义乌经济发展的特点

义乌经济发展的特点 义乌经济迅猛发展的缘由及独特性 摘要: 改革开放以来浙江省义乌市快速发展的生动写照。30年来，义乌市抓住市场发育先机，发展以小商品流通为主的商贸业，不断积累资本、扩大规模，促进商业资本向制造业和城市基础设施建设等领域扩张，推动了工业化、城市化、国际化进程，开辟了一条商贸主导、联动发展、创业富民、创新强市的有特色发展之路。坚持从实际出发，充分利用市场先发优势，以创业创新为动力，以小商品流通为载体，推进市场化，带动工业化，催生城市化，演进为国际化，创造了“无中生有、有中生奇、无奇不有”的义乌奇观。 关键词:义乌经济;发展三部曲;会展业; 引言: 义乌靠商贸起家，市场是义乌人的最大财富和创业的巨大舞台。他们始终坚持把市场作为区域的“发展极”来培育和经营，一切围绕市场而谋划，建成了一批影响全球市场的小商品制造业。义乌有“世界最大的袜厂，国内最大的易拉罐生产企业、圆珠笔芯生产企业、清洁球生产企业坐落其间;占世界总量40%的电子钟，占全国总量70%的饰品、40%的拉链、35%的袜子在这里生产，去年市场成交额710亿元，产品辐射200多个国家……”。现在的义乌是建立在小商品大市场上的一座城市，这是义乌从一个县发展成一个市的本钱，也是一个令很多地方求之不得的本钱。 一、义乌经济发展三部曲 第一部曲: 政府主导建设、开放市场， 激励人民搞市场经济。 1984年，“义乌县委却做出决定:对外开放义乌小商品市场:„允许农民进城经商，允许长途贩运，允许城市市场开放，允许多渠道竞争?，义乌的小商品市场发展由此而一发不可收拾。”这正是政府顺应人民的要求，主导建设、开放市场，激励人民搞市场经济，经济发展一发而不可收拾的真实写照。二十年后的今天，人们读到这些很可能不以为然，因为这些都是常态，是十分正常的现象。不过中国很大，各地自然、人文差异很大，发展阶段差异很大，对于处于发展市场经济起步阶段的地方仍具有对号入座的意义;对处于已有一些发展的地方也有一poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the 定的参考意义;但对各地来说，重要的是要看到建设、开放市场起步时的艰难，要看到地方政府正面倡导的积极意义，要看到这背后是顺应民情、县情、市情、省情，要看到引导人民走一条正确、可行道路的艰难。不然的话，经过二十年的马拉松下来，义乌为什么就脱颖而出了，而不是你所在的地方呢,这至少进一步说明当时义乌县委(政府)知道对外开放义乌小商品市场的方向是正确的。因为这是对人民有利的，是有利于当地经济和社会发展的。 第二部曲: 政府调控市场资源，确保了建设辐射全国乃至全世界的大市场。 “义乌市场经济的象征——小商品市场的产权却始终牢牢掌握在政府控股的国有企业手中。”“义乌小商品市场最佳摊位每5年使用权的实际含金量可高达100万元，而义乌市政府却有能力把价格定在5万元，有效控制了盲目的高价炒作，从而不使来自全国乃至全球的市场活水被挡在过高的门槛之外。”地方政府调控了市场资源，就可以大量引进外来的交易对象，就可较快、较稳地确保建设辐射全国乃至全世界的大市场。在这里，引进外来交易对象是关键，因为这样就引进了地缘关系，就可以快速建构商业社会存在的基础——地缘社会，从而有利于形成建立商业社会所需的契约社会，这对乡土社区迈进市场经济是最重要的一步，于是就可以比较快速地复制温州模式。可惜，知道这一点的地方政府不多，知道这一点而又能做到的地方政府更不多，否则，义乌市场经济的象征——小商品市场就不可能这么快、这么容易地做到今天这种水平和规模，因为那样义乌就会面临更多的竞争者。很多地方政府喜欢大工程、大项目、大机器、高科技，喜欢显眼、能让人记住的政绩工程，不喜欢小商品;喜欢大商场、超市、购物中心，不喜欢小商品市场。一句话，喜欢能和世界接轨的东西，而不喜欢有点土气的东西。结果却是发展程度与义乌的差距在与日俱增。这难道不值得人们深思吗, 第三部曲: 政府主导市场公平和公正，确保了做大市场。 “物流是义乌小商品市场的„主动脉?