悬架 汽车车轮的定位参数解析

悬架 汽车车轮的定位参数解析 主销后倾:Kingpin Caster 主销(Kingpin)，是传统汽车上转向轮转向时的回转中心，是一根较粗的销轴。现在，许多独立悬架的汽车已经没有主销了。但在车轮定位中，仍然沿用主销这个名词，把它作为转向轮的转向轴线的代名词，认为转向轮在转向时，是以主销为轴线向左右转动的。 所谓主销后倾，是将主销(即转向轴线)的上端略向后倾斜。从汽车的侧面看去，主销轴线与通过前轮中心的垂线之间形成一个夹角，即主销后倾角。 作用: 主销后倾的作用是增加汽车直线行驶时的稳定性和在转向后使前轮自动回正。作用原理:由于主销后倾，主销(即转向轴线)与地面的交点位于车轮接地点的前面。这时，车轮因受到地面的阻力，总是被主销拖着前进。这样，就能保持行驶方向的稳定。当汽车转弯时，由于离心力的作用，地面对车轮的侧向反力作用在主销的后面，使车轮有自动回正的趋势。主销后倾角越大，方向稳定性越好，自动回正作用也越强，但转向越沉重。汽车主销后倾角一般不超过3?，由前悬架在车架上的安装位置来保证。现代轿车由于采用低压宽幅子午线轮胎，高速行驶时轮胎的变形加大，接地点后移，因此主销后倾角可以减小，甚至为负值(变成主销前倾)，以避免由于回正力矩过大而造成前轮摆振。 主销后倾与主销内倾区别:主销后倾如图所示，过车轮中心的铅垂线和真实或假想的转向主销轴线在车辆纵向对称平面的投影线所夹锐角为主销后倾角，向前为负，向后为正。 summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 主销后倾 :主销后倾角的存在可使车轮转向轴线与路面的交点在轮胎接地点的前方，可利用路面对轮胎的阻力产生绕主销轴线的回正力矩，该力矩的方向正好与车轮偏转方向相反，使车辆保持直线行驶。后倾角越大车辆的直线行驶性越好，转向后方向盘的回复性也越好，但主销后倾角过大会使转向变得沉重，驾驶员容易疲劳;主销后倾角过小，当汽车直线行驶时，容易发生前轮摆振，转向盘摇摆不定，转向后转向盘自动回正能力变弱，驾驶员会失去路感;当左右轮主销后倾角不等时，车辆直线行驶时会引起跑偏，驾驶员不敢放松转向盘，难于操纵或极易引起驾驶员疲劳。四轮定位仪测量主销后倾角的范围为?15?。 summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 主销内倾:所谓主销内倾，是将主销(即转向轴线)的上端向内倾斜。从汽车的前面看去，主销轴线与通过前轮中心的垂线之间形成一个夹角，即主销内倾角。主销内倾的作用是使车轮转向后能及时自动回正和转向轻便。由于主销内倾，转向轮在转向时绕主销转动，必须使车轮陷入地面以下。这当然是不可能的，实际转向时，是强迫汽车的前部稍稍抬高。这样，汽车的重力将使转向轮自动回正。确定主销内倾角时，还可调整主销(即转向轴线)与地面的交点到轮胎接地中心的距离，即调整主销偏距。减少主销偏距，可以减轻转向时的摩擦阻力。 主销内倾不能过大，否则转向过于沉重。 主销内倾角一般为8?到13?由前悬架的结构来确定。主销后倾和主销内倾都有使转向轮自动回正的作用。但主销后倾的回正作用与车速有关，而主销内倾的回正作用与车速无关。因此，高速时主要靠主销后倾的作用，而低速时主要靠主销内倾的作用。 前轮前束 : 两前轮的前端距离与后端距离之差称为前轮前束，不同的车其前束值是不同的。其基本作用是消除车轮外倾角造成的外滚趋势，保持汽车正直行驶。 以图中所示，R为车辆行驶方向的话，距离A与距离R之间的差值就叫“前束”，如果差值为正，称之为“前束”;而差值为负时，我们则称之为“负前束”或者“前展”。 summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 汽车检测的分类:实际的汽车检测是按安全性、环保性、动力性、经济性和可靠性这五个方面进行的。其中安全性检测主要是检测汽车的侧滑、转向、制动和前照灯。 通常安全性检测分为下列四类，其主要检测参数如下: 1.侧滑检测设备:侧滑量、侧滑方向; 2.转向检测设备:转向盘自由转动量、转向力; 3.制动检测设备:制动力、制动距离、制动减速度; summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 4.前照灯检测设备:发光强度、照射角度。 在上述的汽车制动检测设备中，轴重仪是必不可少的。但是，汽车的轴重测量并非是汽车安全性的检测项目，轴重仪只是一种辅助设备。 明白了这些基本要领之后，我们逐渐解释各种检测设备的结构、工作原理、国家标准和检测方法以及注意事项。 首先介绍侧滑检测设备。我们知道，汽车在使用过程中，由于轮毂轴承松旷，车身不平衡，车轮拖滞，轮胎气压、花纹形状、磨损程度不一样，车架、车轴转向机构的变形与磨损，都会导致车轮定位失准。此时，转向车轮在向前滚动的同时，将会产生横向滑移的现象，称为侧滑。 实践，汽车的侧滑会造成滚动阻力增加、行驶稳定性变差、轮胎磨损加剧、运行油耗增多和转向沉重，影响汽车的使用性能和经济性。所以必须对汽车的侧滑进行定期检测。汽车侧滑检测的实质是反映转向轴车轮定位产生的侧向力，或由此引起的车轮侧滑量。由于汽车的转向轴一般在前轮，故简称前轮定位。如果您学习过汽车构造，就不难理解汽车的前轮定位将直接影响其直线行驶稳定性、安全性、燃油经济性、轮胎和有关机件的磨损以及驾驶员的劳动强度等等。而把后轮外倾角和后轮前束称为后轮定位。其主要作用是使前后轮胎行驶轨迹重合，从而减少高速时前后轮胎的横向侧滑量和轮胎偏磨损。 把检测汽车前轮定位和后轮定位的仪器称为四轮定位仪。给汽车做四轮定位很重要，这里重点介绍前轮定位的检测。 summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 前轮定位检测方式有静态检测和动态检测两种方法。静态检测使用前轮定位仪，动态检测使用侧滑试验台。注意，所说的静态是指汽车静止不动，使用前轮定位仪(由前束尺和倾角仪组成)对汽车的前轮前束值、主销后倾角、主销内倾角和车轮外倾角进行检测。其特点是仪器结构简单，但操作繁、速度慢。而动态是指汽车运动，用侧滑试验台(滑板式或滚筒式)对汽车的前轮前束值和车轮外倾角的匹配情况进行检测。其特点是设备结构复杂，操作简便，速度快，非常适合快速检测。因此，在安检线或综检线上得到了广泛的应用。 