六级与四级的区别

六级与四级的区别 ABCD英语阅读网() 六级与四级的区别: 一、词——词汇量5500。 二、句——出题考长句子。 三、段——所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But, Yet, However 转折连词后面是重点，常考点。 四、选项——有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。 原文重现:原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。 尽量少读:六级更多的对点出题，而不是对面出题。 六级题型: 1. 主旨题(Sum Up/Title)--看文章每段第一句 24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage? A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation. B) Labour and the effects of automation. C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation. D) Social benefits of automation. 注:文章三段第一句都出现automation，两段出现labour，因此这两个词是重点，必然在选项中出现。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution". 注:refers to 下定义 Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards. 注:labour 雇员 To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. 注:union 工会，和雇员有关 2. 词汇题——找词所在句子关系 转折关系。例如:六级很难，但是……，找转折连词But, Yet, However。 并列关系。例如:A and B，问A就把B内容填进去。 解释关系。用because和从句in which等联系。 例如: 30. “An identifying figure” (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person ______. A) who serves as a model for others B) who is always successful C) who can be depended upon D) who has been rewarded for his success (文章前四段省略) Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 注:把握and前后是并列关系。 3. 细节题--直接细节、因果推理、暗示 例如: 31. It is implied that fifty years ago ____________ . A) eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories B) twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers 34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _______ . A) less important than awareness of being a good employee B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations C) more important than employer- employee relations D) as important as the ability to co- operate with others in the organization Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper - class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production. Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 4. 作者态度题(attitude)——正负态度 凡是文章探讨新事物——正态度 凡是文章探讨老事物——负态度 例外:中立题 25. The writer’s attitude towards the use of the telephone is ______. A) affectionate B) disapproving C) approving D) neutral ?例子:例子必出题。文章有论点-论据-论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而言之，例子本身不重要， 但前后论点极其重要。 例子开始的标志:for example，后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内容。 例子含义的标志:show, tell, prove, demonstrate, find, clearly [Page72] In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species' living areas, and policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. In the 1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl(猫头鹰), whose remaining population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in mid-1992. 注:1. controversial的意思是受争议的，同“sharply political issue”，contro示“反” 2. for example前句子是重点 3. problematic悬而未决的 Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. But the developing countries may be impoverished (使穷困), with populations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation. 注:1. tension张力，冲突 2. 看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。 3. But转折是重点 Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the planet of its biological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer (臭氧层), for example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's complex web life. 36.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly controversial issue? A) Because people can't agree as to what species to protect. B) Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species. C) Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people. D) Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures. 注:细节题。第一段economic interests ?表示绝对的词--出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点;如果出现在选项中，很可能是不对的。 全无:non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude-neither...nor 全有:all-every-full-either… 唯一:only-exactly- best-most 37.According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests ________. A) may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty. B) benefits developed countries rather than developing countries. C) should take priority over the control of human population. D) will help improve the living conditions in developing countries. 注:细节题，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突”就对了。 38.According to the passage, cutting tress to grow more food _______. A) will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries. B) is but a short-term relief to the food problem. C) can hardly alleviate the shortage of food. D) proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations. 注:对应文章第二段。Short-term对应temporarily，relief对应avoid。 39.Among“humanity's current problems” (Line 6, Para. 3), the chief concern of the scientists is _______. A) the impoverishment of developing countries. B) the explosion of the human population. C) the reduction of biological diversity. D) the effect of global warming. 注:第三段。C选项中reduction对应rob，diversity对应richness。 40.The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________. A) to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problems. B) to present the different views on humanity's current problems. C) to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current problems. D) to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through the cooperation of nations. 注:看最后一句话，cooperation of nations 对应coordinated international efforts。 [Page80] We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. 注:1. vulnerable易受伤害的 2. immune defense 免疫系统 3. found之后是试验告诉我们的观点 4. depress压抑，de往下 Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression. 注:1. 看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。 2. passive被动的 21. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ______. A) was strengthened B) was not affected C) was altered D) was weakened 注:定位文章第一段found之后 22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______. A) try to control unpleasant stimuli B) turn off the electricity C) become abnormally suspicious D) behave passively in controllable situations 注:定位第二段But之后那句话 23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ______ . A) they disliked its taste B) it affected their immune systems C) it led to stomach pains D) they associated it with stomachaches 22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____. (A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents (B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents (C) the dominance of the parents over their children (D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises 注:段落主旨，B和C只说了一部分。 It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste. 注:1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的 40. The main idea of this passage is that _____. (A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities (B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life (C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago (D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities. 注:GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。 The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect. The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you. 23. The passage mainly deals with ______. (A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps (B) the survival of desert shrimps (C) the importance of water to life (D) life in the Mojave Desert 注:三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项life span没出现过。 There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival. 40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____. (A) The well-being of Career Women (B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure (C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being (D) Freedom Roles Women in Society 注:A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项 In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery" ---feeling important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told "You can't have it all." Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You have a wonderful husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves. Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism (乐观). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time. The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed. A woman's well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress and strain. 30. The best tittle for the passage would be_________. A) Apple's Efforts so Stay Ahead of IBM B) Apple's New Computer Technology C) Apple's New personal Computers D) Apple's Research Activities The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this environment frequently have to make a judgement as to their competitors' role when making marketing strategy decisions. If major competitors are changing their products, then a marketer may want to follow suit to remain competitive. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster person computers, the Macintosh II and Macintosh SE, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple' s major competitors. Apple' s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier models. The improved Macintosh is able to run programs that previously were impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM-compatible programs. This compatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers' new attitude of giving customers the features they want. Malting Apple computers capable of running IBM software is Apple' s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales, Users of the new Apple can also add accessories to make their machines specialize in specific uses, such as engineering and writing. The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the high price end of the personal computer marker to finance research for even faster, more sophisticated computers. Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies realize that their competitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not. The Apple line has always been popular for its sophisticated color graphics, where-as the IBM machines have always been favored in offices. In the future, there will probably be more compatibility between the two companies' products, which no doubt will require that both Apple and IBM change marketing strategies. 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A) Computers and the Knowledge Society. B) Service industries in Modern Society. C) Features and Implications of the New Era. D) Rapid Advancement of information Technology 注:一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句。 主旨题的迷惑选项:末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围。 A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we' re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can' t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers-all these are being challenged. We have only to look behind to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow' s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job. 25. Which of the following best summarized the main idea of the passage? A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be replaced by computers. B) cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded. C) Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheets D) The development of music culture is highly dependent or its material aspect Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"-physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures it the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictures in art. Through the study of instruments, as well preserved Paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Neat East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near eastern influence to Europe that results in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra. Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in with people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research show mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole. One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out the influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This all part of the "information revolution," a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe. 25. What is the passage mainly about? A) different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries. B) A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new English dictionaries. C) The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman. D) The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries. Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on l, 000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LME plus cultural information. The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult. While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic and cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension. In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various sociocultural entries. 35. What is the passage mainly about? A) Dressing for effect. B) How to dress appropriately. C) Managerial positions and clothing. D) Dressing for the occasion. Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook. 注:critical重要的 Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests. 注:manipulate控制，操纵 People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打 扮)- "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job." [例外] 40. The best title for this passage would be __________. A) Role of Women and Minorities in Management B) The Importance of Being Visible C) Job Performance and Advancement D) Sex and Career Success 注:关键句在concludes that那句。本题也可通过文中汉语解释蒙出来。 怎么蒙,看给出的解释--重要词汇才给出解释 看前面细节题--把提干关键词加起来 The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’s experience in the organization. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, CocaCola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are. Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal with these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight. 25. The author is critical mainly of _________. A) inferior packaging B) dishonest packaging C) the changes in package size D) exaggerated illustrations on packages It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺骗性的) packaging rumpus (喧嚣) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie. 文章中出现的语言现象:对比关系(极端对比、一般对比)、转折、例子、绝对 In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows. 注:点名文章讲的脱口秀，而且是JS和OW脱口秀 Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk(废话)". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (灾难),yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments(困境) of other people's lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable. 注:dump倾销，反倾销anti-dump Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world. 注:1. circuit圈子 2. ironically具有讽刺意味的 21.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are______. A) more family - oriented B) unusually popular C) more profound D) relatively formal 注:第一段 22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience______. A) remain fascinated by them B) are ready to face up to them C) remain indifferent to them D) are willing to get involved in them 注:第二段eat up，B和D是一回事。 23.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show? A) A new type of robot. B) Racist hatred. C) Family budget planning. D) Street violence. 注:第三段最后举了三个例子。 24.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both________. A) ironical B) sensitive C) instructive D) cynical 注:instructive-in引导+struct结构?有启发的，cynical愤世嫉俗的 25.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______. A) have monopolized the talk show circuit B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature C) appear at different times of the day D) are targeted at different audiences 注:monopolise垄断，D对应倒数第二段。 To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. 注:第一段说selling，第二段说marketing This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! 26.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_______. A) the practice of turning goods into money B) making goods available for purchase C) the customer - centred approach D) a form of persuasive salesmanship 注:原文第三段，cater to customer基于客户的，A和B是两者共同特征，D对应第一段selling。 27.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted? A) The needs of the market. B) The efficiency of production. C) The satisfaction of the user. D) The preferences of the dealer. 注:第一段第二句。 28.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3 -4 ), Para. I) means “_______”. A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production 29.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate? A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people. B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public. C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please. D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer. 30.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_______. A) its main characteristic B) its social impact C) its possible consequence D) its theoretical basis 注:写作方法题。答题要问What? 能回答，选项是对的。本文讲市场营销的特点。 