，当义乌小商品交易发展到一定规模的时候，义乌市委、市政府及时地将各大联合托运物流场站收归政府管理:经营的是个体私营业主，但场站设施的产权很清晰——政府所有，从而防止了不少地方发生的经营者为„抢码头、占地盘?而动辄„刀光剑影?的现象。”政府主导市场公平和公正，是防止市场垄断的有效途径，也是其责任，从而确保了市场的不断发展、壮大。义乌市政府得市场经济的精妙。而这正是被很多地方政府所忽略了的地方，poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the 因为他们喜欢大企业集团，既显眼，又好管，还省事。这也正好解释了没有大企业集团的温州、义乌市场经济搞得比其它有大企业集团的地方好。一般人们以为，小商品市场出现垄断巨头是不太可能的事，因为小商品市场是完全竞争型的市场，而没有想到物流场站等这些最不起眼的地方十分容易出现垄断，一旦这种垄断形成，小商品市场就会走向消亡。可见义乌市政府对小商品市场的爱护，明白市场经济对义乌市经济的发展、人民的富裕的巨大作用。要做大市场，反垄断是必然要做的事。 二、义乌人民的创造，创新精神 纵观义乌的经济发展，义乌经济的鲜明特点是:由“鸡毛换糖”开始，利用市场先发优势和集聚功能，发展以小商品流通为主的商贸业，不断积累资本，扩大经营规模，促使商业资本向制造业和城市基础设施建设等领域扩张，实现市场与产业、城市的联动发展，推进区域经济工业化、城市化、国际化的进程。在近年的高速发展中，他们一靠党的改革开放政策，二靠人民群众的首创精神。 义乌小商品市场是人民群众的创举。“百姓推着政府走，政府领着百姓跑”，这是义乌成功的重要秘诀。改革开放之初，义乌农民把鸡毛换糖的货郎担交易演变为小百货买卖，产生了便于货郎担在当地配货的小摊贩并由此演变成小商品市场雏形。义乌县委和县政府尊重群众首创精神，早在1982年就突破农民不准经商、个体商贩不准经营工业产品和不准搞批发等禁区，先后出资在稠城镇和廿三里乡建立了设施简陋的第一代小商品市场，允许农民经商、允许从事长途贩运、允许开放城乡市场、允许多渠道竞争，并制定了扶持专业户和重点户发展政策，对他们实行政治上鼓励、资金上照顾、技术上指导、税收上优惠、法律上保护，确立了小商品经营者的合法地位和正当权利，赢得了市场先发优势。1984年，义乌县委和县政府提升群众创造的经验，提出兴商建县战略并进行全面推广。在市场发展过程中，群众创新了交易方式、交易手段，创办了联托运市场、市场总代理、市场总经销，创办了家庭工厂，还到国外创办了小商品市场。义乌始终坚持把商贸业作为主导产业，20多年来兴建了5代小商品市场。从第一代市场到第五代市场，市场发展步步为营、稳扎稳打，先占领国内市场，再进军国际市场，不断捕捉商机，赢得了发展机遇。在实施兴商建县战略的同时，充分发挥商贸资本雄厚、市场信息灵敏、经商人才众多等优势，积极实施以商促工、贸工联动战poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the 略，引导商业资本向工业扩展，大力发展与专业市场关联度紧密的小商品加工业。实施腾笼换鸟策略，按照“一体两翼”(以商贸服务业为主的主城区，以加工业为主的两个副城区)构想开发建设两大产业带，整合工业园区，促进企业向工业园区集中;积极推进科技创新和名牌带动战略，发展高新技术产业和用高新技术及先进适用技术改造传统产业，促进产业提升;实施市场带百村工程，通过市场带动农村来料加工业发展;在辐射周边、接轨国际过程中，拓展发展空间，通过在周边地区设立加工基地发展来料加工，突破发展中的资源瓶颈制约。以商促工、贸工联动战略的实施，使义乌制造业无中生有、有中生奇、无奇不有，迅速涌现出一大批有规模、有品牌的龙头企业，构筑成了小商品、大产业，小企业、大集群的工业发展格局，为市场繁荣提供了强大的产业支撑，并推动了小商品集散中心进一步向小商品流通中心、制造中心、研发中心的方向发展，形成了市场与工业相互依存、联动发展的局面。 三、透过会展业发展经济的义乌 义乌从1995年开始举办每年一届的中国小商品博览会，10多年来，依托独特的市场优势，扎实的产业基础，发达的现代服务业，形成了“以贸兴展、以展促贸、展贸互动”的发展特色，成为在国内外具有一定影响力的新兴会展城市。 1、会展业增强了义乌市场竞争力，成为保持市场持续繁荣的重要抓手。在义乌，会展与市场密不可分。一方面，经过多年的培育和发展，义乌市场已经成为全球最大的商品批发市场，成为国内外中小企业、采购商和商品信息最集中的场所，为发展会展业提供了得天独厚的优势。义乌也依托市场，培育了一大批专业性展会，并一跃成为国内新兴的会展城市。另一方面，通过举办一系列专业性展会，充分发挥展会的带动效应和产品展示、代理推介、投资洽谈、信息交流等功能，又有力地促进了义乌市场商品的升级换代，交易方式、经营手段的创新，提升了市场档次，增强了市场的竞争力。特别是通过搭建展会平台，每年可以为义乌市场引进一批新的采购商，如每年的义博会都可以吸引1万多名外商参会，许多新的参会客商以后都成为了义乌市场稳定的采购商，对扩大市场外贸出口、poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the 开拓国际市场、促进市场繁荣起到了很好的作用。 2、会展业转变了义乌经济发展方式，成为推进现代服务业发展的重要途径。发展现代服务业，是培育新的经济增长点、提升城市竞争力的重大战略，也是应对金融危机、加快转变发展方式、推进可持续发展的重要举措。会展业是现代服务业的核心产业之一，有着“绿色产业”、“朝阳产业”、“无烟产业”之美誉，产业链长、带动性强，对一个城市经济的带动可以说是全方位的。据有关专家测算，会展业产生的溢出效应高达1:9，即办展会的收入如果为1，那么会展外的宾馆、交通、旅游、商务和中介服务等产业的收入就是9。近年来，义乌会展经济的快速发展，极大地促进了酒店业、餐饮业、物流业、旅游业、金融业、广告业等第三产业的发展，提升了城市的综合服务功能。同时，通过展会期间的产品展示、信息发布等活动，为本地企业提供了最新的产品信息，还引进了一大批先进的新技术、新工艺，促进了义乌小商品制造业的转型升级，增强了义乌城市的综合经济实力。 3、会展业为义乌扩大了国内外交流合作，成为提升城市美誉度的重要平台。会展活动是城市宣传的最佳载体，被誉为“城市的金名片”。举办高规格、高水准的会展活动，能够汇集巨大的信息流、商品流、资金流和客商流，不仅有利于义乌第三产业的发展，而且可为招商引资、人才引进、文化交流、技术合作等多种形式的国内外开放合作创造条件。例如，每年的义博会已经成为全面宣传义乌、展示义乌形象的重要平台。每年义博会期间，义乌都能吸引多国使领馆官员、数十个境外经济团体、1万多名外商以及国内各省市政府考察团前来参会，加上全省山海协作会议和其它高层次论坛等活动，有力地促进了义乌与浙江省内、长三角区域、中西部和国外各城市的广泛合作。义乌市场、义博会已经成为义乌最响亮的名片。同时，通过举办大型会展活动，也集中反映了义乌城市的独poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the 特魅力和勃勃生机，反映了义乌的综合实力和承载力，对提升义乌城市形象，提高城市知名度、美誉度发挥了重要作用。 三、基本结论 (一)一个地区要想发展，应当要达到以下几个方面:1、路子要对，思想要明。一个地方要振兴求发展，发展的路子和思路是关键。2、环境要好，服务要优。加快区域经济发展，发展环境和服务水平至关重要。3、政策要活，机制要顺。4、人才要优，技术要新。在当今知识信息时代，人才资源和信息资源已经成为一个地区经济发展强有力的支撑。 (二)展望义乌未来。一直以来，义乌市场都是以“物美价廉”名闻海内外。但近年来，随着国内外经济形势的变化，外贸出口的难度不断提升，因此，提高义乌市场商品的质量和附加值的要求日益迫切。接下去，义乌将大力引导市场经营主体进行产品创新，提升产品的附加值，不断优化商品结构，进一步增强市场的竞争力。今后，义乌将不断增强集聚功能和贸易服务水平，进一步提升市场的核心竞争力。一是以“改革试点”为契机，推进国际贸易便利化和化;二是创新思路，推进“市场新区”建设。具体内容包括建设国际生产资料市场、促进电子商务发展、培育进口和转口市场、创新会展发展机制、促进商品质量提升。还有目前义乌企业的确还存在规模小、高科技企业不多的情况，这迫切需要加快转型升级的步伐。一是进一步优化义乌工业结构。要在做强做大义乌传统优势行业的同时，进一步延伸产业链，打造一批附加值高、有较高技术含量和较强市场竞争力的产业。二是加快引进一批新兴产业和优势企业，比如，新型材料、新能源、特殊装备制造、汽车零部件、生物医药等等，从而提升义乌企业的核心竞争力，培育和打造一批行业的领军企业。三是着力完善自主创新体系，加大技术研究、开发力度，积极培育创新型企业，做强做大国家日用小商品质量监督检验中心、浙大义乌创业育成中心等平台，同时力争引进100家以上工业设计团队、1000名以上专业设计人才。四是不断优化制造业发展环境，促进资源要素有效集聚。 参考文献: poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the [1]浙江省义乌市经济社会发展调查[N]。新华网。2008.10 [2]徐嘉林。义乌发展三部曲。[J]。台州新青年。2006.3 [3]会展业促进义乌经济发展。浙江省会展行业协会。2009.10 [4]严德成。从“义博会”看义乌会展业的发展特点及其经济效应。义乌工商职业技术学院报。2007.第一期。第5卷 [5]陈宁。浙江省义乌市经济社会发展调查。人民日报。2008.11 [6]何百林，贾永亮。义乌市委书记黄志平畅谈义乌未来发展蓝图。义乌新闻。2012.1 poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness 2 ...Selected chicken farms should have the awareness of 1. environmentally conscious survival of mankind in the world owns and has only one Earth, protecting it is the sacred mission of mankind. The poultry industry at the same time to provide quality egg, chicken, also produces a lot of waste, sewage, harmful gases and organic waste. Bigger chickens, greater the emissions. If a quantity of 200,000 chickens laying hens, 1 from the tens of thousands of tons of chicken manure, 150,000 ~20 million cubic metres of sewage, if not handled properly may cause environmental pollution. Currently, environmental pollution is mainly nitrogen in poultry (in the form of manure and ammonia) and phosphate. As mentioned above, the effect of dietary protein level is too high (particularly the egg ratio is too high), and poor balance of amino acids in proteins, will reduce the chicken protein use efficiency, waste feed, increased feed costs, while nitrogen pollution to the