那么，国家标准对汽车的侧滑是如何规定的，最新的国家标准GB7258-1997《机动车运行安全技术条件》中明确规定;机动车(摩托车、轻便摩托车和三轮农用车除外)转向轮的横向侧滑量，用侧滑仪(包括双板和单板侧滑仪)检测时侧滑量值应不大于5m/km。 其检验方法是: a)将车辆对正侧滑试验台(对于单板式侧滑仪，将车辆的一侧对正侧滑板)，并使转向肋处于正中位置; b)使车辆沿台板上的指示线以3km/h~5km/h车速平稳前进，在行驶过程中，不得转动转向盘; c)转向轮通过台板时，测取横向侧滑量。 为了帮助您理解侧滑的原理，我们先复习有关车轮定位的知识。在汽车设计上，为使转向车轮具有操纵轻便、行驶稳定可靠和减少轮胎的偏磨损，在转向车轮上设计有:主销后倾角、主销内倾角、车轮外倾角和前轮前束等4项参烽，科学的称谓是“转向轴车轮定位”，summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 简称“车轮定位”，习惯称为“前轮定位”。 ?主销后倾角 车轮有了主销后倾角之后，主销的延长线与地面的交点成为车轮摆动的支点。当车轮行驶在凹凸不平的路面时，车轮将偏离其正直滚动的路线，这时由于地面的反作用力作用在车轮上，使车轮绕交点向平衡位置转动，因为主销后倾角过大，易使转向沉重，所以主销后倾角一般设计为1左右。其作用是使转向车轮能够自动回正，保持汽车直线行驶。 ?主销内倾角 一般将主销内倾角设计成8度左右。如果没有主销内倾角，则车轮和主销后倾角的延长线与地面的交点构成一个圆柱体，可以想像当转动方向盘时，由于是一个圆面积和地面接触，所以费力;如果有主销内倾角，则车轮和主销内倾角的延长线与地面的交点构成一个圆锥体，这时转动方向盘时，由于是一个点和地面接触，故此比较省力。同时假设在圆锥体上绕一根弹簧(，当转动方向盘时，弹簧被绕紧，松手后在弹力的作用下，回到初始位置。可见其作用有两个:一是转向轻便;二是具有自动回正的能力。 ?车轮外倾角 一般将车轮外倾角设计成1度到3度。当有车轮外倾角时，车辆由空载变为满载时，能够减少轴头螺母的受力情况:若没有车轮外倾角，则当车辆由空载变为满载时，轴头螺母的受力非常大，甚至容易损坏。此外，有车轮外倾角可以使轮胎与拱桥路面垂直，减少其偏磨summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into 损(如9所示)。其作用主要有三点:一是转向轻便;二是保护轴头螺 母;三是保持轮胎与拱桥路面垂直，减少轮胎的偏磨损。 ?前轮前束 两前轮的前端距离与后端距离之差称为前轮前束，不同的车其前 束值是不同的。其基本作用是消除车轮外倾角造成的外滚趋势，保持 汽车正直行驶。 summer of masonry construction, brick requires sufficient moist. 8.6.2.6 you must take the following measures to concrete construction in summer high temperature impact on concrete a. hardening speed up, vibrating difficulties reduced bleeding, fast drying, easy to crack (plastic), high early strength, fast early hydration heat, less cooling, temperature increases rapidly, due to temperature difference cracks. B. pouring daytime high temperatures, due to the high temperature effect of concrete strength, stability, in varying degrees, on mixing processes, perfusion vibration and moisture conservation, effective measures should be taken. 2) main measures taken by a. temperature control the water temperature in your standard mix proportion of concrete 2 degrees, the concrete temperature 0.5 degrees. B. with the controlled addition of retarder agent can reduce the effects of concrete under high temperature, but make some performance degradation of concrete, so when you are using additives must be implemented upon approval by the supervising engineer. C. time control suitable for work at night, should seek to reduce the mixing time and shipping time at high temperatures. D. strengthen the conservation and high temperatures after pouring in the early days of continuous water conservation to prevent surface drying and covering thin-film wet grass bag to make it moist State in 24 hours. 8.6.3 8.6.3.1 winter construction measures in winter construction preparation 1) required winter construction materials, equipment, planning ahead of time comes into