 1505年 梅毒(广疮)经广州传入中国。 1513年 李濂著《医史》。 1529年 高武著《针灸聚英发挥》刊行。薛己著《内科摘要》。 1535~1550年 中国土茯苓输至印度，土耳其、波斯，被视为治花柳良药。沈之问《解围元薮》为第一部麻风病专书。 1549年 江瓘著《名医类案》。 1554年 薛铠著《保婴撮要》，创用烧灼断脐法预防婴儿破伤风。 1556年 徐春甫著《古今医统大全》。 1565年 楼英著《医学纲目》。陈嘉谟著《本草蒙荃》。 1567年 安徽太平县以接种人痘法预防天花，逐渐传至全国。 1568年 徐春甫等在直隶赋天府(今北京)组织成立“一体堂宅仁医会”。 1575年 李梃著《医学入门》。 1578年 李时珍《本草纲目》成书，1593年首次印行金陵刻本。 1586年 马莳著《黄帝内经索问灵枢注证发微》。《医部全录?诸余龄》记诸氏 与徐镗结“天医社”。 1591年 高濂撰辑《遵生八笺》。 1601年 杨继洲著《针灸大成》。 1602~1068年 王宵堂著《证治准绳》。 1604年 龚云林著《小儿推拿秘旨》刊行。 1615年 龚廷贤著《寿世保元》。 1616年 蒙族医学家精骨伤科，创用患者入新杀驼腹内急救战伤休克。 1617年 陈实功《外科正宗》记述鼻息肉摘除术、气管缝合术等。 1620年 武之望著《济阴纲目》。 1622年 缨希雍著《炮炙大法》。 1624年 张介宾著《类经》。 1632年 陈司成著《霉疮秘录》，是我国第一部梅毒学专著。论述了梅毒的接触，间接传染、遗传以及预防治疗等。 1636年 胡慎柔著《慎柔五书》。 1637年 宋应星《天工开物》强调采煤时排除毒气，防止冒顶等安全卫生措施。 1640年 张介宾著《景岳全书》。记有鼓膜按摩术与自家耳咽管吹张术。 1641年 胡正心《万病验方》，提出蒸气灭菌法。吴又可撰《温疫论》论述传染病传染途径、病源及特异性等。1644年 清政府设查痘章京，理旗人痘疹及内城民人痘疹迁移之政令。傅仁宇著《审视瑶函》。 1662年 北京通沟浍(下水道)，其沟皆以巨石筑之，其中管粗数尺，皆生铜所铸。中国黄履庄仿制显微镜。 1667年 张璐著《伤寒缵论》、《伤寒绪论》。 1669年 柯琴著《伤寒来苏集》。 1670年 张志聪著《黄帝内经素问灵枢集注》。 1675年 中国渔阳天花流行，有人设坛厂，购求出痘夭亡儿尸火化以控制传染。 1681年 中国政府命令全国推广人痘接种以预防天花。 1682年 江昂著《医方集解》。 1683年 荷兰东印度公司医生瑞尼(W(T(Rhyne)介绍中国针灸术到欧洲。 1689年 赵献可著《医贯》。 1688年 俄罗斯遣人至中国学习预防天花之人痘接种。 1694年 德医甘佛氏介绍中国针炙术到德国。汪昂著《本草备要》。 1695年 张璐著《张氏医通》。 1697年 王宏翰卒。王氏为我国第一个接受西说之医家，生前曾撰《古今医史》。 1700~1899年 1717年 中国人痘接种术传入土耳其。英国公使夫人蒙塔古(Montagu，M(W()在土耳其学得人痘接种术，为子女和皇家子女接种人痘以防天花，人痘接种术传入英国。 1721年 波尔斯东(Boylston)在美国首先推广中国人痘接种术。 1723年 清政府编成大型类书《古今图书集成》，内有《医部全录》520卷。 1727年 清代刑律规定:凡庸医为人用药针刺，因而致死者，责令别医辨验药饵、穴道，如无故害之者，以过失杀人论，不许行医;若故违本方，诈疗疾病，而取财物者，计赃准窃盗论;因而致死，及因事故用药杀人者斩。 1727年 程钟龄著《医学心悟》。巫山县潘毓祺设医馆，以药防治瘟疫。 1736年 中国蒙古族医觉罗伊桑阿以袋装笔管模拟骨关节进行整骨教学。 1740年 王洪绪著《外科证治全生集》。 1742年 清政府令吴谦等编撰《医宗金鉴》刊行。 1743年 德国推行中国人痘接种术以预防天花。 1744年 中国李仁山在曰本长崎专施中国人痘接种术预防天花。 1740年 叶天士著《温热论》，《临证指南医案》。 1750年 陈复正著《幼幼集成》。 1752年 张宗良著《喉科指掌》。 1759年 赵学敏著《串雅外编》，《串雅内编》刊行。 1761年 吴仪洛著《成方切用》。 1765年 赵学敏著《本草纲目拾遗》。 1768年 中国桐城疫疹(猩红热)流行。余霖著《疫疹一得》论述之。 1770年 魏之琇著《续名医类案》。 1772~1781年 清政府编辑大型丛书《四库全书》，著录医书97部，存书目94部，附录6部。 1786年 清政府命各省广劝栽植甘薯，以备荒疗痴。陆耀因有《甘薯录》之辑。 1792年 唐大烈主编《吴医汇讲》，为我国最早医学杂志。 1794年 中国始制狗皮膏，由是流传。 1797年 王清任于滦州查视义冢及刑场，曾剖视人体之脏府等，于1830年撰成《医林改错》，纠正前人解剖中的许多错误。金鸡勒治疟疾，自广东传入。 1798年 吴鞠通著《温病条辨》。 1805年 英国皮尔逊(pearson)的《种痘奇法详悉》在广州刊行，牛痘传入中国。程文囿著《杏轩医案》，详论血崩(宫颈癌)，石淋(膀胱结石)等。高秉钧著《疡医心得集》。 1808年 钱秀昌著《伤科补要》。 1820年 真性霍乱(俗称吊脚痧)传入中国。 1821年 汪期莲辑《瘟疫汇编》，记载苍蝇为瘟疫《霍乱》传染之媒介。天津发生疫病，寇兰皋以隔离与焚名香、嗅香药得免。 1822年 清政府下令在太医院内废止针灸科。 1827年 罗天鹏创造医疗幌床，用于正骨等患者以舒通血脉，帮助消化。 1828年 北京设种痘公局。 1834年 高文晋著《外科图说》记述外科刀剪钳针等器械图式。 1836年 中国第一次施行割除乳癌手术。 1837年 林则徐查毁鸦片。 1838年 郑梅涧著《重楼玉钥》。 1840年 江考卿著《江氏伤科方书》用骨移植木治疗复杂骨折。 1844年 中国第一次施行膀胱结石手术。 1844~1848年 英、美以教会名义相继在澳门、厦门、宁波、上海、福州等地设立医院和医学校等。 1847年 第一本医学字典《中英文医学辞汇》出版。 1848年 中国第一次试用氯仿麻醉法。吴其浚著《植物名实图考》及《植物名实 图考长篇》。 1851~1864年 太平天国兴办医院、疗养院，并明令禁止鸦片，废除娼妓。 1852年 天津设保赤堂(后改名保赤牛痘局)施种牛痘。王孟英著《温热经纬》、《王氏医案》等。 1856年 关韬任军医，为中国军队任用西医之始。 1857年 中国第一位在国外习医者黄宽，在苏格兰爱丁堡大学毕业回国。 1858年 陆定圃著《冷庐医话》。 1860年 中国第一次施行胚胎截开术。 1861年 苏州雷如金创制六神丸，治咽喉诸病颇效。陈国笃著《眼科六要》。 1863年 赞伯雄著《医醇賸义》。屠道和编著《本草汇纂》。 1865年 中国湖南设牛痘局。 1864年 吴尚先著《理瀹骈文》。 1868年 中国河南设牛痘局。费伯雄著《医方论》。 1871年 中国福建一带发现丝虫病(阴囊象皮肿)患者。 1872年 中国第一所中西医院成立，为香港东华医院，分中西医两部分诊治疾病。 1878年 中国海关(上海、厦门)开始办理检疫。中国第一次施行卵巢肿瘤截除手术。 1880年 《西医新报》在广州发行，为我国最早之西医杂志。 1881年 天津开办医学馆。 1882年 雷丰著《时病论》。李纪方著《白喉全生集》。 1884年 唐宗海著《中西汇通医书五种》。“中西汇通”之名自此始。 1885年 中国女子留学第一人金韵梅毕业于美国纽约女子医学校。佛山成立中国疯人院。 1887年 第一种英文医学杂志《博医会报》在上海发行。《中国医学杂志》创刊。 