多连杆独立悬架

多连杆独立悬架 前些年，结构复杂、成本高昂、舒适性较好的多连杆式独立悬架还只服务于豪华轿车，或少部分定位较高端的中高级别轿车。一时间，综合指标过硬、兼顾了操控和行驶舒适在内多种特性的多连杆式独立悬架似乎被归入了奢侈品类，让预算有限只能购买低端车型的“穷人们”望其兴叹。还好，近几年来随着汽车制造技术的不断提升，零部件单位生产成本逐步降低，理智的汽车厂商们开始设法让处于金字塔中低部的低端轿车也装备这种结构复杂、性能优异的悬架，以此来提高车辆在行驶过程中的综合现，并在同级别车型中形成鹤立鸡群的效应。 多连杆式独立悬架的结构虽复杂，但操控性和舒适性较其他悬架更高 顾名思义，多连杆式悬架就是指由三根或三根以上连接拉杆构成，并且能提供多个方向的控制力，使轮胎具有更加可靠的行驶轨迹的悬架结构。不过时下，由于三连杆结构已不能满足人们对于底盘操控性能的更高追求，只有结构更为精确、定位更加准确的四连杆式和五连杆式悬架才能称得上是真正的多连杆式，这两种悬架结构通常分别应用于前轮和后轮。以常运用于后轮的五连杆式悬架为例，五根连杆分别指主控制臂、前置定位臂、后置定位臂、上臂和下臂(见图一);其中，主控制臂可以起到调整后轮前束的作用，以提高车辆行驶稳定性，有效降低轮胎的摩擦。 在这里需要说明一下的是，国产丰田凯美瑞的后轮两连杆式独立悬架并不属于多连杆式悬架的范畴，仅仅只是融入了多连杆式悬架理念的麦弗逊悬架。位于上端的支柱减震器与车身相连，下端的A臂变成了两根连杆，在性能表现上两连杆与麦弗逊悬架有许多相似之处，优点在于重量轻、减震响应速度快，但缺点也非常明显，在刚度、侧面支撑、减震方面都不及真正的多连杆悬架。很好的例子就是因车速过快造成车辆失控并冲上隔离带，两连杆式后悬架的刚度就会因此而受到考验，同时因为冲上隔离带致使撞击力过大导致后悬架的两根连杆断裂，于是整个后悬架就有脱落的可能性。 advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts (图一)多连杆悬架的结构图 梅赛德斯-奔驰CLK车型多连杆多悬前束角(图二) advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts 多连杆悬架的工作原理是连杆共同作用的组合效应 与这种优化过的麦弗逊式悬架相比，真正的多连杆悬架的构造不仅增加了对车轮上方的控制力，对车轮的前后方也有相应的连杆产生作用力，主要作用就像一个锁止机构一样，将车轮牢牢地固定在半轴末端，使车轮行进轨迹移位减小，增强悬架的整体性和可靠性。 以常见的五连杆式后悬架为例，五根连杆:主控制臂、前置定位臂、后置定位臂、上臂和下臂分别对各个方向的作用力进行抵消。比如，当车辆进行左转弯时，后车轮的位移方向正好与前转向轮相反，如果位移过大则会使车身失去稳定性，摇摆不定。此时，前后置定位臂的作用就开始显现，它们主要对后轮的前束角(见图二)进行约束，使其在可控范围内;相反，由于后轮的前束角被约束在可控范围内，如果后轮外倾角(见图三)过大则会使车辆的横向稳定性减低，所以在多连杆悬架中增加了对车轮上下进行约束的控制臂，一方面是更好地使车轮定位，另一方面则使悬架的可靠性和刚度进一步提高。 图三(上:正外倾，下:负外倾) 从车辆操控性角度来看，多连杆悬架的吊悬结构能通过前后置定位臂和上下控制臂有效控制车轮的外倾角及前束角。例如，当车轮驶过坑洼路面时，首先上下控制臂开始在可控范围摆动，及时给予车轮足够的弹跳行程;如果路面继续不平，同时车辆的速度加块，此时前后置定位臂的作用就是把车轮始终固定在一个行程范围值内，同时液压减震器也会伴随上下控制臂的摆动吸收震动，而主控制臂的工作就是上下摆动配合上下控 制臂使车轮保持自由弹跳，令车厢始终处于相对平稳的状态。 