33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means A) valuable B) useful C) doubtful D) helpful 注:烂的，没意义的 Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means _____. (A) quarrels (B) worries (C) disadvantages (D) agreements 注:不平衡的行为 Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy (不受干扰的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem, " she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (约会), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends' house." 34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____. (A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit (B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied (C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied (D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit 注:做算术题和背文章指人 To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers, " says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate." 37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means _____. (A) to "live a decent life" (B) to "live an inactive life" (C) to "live a life of vice" (D) to "live a life with complete freedom" The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. 24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____. (A) inactive (B) strong (C) alert (D) soft If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival. 33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means _____. (A) misleading (B) embarrassing (C) stimulating a goal wit (D) upsetting 注:焦虑anxiety To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you. 21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______. A) appreciate B) obtain C) interpret D) identify The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps with a two-second glance. 31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" . A) implication B) contradiction C) interpretation D) confusion It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. 26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______". A) misfortune B) instability C) disadvantage D) burden Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability. 28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most probably means "_______". A) betray each other B) harm one another C) help to collaborate with each other D) benefit on another The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. 33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________. A) early acts for men to follow as examples B) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance C) things that men should agree upon D) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of make up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job." 29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ". A) vegetables preserved for future use B) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat C) expensive food that consumers can hardly afford D) meat canned for future consumption This means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life. 31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______". A) thrive on B) account for C) originate from D) descend from We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes. Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition. 文章中的并列关系?怎样对付阅读的长句 小的并列:成分并列，不容易出题。如果出题，选项应该概括所有并列成分，否则是错误选项。 大的并列:只出一题，应该提纲挈领。 What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. ?It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. ? By joining with the elevator to make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible - for better or worse - the modern city. ?By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt ?it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. ?It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. ? It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably (可证实), it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or perhaps - again not provable - by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates (传播) the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice (恶意) of the malicious. 22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ______. A) has made letter writing an art B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication C) has made the world different from what it was D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts 注:A应该是削弱 To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the ?promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. 32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults t end to believe that certain types of clothing can __________. A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyle B) help young people make friends with the opposite sex C) make them competitive in the job market D) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. [Page 71] Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information why do commercials sound so loud? The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. ?One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels. ?Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的) impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. ?Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants (辅音) are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel (元音) sounds. ? Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer an attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type. The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality. 31.According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials _______. A) does not exceed that of programs. B) is greater than that of programs. C) varies over a large range than that of programs. D) is less than that of programs. 注:文章第一段no difference 32.Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ . A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels. B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels. C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges. D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range. 注:第二点 33.Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________ . A) pop songs attract viewer attention. B) it can increase their loudness. C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs. D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials. 注:第四点 34.One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that ________ . A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact. B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality. C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary message. D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is happening. 注:第三段Because，B选项like太主观。 35.In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________ . A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention. B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome. C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads. D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads. 注:文章最后一段 Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled (耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants , and security staff. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing. Feminine女权主义者;Masculine男子气概的 The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. 越多的妇女和少数民族越往上爬，她们越想说以前最好不说的事情。 It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging rumpus started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc. Such chicken raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential famine relief protein food. Famine饥荒 Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the have-nots. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. 倒装句，正常的顺序是a social feeling of agreement comes out of our emotional experiences. The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing(把…固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon(放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic in-centives and friendly persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays-not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it. Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility? 36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? A) Performing physical examinations. B) Locating places which attract terrorists. C) Detecting drugs and water contamination. D) Monitoring food processing. 注:从本题定下文章基调，人工鼻子是个新东西。 37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is _______. A) negligence of public safety B) an abuse of personal freedom C) a hazard to physical health D) a threat to individual privacy 注:推出原文可能有转折 38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means“______ ”. A) preset B) entered C) processed D) simulated 注:词汇题，找上下文并列、转折、解释的线索 39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______ . A) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors B) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals C) to design a computer program to sort out smells D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through 40. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' works is ______. A) approving B) overenthusiastic C) cautious D) suspicious 注:作者态度题，应该选正态度 怎样先看题再看文章, 1. 什么题型,回原文应该怎么做, 2. 能不能看出作者评价, 3. 可能对应文章的语言现象 ?同义转换的正确选项: 一、同义词 二、句式 三、双重否定 ?错误选项特征: 一、绝对的 二、长得像的——断章取义 三、跨段 四、难词——杯弓蛇影 36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? A) Monitoring food processing. B) Performing physical examinations. 跨段 C) Locating places which attract terrorists. 难词 D) Detecting drugs and water contamination. 37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is _______. A) negligence of public safety B) a hazard to physical health C) a threat to individual privacy D) an abuse of personal freedom 38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7)most probably means “______ “. A) preset B) simulated C) entered D) processed 39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______. A) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals B) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors C) to design a computer program to sort out smells D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through There's simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, you can find it. Myers is the founder of Aubum University's Institute for Biological Detection Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices - an artificial nose. For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson(纵火)investigators and food - safety inspectors. The technology that they are working in would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination. The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry are astonishing. But so, too ,are the possibilities for abuse; Such machines could determine whether a woman is ovulating(排 卵),without a physical exam - or even her knowledge. One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that is has been impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case. Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures. Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail - size chip with thousands of odor receptors(感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's nose. 31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________. A) wrong B) oversimplified C) misleading D) unclear 注:文章第一句 32.Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows________. A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict B) the real value of conflict C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict 注:文章第二段 33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________. A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict 注:文章第三段 34.The passage suggests that in for - profit organizations_______. A) there is no end of conflict B) expression of different opinions is encouraged C) decisions must be justifiable D) success lies in general agreement 注:文章第四段，justifiable合法化 35.People working in a not - for - profit organization________. A) seem to be difficult to satisfy B) are free to express diverse opinions C) are less effective in making decisions D) find it easier to reach agreement 注:C和D出现比较级，不选 Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. 36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_______. A) contains plenty of nutrients B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins C) makes foods easily digestible D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious 37.The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be_______. A) commercially useless B) just as anticipated C) somewhat controversial D) quite unexpected 38.Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that_______. A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins 39.What is a possible negative effect of olesira according to some critics? A) It may impair the digestive system. B) It may affect the overall fat intake. C) It may increase the risk of cancer. D) It may spoil the consumers' appetite. 40.Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olesira? A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins. B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary. C) The function of the intestines may be weakened. 跨段 D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production. Imagine eating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it? New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating. 注:eliminate消除 Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all. Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠)“grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecule of substances called fatty acids. The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream. Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc. Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming. 简短回答题评分原则及标准 1. 评分原则 简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时应同时考虑内容和语言。 每题满分为2分，最低为0分。 2. 给分标准 2分--答出全部内容，语言正确; 1分--答出部分内容，语言正确; 0分--没有答对问题。 扣分标准 (1)语言有错误扣0.5分(不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误)，每题由于语言错误扣分不能超过0.5分; (2)涉及无关内容者扣0.5分;其中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得分; (3)整句原封不动照搬应扣分;照搬一句扣0.5分;照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分; (4)考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。 Part IV Short Answer Questions (15 minutes) Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurance company. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas tank at a self-service gas station. But moments latter as he was paying the money he saw the truck being driven away. In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States-one every 20 seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade. Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. The cost is astonishing. Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a major money-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200.000 cars are smuggled out of the country every year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe. Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments routinely conduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often sentence them to probation (缓刑), not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are overcrowded with violent criminals. One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on the state's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's auto-theft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth. How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $1,000. Some systems engage automatically - simply removing the key disables the fuel pump the fuel pump and the starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some states, you may be able to sue a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police. Questions: 71. What is the passage mainly about? ________________________________________________________ 72. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for? Leaving the key in the truck 73. How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could in the United States in 1989? ________________________________________________________ 74. What are the two ways thieves sell the stolen cars? ________________________________________________________ 75. What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car? ________________________________________________________ 21.What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? A) The impact of the Great Depression. B) The shrinking of overseas markets. C) The destruction caused by the First World War. D) The increased exports of European countries. 22.The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was ______. A) to increase farm production B) to establish agricultural laws C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture 23.The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ______. A) reduce their scale of production B) make full use of their land C) adjust the prices of their farm products D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production 24.The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act ______. A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products B) didn't give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others 25.It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at ______. A) reducing the cost of farming B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation C) lowering the burden of farmers D) helping farmers without shifling the burden onto other taxpayers In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s. In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers. President Hoover's successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation's soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers. 26.The author says that the powerful computers of today ______. A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object B) are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior C) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's D) still cannot communicate with people in a human language 27.The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ______. A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects B) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs C) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child D) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells 28.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to ______. A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computers B) build a computer using a clever network of switches C) find out how intelligence developed in nature D) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought 29.What's the author's opinion about the new AI movement? A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out. B) It's a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes. C) It's more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort. D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects. 30.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "the only game in town" (Line 3, Para. 4)? A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer. B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research. C) The only area worth studying in computer science. D) The only game they would like to play in town. In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. Imitating the brain's neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors", he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching Right now, the the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. 11. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ____________. A) half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds B) half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves C) birds can control their half-brain sleep consciously D) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest 12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______________. A) they have to watch out for possible attacks B) their brain hemisphere take turns to rest 跨段 C) the two halves of their brain are differently structured 没 D) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions 反 13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that _____________. A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread B) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security C) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security D) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror 14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to __________. A) alert themselves to the approaching enemy B) emerge from water now and then to breathe C) be sensitive to the ever-changing environment D) avoid being swept away by rapid currents 15. By "just the tip of the iceberg" (Line 2, Para.8), Siegel suggests that ____________. A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species Birds that are literally half-asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks. Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once. Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once. Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers, Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction. Also, birds dozing(打盹)at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotaing 16 birds through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots. "We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say. The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open. Useful as half-sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals(哺乳动物)as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UGLA says he wonders if birds' half-brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg(冰山)". He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. 16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced? A) TT has been in existence for decades. B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch. C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals. D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment. 注:D为迷惑选项数字必转化，C对应第二段末句。 17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ____________. A) they didn't take the offer seriously B) they didn't want to risk their career C) they were unwilling to reveal their secret D) they thought it was not in line with their practice 注:争议题，B、C皆可。 18. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ____________. A) to see why TT could work the way it did B) to find out how TT cured patient's illness C) to test whether she could sense the human energy field D) to test whether a human energy field really existed 注:对应文章第三段首句 19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment? A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing. B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun. C) It was more straightforward than other experiments. D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment. 注:对应文章第三段末句，no harm对应innocent，little girl对应fourth-grade 20. What can we learn from the passage? A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving. B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories. C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners. D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand. A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that ends up debunking(揭 穿(((的真相)a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic (治疗)touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients' "energy field" to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners(行医者). Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science." Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around until they're in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, the smooth patients' energy, sometimes during surgery. Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing-something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: "I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid." The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs-left or right-and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have by simply guessing. if there was an energy field, they couldn't feel it. 21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways __________. A) are being planned B) are being modified C) are now in wide use D) are under construction 注:on the drawing borad就是planned 22. A special-purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that ________________. A) it would require only minor changes to existing highways B) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency C) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles D) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles 注:A选项说反了 23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway? A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations. B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system. C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it. D) The driver should share the automated lane with those f regular vehicles. 注:对应第二段开头 24. We know form the passage that a car can enter a special-purpose lane _____________. A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane B) by way of a ramp with electronic control devices C) through a specially guarded gate D) after all trespassers are identified and removed 注:争议题 25. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ___________. A) should harmonize with newly entering cars B) doesn't have to rely on his computer system C) should watch out for potential accidents D) doesn't have to hold not to the steering wheel 注:文章最后一段 What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special-purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manually driven cars. A special-purpose land system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway(高速公路)capacity. Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special-purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp(入口引道). As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would presumably be well respected, because all trespassers(非法进入者)could be swiftly identified by authorities.) Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging, without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. and once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the drive would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. 26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured n terms of one's ability to read, write and compute _____________. A) is a widely held but wrong concept B) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice C) is the root of all mental distress D) will contribute to one's self-fulfillment 注:作者态度题，应该选负选项 27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree _____________. A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problems B) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documents C) may make one mentally sick and physically weak D) does not meat that one is highly intelligent 28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows _____________. A) how to put up with some very prevalent myths B) how to find the best way to achieve success in life C) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhile D) how to persuade others to compromise 注:对应第二段第一句话 29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that _____________. A) difficulties are but part of everyone's life B) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life反 C) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances反 D) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence 30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare? A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness. B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness. C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer form N. B. D.'s. D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances. 注:文章最后一句 Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is "intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day. If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D-Nervous Break Down. "Intelligent" people do not have N. B. D.'s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how go deal with the problems of their lives. You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare. 21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably ______________. A) stand still B) jump aside C) step forward D) draw back 注:对应文章第二段 22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ___________. A) cultural self-centeredness B) casual manners C) indifference toward foreign visitors D) arrogance towards other cultures 注:对应文章第四段首句 23. In countries other than their own most Americans _______________. A) are isolated by the local people B) are not well informed due to the language barrier C) tend to get along well with the natives D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants 注:对应文章第五段，inform对应information 24. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ____________. A) affect their image in the new era B) cut themselves off from the outside world C) limit their role in world affairs D) weaken the position of the US dollar 注:对应倒数第二段 25. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________. A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures 注:B反了 Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away form others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic(语言上的)and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual(多语的) guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand. 26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels? A) The multi-functional use of high heels. B) Their attempt to show off their status. C) The rich variety of high heel styles. D) Their wish to improve their appearance. 注:B选项show off炫耀，C是迷惑选项。 27. The author's presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant ______________. A) to be ironic B) to poke fun at women C) to be fair to the fashion industry D) to make his point convincing 注:讽刺意味的 28. The author uses the expression "those babies" (Line 3, Para.2) to refer to high heels __________. A) to show their fragile characteristics B) to indicate their feminine features C) to show women's affection for them D) to emphasize their small size 29. The author's chief argument against high heels is that ____________. A) they pose a threat to lawns B) they are injurious to women's health C) they don't necessarily make women beautiful D) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense 30. It can be inferred from the passage that women should _______________. A) see through the very nature of fashion myths B) boycott the products of the fashion industry C) go to a podiatrist regularly for advice D) avoid following fashion too closely In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels - a woman's worst enemy (whether she knows it or not). High heel shoes are the downfall of modern society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering. For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating(使通气)lawns. Anyone who has ever worn heels on grass knows what I am talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these sharp, deadly fashion accessories. Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels is harmful to one's physical health. Talk to any podiatrist(足病医生), and you will hear that the majority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing women. High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and torn toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Wearing heels also creates the threat of getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate(阴沟栅)and being thrown to the ground-possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, after wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries to comfort her swollen, aching feet. 31. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is _____. A) rather bleak B) fairly bright C) very impressive D) quite encouraging 注:选一个烂的，bleak黯淡无光 32. The author's biggest concern is ____________. A) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classics B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S. C) the musical setting American readers require for reading D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class 33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ___________. A) their fondness of music and TV programs B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding D) their inability to focus on conflicting input 34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is ____________. A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it B) to analyze its essential features C) to think it over conscientiously D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value 35. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ____________. A) upset B) uncertain C) alarmed D) pessimistic 注:对应最后一段 It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society. But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. it has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering(闪烁)at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude(独处的状态)goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic(心理的), and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still begin debated. The information revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it. 36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was ______________. A) to display their country's military might B) to accomplish some significant science C) to find new areas for colonization D) to pursue commercial and state interests 注:对应文章第一段 37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____________. A) international cooperation B) nationalistic reasons C) scientific research D) long-term profits 注:对应文章第三段，B和D相反都排除 38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars? A) To find out if life ever existed there. B) To see if humans could survive there. C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures. D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration. 39. By saying "With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been" (Line 1, Para.4), the author means that _________________. A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue 注:争议太多，对应末段 40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _______________. A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite C) reveal the kind of conditions under which lie originates D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms(隐约出现)as humanity's next great terra incognita(未探明之地). And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space? With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite(陨石)from valuable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.