1891年 第一所女子医校苏州女子医学校成立。 1891~1911年 周学海编著《周氏医学丛书》刊行。 1892年 中国博济医院施行第一例剖腹产术。朱沛文著《华洋脏象约纂》，亦试图中西医学之汇通。马培之著《外科传薪集》。 1894年 余景和著《外利医案汇编》并作气管切开术，抢救白喉患者。 1898年 中国广州建立精神病院。 1899年 广州女子医学校成立，后改名夏葛医学院。 1900~1948年 1900年 中国近代第一次进行甲状腺切除术。柳宝诒著《温热逢源》。 1901年 郑肖岩著《鼠疫约编》。 1902年 天津设立第一所军医学校北洋军医学堂。后改为陆军军医学校。 1908年 京师大学堂设“医学实业馆”，二年后改称医学馆。北京医学院成立。 1904年 广州华南医学院成立。《医学报》创刊。 1905年 设麻疯疗养院于广东东莞。 1906年 北京协和医学院成立。协和护士学校同时诞生。“中国医药学会”成立。上海圣约翰医学院组成。 1907年 “中国国民卫生会”成立。 1908年 南京举办中医考试。 1909年 第一个中国女看护钟茂丰毕业于伦敦葛氏医院。中华护士会成立，为我国第一个护士组织。 1910年 上海设立隔避医院。 1911年 第一个卫生教育组织“中华卫生教育会”成立。伍连德主持扑灭东北鼠疫大流行获得成功，伍氏担任在沈阳召开的国际鼠疫会议主席。 奉天南满医学堂成立。 1912年 杭州医科特别学校开幕。上海震旦大学医学校开幕。 1913年 湖南雅礼医学校在长沙筹备，并开始授预备课。北京中医学会成立。 1914年 北洋政府鼓吹废止中医，遭到全国中医药界的强烈反对。湖南省育群学会与美国雅礼协会联合开办湘雅医学校。 1915年 中华医学会成立。《中华医学杂志》创刊。天津医学校由海军部接管，改为海军医学堂。 1917年 北京同仁医院牙科训练班开学。 1918年 上海同德医学校成立。 1919年 北京中央防疫处成立。上海焚烟并成立国际抗烟联合会。 1920年 中国解剖及人类学会成立。 1921年 北京协和医学院正式成立。谢观等编成《中国医学大辞典》。 1922年 中国共产党召开第二次代表大会，在通过的纲领中第七项明确规定:工厂设立工人医院及其他卫生设备，保护女工、童工。恽铁樵著《群经见智录》。 1909~1914年 张锡纯著《医学衷中参西录》。 1924年 陈克恢肯定麻黄素的止喘功能，并小量提取。 1926年 中国生理学会成立。伍连德肺鼠疫论文发表。国民党当局禁止把中医课程列入医学教育规程。 1927年 广州第一中山大学医学院成立。中央大学医学院在上诲成立。北平大学医学院成立。哈尔滨医学校奠基。裴文中等在周口店开始发掘中国猿人“北京人”。曹炳章著《增订伪药条辨》。 1928年 毛主席在《井岗山斗争》一文中强调:“用中西两法治疗”疾病。设立卫生部，建立中央医院，扩充中央防疫处与教育部合组医学教育委员会，颁布药典等，两年后，又撤销卫生部，于内政部设卫生司。 1929年 公布国民政府行政院卫生部组织法，同时公布全国卫生行政系统大纲、药师暂行条例及医院、药商，麻醉品等管理规则等。上海中法大学及济南齐鲁大学医学校、药 学校开学。国民党政府第一次中央卫生委员会通过余岩等“废止旧医以扫除医事之障碍案”，全国中医药业纷纷罢工停业抗议，该案被迫取消。国民党当局通令中医 学校改称中医传习所。次年又改称中医学社。何廉臣编《全国名医验案类编》。12月2日在周口店发现第一个完整的头盖骨。 1930年 中国梅港检疫处建立。政府公布中央防疫处组织条例等。 1931年 “中央国医馆”成立。承淡安著《中国针灸治疗学》。中国工农红军卫生学校在江西苏区成立。1934年随部队长征。1940年留延安部分在延安柳树店新建校址，并改名“中国医科大学”。1946年随军北上，1948年到沈阳后 定址组建“中国医科大学”。 1932年 中华医学会与博医学会合并为中华医学会，有会员1200人。中华医学会杂志刊行。王吉民、伍连德合编《中国医史》(英文版)出版。 1933年 中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府颁布“卫生运动纲要”。 1934年 国家麻醉药品管理处建立。 1935年 南京中央大学医学院成立。上海成立生育控制病房。谢观著《中国医学源流论》。陈存仁等编《中国药学大辞典》。 1936年 中国火葬会成立。国民党政府颁布“中医条例”。曹炳章辑《中国医学大成》。吴克潜编《古今医方集成》。 1937年 蔡陆仙等编《中国医药汇海》。 1939年 白求恩医生逝世于河北省完县。 1941年 毛主席为延安中国医科大学题词“软死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义”。 1945年 日本帝国主义销毁在东北的细菌制造所，引起鼠疫再次发生。 1946年 成立延安总部卫生部。 1947年 东北鼠疫流行。 1949~1984年 1949年 10月1日中华人民共和国成立。中央人民政府卫生部成立。 1950年 北京中医学会成立。编纂《中华人民共和国药典》。第一届全国卫生会议召开，制定“面向工农兵”、“预防为主”、“团结中西医”为卫生工作的三大方针。卫生部颁发《种痘暂行办法》。 1951年 中华人民共和国卫生部接收协和医学院。卫生部公布《医院诊所管理暂行条例》、《医院诊所管理暂行条例实施细则》。卫生部召开卫生工程和环境卫生专业会议。卫生部公布《中医诊所管理暂行条例》及其实施细则。 1952年 卫生部发出指示要求实行全民普及种痘。政务院发布关于全国各级人民政府、党派、团体及所属的国家工作人员实行公费医疗预防的指示。北京市实验结核病防治所成立。中国药学会全国代表会议在北京召开。 1958年 劳动部召开全国劳动保护工作会议。拟定《加强劳动保护工作的决定》、《工厂安全卫生暂行条例》、《保护女工暂行条例》。全国流行性乙型脑炎防治专业会议在 北京召开。卫生部指示浙江、安徽、福建;江苏、湖北、湖南、江酉，广东、广西、云南等省切实做好血吸虫病防治工作。东北化学制药厂试制氯霉素成功。中央卫 生研究院华东分院和泰安黑热病防治所研究消灭白蛉方法获 得经验。 1954年 中央皮肤性病研究所成立。《中华人民共和国宪法草案》公布。上海成立中医医院，上海市第十一人民医院。卫生部发布《接种卡介苗暂行办法》。 1955年 国务院发布关于国家机关女工作人员生产假期的规定。北京儿童医院开院。卫生部公布:补充“卫生工作必须与群众运动相结合”为四大方针之一。全国抗生素研究 工作委员会成立。卫生部生物制品研究所试制地霉素成功。中央防治血吸虫病研究委员会在上海成立。卫生部中医研究院正式成立。全国第一届西医学习中医研究班 同时开学。卫生部中医研宄院成立中医教材编辑委员会。 1956年 卫生部召开全国卫生工作会议，制定卫生事业十二年远景规划。成都、上海、北京、广州四所中医学院相继成立。卫生部中医研究院主办医学史高级师资进修班开学。卫生部通令废除“中医诊所管理暂行条例”及其实施细则。 1957年 上海第二医学院施行心脏直视手术成功。“人工心脏”动物实验在浙江医学院获得成功。“人工心肺机”在上海医疗器械厂试制成功。中共中央，国务院发出“除四害，讲卫生”指示。 1958年 中国肿瘤医院在京设立。陕西省统一制“消瘿盐”，防治地方性甲状脓肿。江苏省基本消灭黑热病。江西省余江县基本消除血吸虫病。西安军医大学附属一院运用体 外循环修补心脏缺陷成功。上海试制成功麻疹减毒活疫苗。上海第二医学院附属广慧医院抢救烫伤面积达89.3,的患者成功。北京医学院进行动物心脏移植成 功。上海成立伤科研究所。河北省消灭现症梅毒。试制金霉素、地霉素、四环素、红霉素成功。武汉生物制品研究所冻干狂犬病疫苗试制成功。上海市成立高血压病 研究所。北京结核病研究所动物肺脏移植实验成功。西安第四人民医院使用针刺麻醉摘除扁桃腺成功。中西医结合非手术疗法治疗急性阑尾炎。胆结石，胆道蛔虫病 及血栓闭塞性脉管炎取得成效。 1959年 中国医科大学在北京成立。 1960年 中国第一所神经外科研究所在北京成立。11月最后一例天花被消灭。 1961年 百余名医史工作者、中医、西医，在雍和宫探讨藏族和蒙族医学。 1962年 中国第一批脊髓灰白质炎减毒活疫苗制成。 1968年 上海第六人民医院陈中伟医师断手再植成功。 1964年 中国研制成非锑剂口服新药治疗急性血吸虫病获得疗效。上海?型人工心肺机，经三十多个城市的医疗单位使用性能良好。电子血球计数仪投入生产。中国药典 1963年版(一部)出版。毛泽东主席号召“把医疗卫生工作的重点放到农村去”。国家科委成立中药中医组。上海第二医学院附属新华医院和苏州医疗器械厂协 作制成白内障冷摘出器。上海医院为病人装置国产人造心脏膜成功。中西医结合治疗骨折，抗白喉合剂治疗咽白喉等通过卫生部鉴定。 1966年 协和医院妇产科治疗绒毛膜上皮癌和恶性葡萄胎获成功。中国首先人工合成牛胰岛素。 1969年 中国开始肾移植木。 1972年 保定地区第一医院为一患者摘除巨大肩胛瘸并行断臂断肩合拢再植手术成功。湖南长沙马王堆一号汉墓女尸保存完好。 1973年 湖南医学院等解剖马王堆一号汉墓女尸，其肌肤、内脏、组织细胞等在镜下清楚可见。 1974年 上海第二医学院在针刺麻醉下进行体外循环心内直视手术成功。中药麻醉用于临床手术获得成功。 1975年 内蒙古积极发掘整理提高蒙医蒙药学，编写蒙医蒙药书籍三十二部。驻藏某部卫生队在海拔四千七百米的高寒山区进行断指再植手术成功。山东医学院附属医院中国 人工喉科学实验小组语音重建研究取得成绩。上海第六医院施行游离肌肉移植手术成功。上海铁路局中心医院眼科医生郑一仁试制“人工角膜”取得成绩。 1977年 我国第一台医用电子直线加速器签定合格。空军沈阳医院喉成型手术成功，上海第六人民医院进行带血管游离腓骨移植术成功。第一台鼻咽摄影仪研制成功。上海第二医学院肝移植成功。 1978年 脊髓灰质炎糖丸疫苗效果显著。多探头超声仪和生物瓣膜制成。DH-I型多功能呼吸机制成。抗疟新药青蒿素在中医研究院取得成果。陶瓷全髋关节在上海研制成功。 1979年 北京市中医医院关幼波医师治疗肝病经验输入电子计算机成功。中华全国中医学会在北京成立。中医研究脘、广州中医学院主编《简明中医辞典》出版。 上海第六人 民医院骨科研究手缺损再造术成功。湖南推广磁穴疗法。中华医史学会举办第四届全国医史学术会议。“广东?型”生物心瓣膜制成。 1980年 中国计划生育协会在京成立。中国查清9种常见恶性肿瘤的死亡情况和分布特征，并在肿瘤病因和预防研究方面获得进展。卫生部、农业部等制定条例控制和消灭狂犬病。世界卫生组织核定承认中国为天花彻底消灭国家之一。 1981年 云南发现圣猴肝囊虫与人疟原虫交叉免疫现象。抗淋巴细胞球蛋白在武汉研制成功。中国已作肾移植800余例，肝移植64例，甲状旁腺移植26例，心脏移植3 例。其他器官的移植亦相继开展。硅橡胶喉膜等达到国际水平。中国第一株人体肺腺癌细胞系体外培养成功。新疆首次成功进行心肺瓣膜替换术。中国首次从白纹伊 蚊、致倦库蚊体内分离得III型登革病毒。黑龙江18万儿童服用亚硒酸钠，经两年观察，确认该药为防治大骨节病较理想药物。 1982年 国内首次发现血液嵌合体。中日血液免疫学研究中心在上海建立。《中医大辞典》分册陆续出版。我国湖沼地区102个血吸虫病流行县有49个消灭了血吸虫病。 世界卫生蛆织确定上海华山医院为神经科学研究中心。北京市神经外科研究所为世界卫生组织协作中心。中国医史文献研究所在京成立。北京制成高纯度人绒毛膜促 性腺激素。上海市卫生防疫站成功分离出毒力甲型肝炎病毒。在世界范围内首次发现血红蛋白“武鸣一文昌”和“沈阳”两种血红蛋白的新变形。中国医学科学院病 毒研究人员建成入干扰素基因的无性繁殖系。吸附精制破伤风类毒素、吸附精制白喉类毒素获国家生物制品银质奖，脊髓灰质炎活疫苗糖丸、森林脑炎疫苗、人胎盘 血丙种球蛋白、人静脉血丙种球蛋白获优质奖。首都医院宋鸿钊教授等经过20余年研究，使高度恶性肿瘤绒癌得到根治。 1983年 中国人工器官及生物材料学会在重庆成立。人工肾和人工关节已应用于临床。手法治疗“颈性视力障碍”在中医研究院取得成果。中医研究院切开挂线疗法治疗高位 肛瘘和人体平衡测量仪通过成果鉴定。早期诊断急性心肌梗塞之新方法人肌红蛋白酶联免疫固相测定法研究成功。针麻用于前颅窝手术通过鉴定。我国首台多导联心 电图标测仪问世。新型病毒性肝炎消毒剂优氯净研制成功并大量生产。我国首次从大白鼠肺脏中检测出流行性出血热抗原。侯祥川促营养科学基金会成立。人体舌鳞 状细胞癌细胞系体外培植成功。中国计划生育委 员会主任钱信忠获联合国人口奖。我国已先后向四十多个国家和地区派出医疗队。武汉医学院从患者血液中分离出世 界上第一株22A型肺炎双球菌。中国研制成超声导盲器。乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白研制成功，安徽省医学科学研究所分离出肾综合征出血热病毒。中国肿瘤中心落成。 廖万清发现导致脑膜炎的新菌种新型隐球菌变异菌种。上海长征医院、光华医院用国产人造膝关节进行置换术，使20多位患者恢复行走功能。1978年以来，有 四千多位医药专家参加编写的《中国医学百科全书》发行。西藏建立第一所藏医学校。中国已为近百个国家培养七百多针灸医生。上海假胶厂研制成软性假眼。中国 孕产妇平均死亡率已降宝5,万，围产儿死亡率城市降至15~20/千，农村在20~30/千左右。修瑞娟提出微循环对器官和组织为海涛式的灌注，被公认为 “修瑞娟理论”并获奖。中国预防医学中心病毒研究所研制成高滴度、高特异性的流行性出血热单克隆抗体。中国发现大骨节病的重要条件因子是低硒。宋圃菊发现 猕猴桃汁能阻断致癌物质亚硝胺在人体内形成。江西省研究成功用噬菌体快速检验沙门氏苗方法。 1984年 中国肾移植已逾千例，移植肾和病人一年存活率为50%和76%，三年存活率为33.3%，上海一例已存活8年以上。机织涤纶毛绒型人造血管，氧化锆人工骨 与关节涂层材料、绝育药物“复方苯酚糊剂”、MB-2型脉冲水力按摩机、可溶性止血纱布、环托式活动矫正器;—纵向劈裂牙临床保存疗法获国家发明奖。中国 制成抗绿脓杆菌的冻干免疫血浆。针麻肺叶切除通过鉴定;中国第一台能测定微细血管中血流速度的激光多普勒显微镜在上海研制成功。武汉成立中国第一个器官移 植病房。中日科技人员合作发现中国首例K红细胞抗原。林世寅研究成功高温治癌测温方法。中国首例同种异体睾丸移植成功。杨雄里等成功鉴定视网膜中接收绿 色、蓝色信号神经细胞;定名为G/B型水平细胞。南京部队总医院分离出国内第一株军团病杆菌。广西应用杂交瘤技术，获得首批单克隆抗体。北京市第一传染病 医院培养成功嗜热脂肪杆菌芽胞菌片。上海华山医院应用显微外科技术治疗长段神经缺损达国际先进水平。昆明医学院附一院细胞病理研究室在我国首次建立胰腺癌 动物瘤珠。上海经济区沙洲县康复中心施行人造全股骨双全关节置换手术成功。上海邮电医院等单位应用微电脑预防中风，正确率达百分之八十五以上，有利于中风 的防治。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.