正是因为多连杆悬架具备多根连连杆，并且连杆可对车轮进行多个方面作用力控制，所以在做轮胎定位时可对车轮进行单独调整，并且多连杆悬架有很大的调校空间及改装可能性。不过多连杆悬架在研发上规模较为庞大，由于结构复杂、成本高、零件多、advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts 组装费时，并且要达到非独立悬架的耐用度，始终需要保持连杆不变形、不移位，在使用和结构优化上都很考究。所以多连杆悬架是以追求优异的操控性和行驶舒适性为 主要诉求的。 高档车型尤其喜欢采用多连杆式悬架，可见其魅力非凡 尽管多连杆式悬架拥有众多的优点，但这并不意味着它的运用范围就非常广，相反在一些车身紧凑甚至结构特殊的车型上，多连杆悬架尤其是五连杆式悬架更是无用武之处。究其原因主要是因为五根连杆的结构布置会占用不少横向空间，使发动机不便于安置，同时复杂的悬架结构还会为发动机的维修保养造成不便，所以五连杆式悬架通常只应用于后轮。 不过奥迪的车型算是一个例外。通过奥迪设计师巧妙的简化设计，并用液压减震器取代了一根控制臂，使五连杆变成了四连杆(见图四和图五)，再通过运动学原理将牵引力、制动力和转向力分离，赋予了车辆同样精确的转向控制能力。从奥迪的车型设计理念来看，将发动机装在前轴之前，正好在前轴处可以腾出空间安装四连杆悬架，同时奥迪的设计师还使用了铝合金材质来降低控制臂重量以提高车轮的回弹响应速度，从而大大提高了车辆的操控能力，行驶舒适性也随之得到了质的提升。相对于我们熟悉的奔驰和宝马，由于他们的车型设计理念偏向于运动化，并且大多为后轮驱动，为了使车身的前后重量分配达到更完美的50:50，因此奔驰和宝马的车型通常都将发动机装配在前轴之上或之后，于是便没有足够的空间来安装多连杆悬架，那么双横臂或加强型的麦弗逊式前悬架就成了最好的折衷。 图四 advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts (图五)四连杆悬架 多连杆悬架的优势非常明显，这使得它正逐步被广泛地运用 对于多连杆式悬架来说，完善的结构能使前后轮的主销倾角同时达到最佳位置，当然前提条件是厂方师在设计之处就要有周全的考虑和精密的数据计算。由于多连杆悬架的连杆达到四根甚至五根，所以必须通过车架(通常所说的大梁)连接固定(见图六)，而车架和车身又为柔性连接。此时，车架的作用就相当于前悬采用的副车架，可使悬架的整体性得到加强。在众多连杆的作用下，可大幅度降低来自路面的冲击，通过前后定位臂的抑制作用，可改善加速或制动时车内乘员的仰头和点头动作;结合后轮结构紧凑的螺旋弹簧的拉伸或压缩，还可使车轮的横向偏移量保持在最小值，提高车辆直线和弯道行驶的稳定性。同时，配合阻尼调校到位的减震器，多连杆式悬架在车辆上具体表现为转弯时侧倾较小，并且对波形路面的吸震也更加到位。 advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts (图六)大众辉腾后悬副车架 目前越来越多的车型在后悬架上采用多连杆结构，最好的例子就是大众最新的PQ35、PQ46平台摒弃了以前PQ34和PQ45平台上后轮拖曳臂式带扭力梁的悬架结构，转而采用性能更优异的多连杆结构。目前，在国内后轮采用多连杆悬架结构的车型不在少数，从中级车福克斯、马自达3、速腾、明锐到稍高级别的迈腾、雅阁、马自达6、丰田锐志、蒙迪欧，甚至奔驰、宝马全系列等，后轮悬架结构清一色的是多连杆式。 随着消费者对车辆底盘尤其是悬挂系统的要求越来越高，相信厂商对车型技术的革新也会越发加快。过不了多久，我们便会看到更多的车型采用综合性能更好的多连杆式独立悬架。 advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts