[高等教育]现代语言学自考历年真题

[高等教育]现代语言学自考历年真 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学 connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the to an unmarried man. four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the A. important B. unusualC. pejorative D. commendatory brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. ( ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ A. brain B. vocal cordsC. tongue D. articulatory organs properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex point of view. grammatical structures. ( ) A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the sounds within that range as ______. first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituent D. syntactic 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. ( ) word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate combination of sounds in a particular language. 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d Speaker B: I’m in the bath. morphology. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.( ) 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise 7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are A. back-formation B. clippingC. blending D. abbreviating called r opposites. 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be 16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The them is whether the context of use is considered. 1 26.( )According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into 17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, is one of the grammatical rules in Old English. expressives and decalrations. 27.( )For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks], but 18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c . the word asking is pronounced [æskI?]. It is interesting that in Old English 19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a brain lateralization. historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in 20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments. 28.( )Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. ( 2%×10=20% ) communication. 21.( )Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary. 29.( )Language is the only means of expressing thought. 22.( )In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is 30.( )The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language. ?. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological flow of air is blocked through the mouth only. 23.( )From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. perceived from the meanings of its components. registers39. language centers40. formal instruction 24.( )According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% ) to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in 41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples. 42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés? 全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题 certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the languages vary. four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the 25.( )In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by So if Y is true, X must be true. 2 many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( ) of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful. 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at 12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( ) soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting. A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cords 13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of 3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( ) s to form a new word. A. two rootsB. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences. explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for 15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaning popular are example, in English, NP ? ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( ) in relationship of c homonyms. A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______. 17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. A. Plato B. Ogden and RichardsC. John Firth D. Bloomfield English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to 6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought identify the functional roles of nouns. about by the utterance. ( ) 18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety. 7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger 19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.( ) brain is called l . A. Germanic B. PersianC. Sanskrit D. Lithuanian 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language 8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, acquisition. which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T has a ______.( ) for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaningC. cultural meaning D. social meaning statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct 9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the version. (2% × 10=20%) ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for 21.( )According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans processing. communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used A. right B. left C. front D. back oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of 10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that language as a set of "habitually used symbols." formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks 22.( )Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in except ______. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversation D. principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound career-oriented examination length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the 23.( )Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%) the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech. 11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed 24.( )When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and 3 S-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two A. performance B. paroleC. langue D. competence levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so 2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the the representations of the two allophone is ______. ( ) levels look different. 25.( )“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”. A. random B. rule-governed C. haphazard D. unpredictable 26.( )John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and 3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( ) “performatives”. A. phoneme B. word C. compound D. morpheme 27.( )Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the 4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( ) occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages. A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic 28.( )The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., 5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( ) Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, A. “buy” and “sell” B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold” D. “alive” and “dead” between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred. 6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance 29.( )Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. able to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption. A. directives B. declarationsC. commissives D. representatives 30.( )The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language 7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e., IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ( ) if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound A. possessive B. vocative C. accusative D. locative morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36.commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference 8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate V. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% ) for use in particular speech situations. ( ) 41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational with examples. 9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells 42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought. called ______.( ) 全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 A. nerve fibers B. nerves C. neurons D. cerebral cortex ?. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of 10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the of the inflectional morphemes. ( ) brackets. (2% × 10=20% ) A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word 1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the of a speech community. ( ) first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word 4 only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 22. ( ) Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word 11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people begins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does not what they should say and what they should not, it is said to be p . sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes. 12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t 23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes. the compound. 13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical 24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate relations or categories such as number, tense and case. an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length. 14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the 25. ( ) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y. other. 26. ( ) Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are 15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic not verifiable. analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the 27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory” meaning of a sentence. results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For 16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said. example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of 17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification. languages is called the comparative method. 28. ( ) One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in 18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most judgements. part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by 19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that compounding. human’s language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities. 29. ( ) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in 20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit a single area of the left hemisphere. from an 30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference. i motivation. ?. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, ?. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% ) view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area 21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in world ?. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% ) languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound. 5 A. argument B. subject C. object D. attribute 41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks], and children’s speech shows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now 6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when explain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the movement and sound addition by examples. speaker’s intention. ( ) 42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using A. performative B. constative C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary examples. 全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题 7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England I. Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large (2%×10=-20,) and central areas of ______. ( ) 1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they A. vocabulary B. pronunciation C. morphology D. syntax differ; phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. 8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or A. sounds units B. sound features C. phonemes D. allophones multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech 2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words;but it is often the case that or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( ) the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by A. bilingualism B. multilingualism C. diglossia D. code-switching ______? ( ) 9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals A. writing B. orthography C. transcription D. phonology word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( ) 3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be A. Wernicke’s B. Broca’s C. Gage’s D. Genie’s combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( ) 10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show A. Bound B. Free C. Inflectional D. Derivational that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. 4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as ( )A. planned speech B. writingC. career-oriented exam D. casual and noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( ) spontaneous conversation A. Lexical B. Phrasal C. Semantic D. Logical II. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( ) word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 6 l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” 20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.， sentence formation. it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not. 12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also III. Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put be described as a sequence of two vowels. a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a 13. A r is often seen as part of a word;it can never stand by itself although it statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct bears clear, definite meaning;it must be combined with another similar form or an affix version. (2%×10=20,) 21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. to form a word. 14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate an e clause. situations. 22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically 15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words:n words and syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants. borrowed words. 23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same 16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ? roles in explaining the internal structures of language. 17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already 24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the to a new position. agentive suffix. 25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed 18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not sentence. fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates 26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative that language reflects s in society. Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly. 19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from 27. ( )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English. particular language. 28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a 7 strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure or L-variety. C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth 29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right 2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced hemisphere of the brain. _______, respectively.( ) A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives 30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single 3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( ) human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human. A. free B. bound C. root D. inflectional 4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known IV. Directions:Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for as parts of speech.( ) illustration，if necessary. (3,×10=30,) ,31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories 35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal 5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisition and meaning. They are _______.( ) A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones V. Directions:Answer the following questions. (10,×2=20,) 41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree 6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in diagram for each of the following sentences. the utterance.( ) 1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table. 3) I A. directives B. expressives C. commissives D. representatives think that you are from the South. 7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the 42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples. history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or 全国2008年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 Latin.( ) I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the A. English B. Sanskrit C. German D. Danish four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. 8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular (2%×10=20%) speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, 1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last across _______ boundaries.( ) century.( ) A. social B. regional C. cultural D. political 8 9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( ) same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force. 17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speak change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brain e_______. C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the back 18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. 10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” Such a m_______ language is called pidgin. 19. The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l_______, belongs to _______ error.( ) A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization which psycholinguists are particularly interested in. II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the 20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%) 11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement said to be d_______. is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. 12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all (2%×10=20%) these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. 21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an Only n is nasal. unlimited source of expressions. 13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and 22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______. segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called 14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf. “but,” “or.” 23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the 15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are words in the compound. called r_______ opposites. 24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as 16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the surface structure. 9 25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and blending and back-formation, each with two examples. 42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition. interrogative forms. 全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试 26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the the late 1950s. four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the 27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of bracket.(2%×10=20%) affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns 1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is before a from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and vowel or an alveolar consonant, before a labial consonant, and before a _____, verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy). for example, inoperable , indiscrete , impossible , and inconceivable . ( ) 28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns A. velar B. palatal something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and C. fricative D. stop none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that 2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.” that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish 29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to meaning just like phonemes.( ) A. sounds B. patterns signals from, the right side of the body. C. pitches D. features 30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical 3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new system of language. words.( ) IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. A. syntactic B. morphological (3% ×10=30%) C. semantic D. phonological 31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. 4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( ) hierarchical structure A. heads B. specifiers 36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high C. lexical items D. obligatory words variety40. right ear advantage 5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ( ) V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) A. contextual B. conceptualist 41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, 10 C. behaviorist D. mentalist 11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and 6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, s . but in _______. ( ) 12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; A. sense B. concept phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words. C. sentence D. context 13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two 7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the sub-branches of morphology. languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide 14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists. after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the A. geographical B. genetic structure of a sentence is l_____________. C. typological D. functional 15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is 8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a _______ for a matter of usage. lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( ) 16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen the A. variant B. variation man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______. C. variable D. euphemism 17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element 9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( ) change to match those of another that precedes or follows. A. it confirms the critical period hypothesis 18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where the B. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilities distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German. C. language can not be acquired at all after the critical period 19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the D. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a r___________ side of the body. result, most linguistic skills cannot develop 20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second 10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual and years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( ) communicative situations. A. three and half B. four III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T C. five D. six for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, 11 (3%×10=30%) human language is creative. 22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless 31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the presupposition36. cognates37. creole same phonemic context or environment. 38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivation V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and 41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. among languages. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission? 24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and 42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation. might be performing simultaneously when speaking. 25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the 全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试 words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four in from other languages are regarded as loan words. choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. 26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and (2% × 10=20%) “performatives”. 1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from 27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India any _______________system of communication. belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, A. artificial B. non-linguistic is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the C. animal D. abstract speakers of this language family from India to Europe. 2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________. 28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, A. glottis B. windpipe somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in : C. larynx D. vocal cords He don’t know nothing. 3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme. He don’t like nobody. A. derivational B. inflectional C. root D. stem He ain’t got none. 4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of 29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving language, messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morphology B. Syntax 30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are C. Phonology D. Semantics absent of syntactic or morphological markers. 5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.12 _______________. 15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules into meaning components. C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules 16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are 6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it five becomes a(n) _______________ . general types of things we do with language. A. clause B. speech 17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes C. utterance D. predication of 7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an change in language elements and language systems. important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to 18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and Greek and Latin. socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not A. the British scholar Sir William Jones B. the German linguist Franz Bopp necessarily spread to another. C. the Danish scholar Rasmus Rask D. the German scholar Jacob Grimm 19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group hemisphere of the brain. must, 20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the requires community. little conscious i on the part of adults. A. geographically B. linguistically llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for C. socially D. psycholinguistically true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back 21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _______. communication. A. less than 1000 years B. over 2000 years 22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such C. less than 2000 years D. over 3000 years as feel [fi:] and little [lIt], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [lυf]. From the ,10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language. phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds. A. phonological B. semantic 23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any C. grammatical D. communicative parts of speech. II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first 24. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and movement is what we call deep structure. you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study. 11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language. 26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all 12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are be willing to cooperate. transmitted through the air from one person to another. 27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for 13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening. themselves are called f morphemes. 28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. 14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 13 called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to transformation in English, we are( )the noun phrase to the left. other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca. A(rewriting B(postposing 29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself. C(maintaining D(preposing 30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language. 5(Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is explained in ?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is (3%×10=30%) referred to as 31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiveness36.the naming A(contextualism B(behaviourism theory37.complementary antonyms C(conceptualism D(the naming theory 38.conversational implicature39.language planning40.psycholinguistics 6(The illocutionary point of the ( ) is to commit the speaker to something’s being V.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) the case, to the truth of what has been said. 41(Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two examples A(representatives B(commissives of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription. C(expressives D(directives 42.Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the 7(Abbreviations of longer words or phrases may become lexicalized, for example, gym for behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model. 全国2007年1月高等教育自学考试 gymnasium. This process is sometimes called( ) ?.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the A(blending B(abbreviating four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the C(clipping D(compounding brackets.(2%×10=20%) 8(The differences between standard and non-standard, on the one hand, and between high 1( The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great and low language varieties in a _______ situation, on the other hand, are parallel but not interest to those working in the area of( ) identical. A(phonology B(articulatory phonetics A(diglossic B(bilingual C(auditory phonetics D(acoustic phonetics C(linguistic D(sociolinguistic 2(The vowel [u:] in English has all the following features EXCEPT( ) 9(The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back over A(long B(rounded ( )years. C(closed D(central A(10000 B(5000 3(The stress of the compound noun“armchair”falls on( ) C(2000 D(1000 A(the second syllable B(the first syllable 10(( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in C(both the first and second syllables D(either the first or the second syllable order to communicate with native speakers of the target language. 4(When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in passive A(Instrumental B(Functional 14 C(Integrative D(Social predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the of errors they would make. ?.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) for true of F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a 11.Traditional grammarians tried to tell people what was good usage and what was bad statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) usage by setting models for language users to follow. Thus their approach to the study of language was p . 21.( )With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and 12.The f intonation in English usually indicates that there is an implied message performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract in what the speaker says. structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use. 13.The affix“hood” is a n -forming suffix that can be added to the end of stems, 22.( )If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark , such as child, boy, man, etc. but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else. 14.X-bar theory refers to a general and highly a schema that can reduce the 23. ( )A logical subject may have different positions in a sentence. 24.( )The subordinator only marks the beginning of an embedded clause, and it doesn’t redundancies of individual phrase structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world. indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence. 15.In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p . 25.( )English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. 16.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare. considers meaning in c and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation 26.( )The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts. 27.( )In Old English the main negation element was “ne”.Like Modern Englishfrom use. 17.Language changes can be associated with major social changes caused by wars, “not”,the “ne”usually occurred after the auxiliary verb. invasions, colonialization and colonial settlement, cultural and economic advances, or 28.( )A pidgin is ordinarily a simplified version of one of the languages, usually socio-economics European, such as English, modified in the direction of the other and characterized by an 18.A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties and combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s variation, in one form absence of any complex grammar, and its vocabulary is also very limited. or another. 29.( )The nerve cells that form the surface of the brain are called the cortex, which 19.It is known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a serves as the intellectual decision-maker, receives messages from the sensory organs, and particular hemisphere of the brain . The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions initiates all voluntary actions. in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l . 30.( )Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them. 20.The C Analysis approach was founded on the belief that it was possible, by ?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to if necessary.(3%×10=30%) 15 31.arbitrariness32.assimilation rule33.embedded clause English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right. 34.syntactic category35.sense36.Grimm’s Law A(rewriting B(preposing C(postposing D(maintaining 37.code-switching38.psycholinguistics39.dichotic listening40.error analysis 5(Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of ?.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) antonyms? 41.Do you think that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its A(complementary B(relational components? Support your argument with examples. C(superordinate D(gradable 42.Which maxim does B’s utterance in the following conversation violate? Does the 6(In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is violation give rise to conversational implicature? If it does, what is the implicature? a______________( ) [A is talking with B about a film they have seen.] A(one-place predication B(two-place predication A: The film was good. Don’t you think so? C(three-place predication D(no-place predication B: The music was nice. 7(In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old 全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试 ?. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order brackets.(2%×10=20%) of________________. 1(Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is A(SOV B(SVO a feature of( ) C(VSO D(OSV A(all consonants B(vowels only 8(Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.( ) C(all consonants and some vowels D(all vowels and some consonants A(regional B(standard 2(The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually C(ethnic D(situational pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work. 9(The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of ( ) _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to A(deletion B(assimilation acquire a particular language. C(phonetic D(sequential A(1-2 B(2-12 3(The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________. C(1-12 D(13-18 ( ) 10(In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one A(two roots B(a root and a suffix language. What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that C(a root and a free morpheme D(a prefix and a root humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. 4(When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study 16 A(behaviorist B(nativist candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences. C(mentalist D(empiricist ?.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%) version.(2%×10=20%) 11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two language data. approaches are equally favored by modern linguists. 12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication 22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with and are of interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of sentences. language. 23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its 13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention. due to their r________________ properties. 24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical 14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for. same time stands structurally alone. 25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the 15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the relationship between X and Y is i_________________ meanings in question. 16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either 26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it is state or describe, and were thus verifiable. possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said. 17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss, 27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to sound a________________ and sound movement. extend its meaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or 18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be semantic representation of words may become broader. undesirable in f_________________ styles of language. 28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language. 19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through 29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the left earphones, two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left hemisphere of the brain. ear. 30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same 20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. ?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might illustration.(3%×10=30%)use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more 31.phonemiccontrast32.freemorphemes33.hierarchicalstructu 17 C. Historical D. Comparative re34.co-hyponyms35.utterancemeaning36.perlocutionaryact37.internal 8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a church borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speech sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast. ?.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) A. registers B. styles 41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animal C. dialects D. accents 9. is the study of language in relation to the mind. communication system. A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics 42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most C. Linguistics D. Semantics bilingual communities have one thing in common? 10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin . 全国2005年10月高等教育自学考试 A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year ?. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of B. in the second half of the second year the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the C. between two and three years old brackets. (2%×10=20%) D. between four and five years old 1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the languages such as . first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word A. Chinese B. English only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) C. Chinese and English D. English and French 11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for human 2. Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of . communication. A. the velum B. the vocal cords 12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols C. the glottis D. the uvula called d are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences 3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called . between similar sounds. A. bound morphemes B. affixes 13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the C. free morphemes D. roots meanings of its components. 4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called . 14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause. A. phase structure rules B. syntactic rules 15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be C. lexical rules D. transformational rules dissected into meaning components, called s features. 5. The naming theory was proposed by . 16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by A. the Greek scholar Plato B. C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards the speaker and the hearer. C. the British linguist J. Firth D. the American linguist L. Bloomfield 17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift 6. Speech act theory was first proposed by . involves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English. A. John Austin B. John Searle 18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be C. Noam Chomsky D. John Firth avoided. 7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in 19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a time, without reference to earlier or later stages. particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual A. Diachronic B. Synchronic functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l . 18 20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language. Support your answer with examples. ?. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T 42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a two examples, each flouting a different maxim). statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试 21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序 language. 号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they 1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study. can be applied to all languages. A. comparative B. diachronic 23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to C. up-to-date D. descriptive change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to any Case receiving position. 2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most 24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. A. auditory B. acoustic major and minor lexical categories of a finite set. 25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed. C. articulatory D. none of the above three 26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose 3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element or the same illocutionary point. ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of 27. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from another language and meaningful, they are also ( ). language and adds it to its lexicon. A. phonemes B. morphemes 28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language. C. allophones D. phones 29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords. 4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed 30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” A. speech act B. TG speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme ?. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. 5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ). phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis 39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speech 6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind ?. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention. 41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but 19 A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act 17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of C. perlocutionary act D. constative act related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the 7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British original form of a language family that has ceased to exist. scholar ( ). 18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations. A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth 19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure This is known as language t________. 8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with 20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ). the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switching process is called a ________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，C. social role-switching D. code-switching 并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’ ( ). 21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( ) 22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a A. second language B. first language C. foreign language D. interlanguage sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( ) 10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school 23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum children of age six is around ( ). total of the meanings of its components. ( ) A. 7800 B. 6800 24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, C. 5800 D. 4800 whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( ) 二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分) 25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze 11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study. meaning. ( ) 12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in 26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning isolation, they are collectively known as i________. even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( ) 13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: 27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the prefixes and suffixes. periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( ) 14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different 28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, meanings. sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( ) 15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ 29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found restrictions. to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( ) 16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. 30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive 20 ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( ) 四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分) language and meaningful, they are also ( ). 31. competence and performance32. minimal pair33. morphology34. finite clause35. sense A. phonemes B. morphemes and reference36. Cooperative Principle37. semantic broadening38. language planning39. C. allophones D. phones the critical period hypothesis40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation 4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分) a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. 41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme? A. speech act B. TG 42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme The girl ate the orange. 5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ). 43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis King: Where is Polonius? 6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention. Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act seek him i’ the other place yourself. C. perlocutionary act D. constative act But indeed, if you find him not within 7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British this month, you shall nose him as you scholar ( ). go up the stairs into the lobby. A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth Act IV, Scene iii C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure 全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试 8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ). 号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switching 1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study. C. social role-switching D. code-switching A. comparative B. diachronic 9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’ C. up-to-date D. descriptive ( ). 2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most A. second language B. first language highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. C. foreign language D. interlanguage A. auditory B. acoustic 10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school C. articulatory D. none of the above three children of age six is around ( ). 3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element 21 A. 7800 B. 6800 24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, C. 5800 D. 4800 whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( ) 二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分) 25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze 11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study. meaning. ( ) 12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in 26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning isolation, they are collectively known as i________. even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( ) 13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: 27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the prefixes and suffixes. periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( ) 14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different 28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, meanings. sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( ) 15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ 29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found restrictions. to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( ) 16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. 30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive 17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( ) related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the 四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分) original form of a language family that has ceased to exist. 31. competence and performance32. minimal pair33. morphology34. finite clause35. sense 18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations. and reference 19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. 36. Cooperative Principle37. semantic broadening38. language planning39. the critical This is known as language t________. period hypothesis 20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in 40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分) process is called a ________. 41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme? 三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. 并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) The girl ate the orange. 21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( ) 43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify 22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( ) King: Where is Polonius? 23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. total of the meanings of its components. ( ) If your messenger find him not there, 22 C. morphemes D. utterances seek him i’ the other place yourself. 8. In a speech community people have something in common __________ -- a language or a But indeed, if you find him not within particular variety of language and rules for using it. this month, you shall nose him as you A. socially B. linguistically go up the stairs into the lobby. C. culturally D. pragmatically 9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left Act IV, Scene iii hemisphere in most people? __________. 全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试 A. language and speech B. visual and spatial skills I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four C. reading and writing D. analytic reasoning choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second (2%×10=20%) year. 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. babbling B. one-word A. a particular language B. the English language C. two-word D. multiword C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the 2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word features: __________. only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative 11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else. 3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is 12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are known as a(n) __________. called s rules. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme 13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a C. inflectional morpheme D. free form f___________ morpheme. 4. In the phrase structure rule “S?NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________. 14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, A. is equal to B. consists of “but”, “or”. C. has D. generates 15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called 5. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”. s . A. entails B. presupposes 16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice. 6. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. 17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change X: Who was that you were with last night? seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations. Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? 18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted A. quality B. quantity in the language that is sexist. C. relation D. manner 19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may 7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This regard thought as “s speech,” and speech as “overt thought.” In such a case, means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously. added, lost or altered. 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. A. phrases B. sentences 23 ?. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T ?.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. 1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof (2%×10=20%) 21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists that human language is ______. in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of A. arbitrary B.non-arbitrary language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage. C. logical D.non-productive 22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be 2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT applied. ______. 23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. 24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences 3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly with infinite length, due to their recursive properites. termed the ______. 25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a A.phrase structure B.surface structure symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought. C.syntactic structure D.deep structure 26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which 4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered object positions. as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. A.Case Condition B.Adjacent Condition 27. ( ) In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the C.parameter D.Adjacent parameters grammar of adult language. 5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called 28. ( ) The sentences “He crazy” and “He be sick all the time” are both acceptable in ______. Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features A.polysemy B.hyponymy of Black English. C.antonymy D.homonymy 29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same 6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system. violates the maxim of ______. 30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development. A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.manner ?. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. 7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. information they hear. derivational affixes35. syntax 36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. A.use B.accept lingua franca40. cerebral cortex C.generalize D.reconstruct ?. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications. 41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the A.language interpretation B.language identification history of English. C.language choice D.language planning 42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner’s acquisition 9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language of a second language. acquisition? `全国2002年10月高等教育自学考试 24 ______. statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct A.Cerebral cortex B.Neurons version.(2%×10=20%) C.Eyes D.Angular gyrus 21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the 10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically telegraphic speech stage. transmitted. A.the copula verb "be" B.inflectional morphemes 22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is C.function words D.content words focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned ?.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the with how speech sounds distinguish meaning. 23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%) 24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following 11.Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order. point of time is called a _s_______ study of language. 25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, 12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced. so on but not in other parts of speech. 13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other 26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes. advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives. 14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" 27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus complement. "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" 15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should was the agentive suffix. see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________. 28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and 16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables. items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________. 29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human 17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds cannot develop. are made identical, or more similar, to one another. 30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and 18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance. expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve ?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group. (3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical 19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing right and one on the left. 37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguage 20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, ?.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how literature. they are related. ?.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T 42.Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples. 全国2001年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a 25 一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language 中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 acquisition?_______.( ) 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.( ) B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings A.the conventional nature of language C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language B.the creative nature of language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use C.the universality of language 二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。) D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other 2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology. sequential rules in English.( ) 12.Clear ,1, and dark,,are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take 1 A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S?NP distribution. VP".( ) 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical bears clear, definite meaning. 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the should stay adjacent to each other.( ) other. A.Case Condition B.parameter 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter characteristic of c________ antonyms. 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence is concrete and context-dependent. 6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For future course of action are called _______.( ) example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which 18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and 19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first which is specific to human beings. name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term. 20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first A.title+first name B.title+title language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language C.title alone D.first name+last name+title t________. 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some 三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正 parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may 者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( ) ( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought the spoken form. C.covert thought D.overt thought ( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a 26 long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension. 2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British ( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words. scholar .( ) ( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and A.Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones student.”belong to the same syntactic category. 3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) ( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in A.unusual B.something to be feared different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have C.abnormal D.natural the same sense. 4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content ( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, unintelligible.( ) if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation ( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This ( )28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is shows: .( ) not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social A.They cannot pronounce/n/ taboos or racism. B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue ( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method language successfully later on. D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds ( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the 6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple native language once their parents teach them. 7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.( ) 四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。) A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative 31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32.phonic medium of 8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in language33.voicing34.inflectionalmorphemes35.reference36.locutionary __ and vocabulary.( ) act37.protolanguage38.ethnic dialect39.registers40.acculturation A.usage B.grammar C.pronunciation D.structure 五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。) 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( ) 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear A.Linguistic geography B.Lexicology structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support C.Lexicography D.Sociolinguistics your statement with examples. 10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( ) 42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production. A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult 浙江省2002年1月高等教育自学考试 C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of 1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command. A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites 12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________. C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract 27 meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context. A. Cultural transmission B. Displacement 14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several C. Duality of structure D. Prescriptivism languages fluently. 2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ______. ( ) 15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are A. aspiration B.nasality v________. C. obstruction D. voicing 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明3. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it. ( ) 理由。每小题2分，共20分) A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 4. “ We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met” is a sentence. ( ) 17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D.simple 18.Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 5. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______. ( ) 19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy grammatically called predicate.( ) 6. “Interviewer” and “ interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites. ( ) 20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( ) A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational 21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply 7. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contr refers to a distinct form of language.( ) ibution be relevant to the conversation. ( ) 22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。( ) A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.( ) 8. The regular consonant changes found among cognates in the Germanic languages were 24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( ) known as ______Law. ( ) 25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( ) A. Bopp's B. Grimm's C. Jones' D. Rask's 四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分) 9. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children 26.general linguistics27.suprasegmental features28.root and stem29.hierarchical learn it as their first language, it becomes . ( ) structure35.contrastive analysis A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creole 30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and C. regional dialect...lingua franca D. lingua franca...regional dialect manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech 10. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) produce “foots”. This is called ______. ( ) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic A. assimilation B. transfer rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. C. overgeneralization D. underextension (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. 二、填空题(在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。每空1分，共16分) (2)He saw young men and women present. 1. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, l______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment. all the members of a speech community; p is its realization in actual use. 37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. 2. Language is a system of a______ vocal symbols for human communication. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 3. M______ studies how words are formed, while s studies how words are 浙江省2003年1月高等教育自学考试 combined to form sentences. 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序4. In the study of meaning, s______ is only concerned with relations between linguistic 号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) elements; r______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non1.______ is NOT a design feature of human language. ( ) linguistic world of experience. 28 5. Conversational i______ may arise as a result of a speaker's violation of the cooperational 号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) principle. 1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of 6. S______ are varieties of languages used by people belonging to particular social classes; ( ). e______ dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged social class; i______ is a personal A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth dialect. C. place of articulation D. voicing 7. In the second language acquisition, there is supposed to be a c period, which 2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ). lasts from age two to puberty. A. phonetics B. morphology 8. The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere of the C. syntax D. semantics brain is called l______. 3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his 9. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it language. functionally, while i______ motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social. A. competence B. parole 10. I______ is an approximate language system that a second language learner constructs, C. performance D. langue which represents the learner's transitional competence in the target language. 4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to 三、判断改错题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内打“T”，错的打“F”，并改正。the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms. 每小题2分，共20分。) A. collocational B. dialectal 1. Synchronic study describes language as it changes through time. ( ) C. complete D. stylistic 2. Monosyllabic words can also have word stress. ( ) 5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic 3. All affixes are bound morphemes. ( ) meaning among them. This is known as ( ). 4. “He saw a child” entails “He saw a girl”. ( ) A. homonymy B. hyponymy 5. In pragmatics, utterance meaning is concrete and contextindependent .( ) C. polysemy D. antonymy 6. Only sociological factors contribute to language change. ( ) 6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” ( ) “He ran the red light”. 7. The word UN is an abbreviation, while TV is an acronym. ( ) A. entails B. contradicts 8. Euphemisms may serve as substitutes for taboo words. ( ) C. presupposes D. includes 9. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language determine 7. The word “lab” is formed through ( ). thought. ( ) A. back formation B. blending 10. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar. ( ) C. clipping D. derivation 四、名词解释(并至少举一例加以说明。每小题4分，共24分) 8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production. 1. derivational morpheme2. stylistic synonyms3. illocutionary act4. blending5. standard A. Angular gyrus B. Broca’s area language6. telegraphic speech C. The right hemisphere D. Wernicke’s area 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 9. When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” 1.Tell the difference between phone, phoneme and allophone. means ( ). 2.For each of the following two sentences, draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure A. + Human B. + Human + Adult that will reveal the difference in the relationship between John and please. C. + Human + Adult – Male D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent 1)John is eager to please. 2)John is easy to please . 10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature. 浙江省2004年1月高等教育自学考试 A. Aspiration B. Intonation 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序C. Stress D. Tone 29 二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。(每空1分，共16分) assimilation. ( ) 10. In the sentence “The father beat the child”, “1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a the child” is both a structural and logical wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space. object. ( ) 2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ 四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明(每小题4分，共24分) study describes language as it changes through time. 1. duality2. phoneme3. complex sentence4. reference5. perlocutionary act6. linguistic taboo 3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) transcription does not. 1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle: 4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well. A: Where’ve you been? B: Out. 5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent. 2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: 6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, language family. ungentlemanliness 7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; (每个语素0. 5分) i_________ is a personal dialect. 全国2001年10月自考现代语言学试题参考答案 8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and 一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________. 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner 二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分) constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language. 11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis110. A_________ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the 8.bilingualism19.lateralization 20.transfer target language community. 三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________. 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错误的写“F”并且加以改正。(每 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words.24.T 小题2分，共20分) 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. 1. “ Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. ( ) A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the 2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( ) same star but differ in sense.26.T 3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system, but not in syntax. ( ) 27.F The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is 4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( ) conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds 5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( ) found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in 6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds. speech 四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分) community. ( ) 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the 7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human after the language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has critical period. ( ) to be taught and learnt. 8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( ) 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the 9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ,z,, speech sounds. due to 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the 30 vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal NP NP relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is NP NP NP NP barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular The old men and the women the old men and the old situation is the reference of the word "dog". women 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the words literally mean. the coordination of various language centers. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional tract to physically articulate the words. differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation. auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern. grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as 2004年10月自学考试现代语言学试卷答案 situational dialects. 1.1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the II.11.descriptive12.obstruction13. Morpheme14. AUX. Movement second language community. 15. Reference 16.constatives17. approximates 18. speech19. nonverbal 20. language 五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分) III. 21. F 22. F 23. F 24. T 25. F 26. F 27. F 28. F 29. F 30.T 41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a IV. 31. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to 32. A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. Such For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two roots are numerous in English.. For example, the root "geo - "bears the meaning of "the interpretations, i.e.the adjective "old”may modify the noun "men", or the following earth”; when it combines with another root” - ology," meaning "a branch of learning," We two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it get the word "geology," which means "the sundy of the earth's structure." is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this 33. Such as -er,-en, dis-, bio-,-less,-sym. These morphemes cannot be used by themselves, difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative but must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. than linear structure analysis. They are called bound morphemes. 31 34. What syntactic movement suggests for the study of the grammar is that a sentence intonation, and tone. structure may have two levels of syntactic representation, one that exists before movement Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word takes place, and the other that occurs after movement takes place. This observation is well stress and sentence stress. supported by the data we examined above. In formal linguistic exploration, these two When we say that a certain syllable of a word is stressed, we mean that the syllable is syntactic representations are commonly termed as D-structure (or the deep structure) and S - pronounced with greater force than the other or others. Therefore, stress is a relative notion; structure (roughly meaning the surface structure). only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, and monosyllabic 35. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i. e., its words, i.e., words of only one syllable, can not be said to have word stress. For example, grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the student, repeat. grammatical rules of the language. But the location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. For example, ‘import n. –im’ 36. Although simplification, regularization and internal borrowing do seem to account for port v. ‘increase n. –in’creae v. some changes in the grammar, they fail to account for some other changes, such as rule Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence. The elaboration or addition. Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity more important words in English are nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. Language seems to maintain a demonstrative pronouns; To give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in a sentence balance in expressiveness and grammatical elaboration over time. that is usually unstressed can be stressed. For example, in the sentence: He is driving my car, 37. Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used the words that are normally stressed are the main verb driving and the noun car, the rest either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular being unstressed.But to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but region or a nation. mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances 38. A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language is not stressed. in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as The meaning - distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is languages. English is not a tone language. Our mother tongue Chinese is a typical tone called a creole. language, it has four tones. The first tone is level(阴平) , the second rise(阳平), the third fall 39. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as it came to be called, is best represented in Whorf's -rise(上声), and the fourth fall (去声). The role of the tone can bewell illustrated by well-known statement that "we cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe pronouncing the same sound combination such as "ma" in the four different tones: significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way -- an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, patterns of our language. " especially in a language like English. Compare the following three different versions of 40. An explanation provided for this break in learning is that a learner's interlanguage saying the same sentence : fossilized some way short of target language competence while the internalized rule system (1) That' s ‘ not the ' book he ' wants.(2) That's not the book he ,wants.(3) ‘That' s , not contained rules that are different from those of the target language system. The fossilization the , book he , wants. of the learner's interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to 42. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word further instruction. meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected V. 41. So far we have been dealing with the phonemes -- sound segments that distinguish into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is meaning. But distinctive features can also be found running over a sequence of two or more analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental features include stress, "man" is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, + 32 私の夢 MALE. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of 私はまだ子供のころ、空を见上げることが大好きでした。青々と広がっている空を、ふわcertain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. For ふわしている云が、のんきそうに漂っていくのを见て、心が愈されるような気がします。 example, the two words "man" and "woman" share the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, ですから、私はそのとき、「将来パイロットになりたい」と心で决めました。飞行机にのって、and + ANIMATE, but differ in the feature of MALE.. And the words "man" and” boy" share the features of + HUMAN, + ANIMATE, and + MALE, but differ in the feature of 鸟のように、空を、云の间を缝いでいくことを、すばらしく思っていました。头が空っぽになADULT. って、すべての悩みが忘れられるようなので。 Of course, it would be senseless to analyze the meaning of every word by breaking it into its まだちっちゃいので、パイロットになるために、どうしたらいいのかまだ考えていませんでしmeaning components. But it provides an insight into the meaning of words and a way to study the relationships between words that are related in meaning. た。その后、パイロットはみんな2.0以上の视力がなければならないと闻いて、近视眼であ 私の故郷 る私はただ、空しく叹くしか、しようがありませんでした。 高校に入って、私はサッカーに兴味を持ち始めました。サッカー选手たちが、竞い合って私は上海に生まれました。故郷は上海だと思います。上海は中国の中では、最も都会ら いる姿に、私は惚れていました。あのスピード、パワー、テクニック、あれこそが、男のあるしい都会です。上海には名所名迹が少ないが、中国最大の商业、工业、港湾地帯として べき姿ではないかと、私は思いました。そして同时に、新たな梦が私の心に芽生えました。特徴づけられている。 それは、「中国一のゴールキーパーになって、中国チームを世界の顶点に送るのに、私今、上海の人口がもうすでに1250万人を超え、世界一のマンモス都市となった。改革开放 は自分の力を捧げたい」と思いました。しかし、それには、身长が必要です。1.80ちょうどによって、上海が大きく変わりつつある。毎年上海に帰省するたびに、その発展ぷりに惊 の私には、中国一は无理だったのかもしれません。大学に入って、身长がほぼ固定されき、上海の一员として、夸りと喜ぴを持っている。 た私の新たな梦は、无残にも破られてしまいました。 上海は长江の南侧、支流の黄浦江の西侧に拓かれた街だ。今世纪の初めに黄浦江西侧 日语 のバンドと呼ばれる地区は、港湾设备が整备され、その周辺に各国の租界か集中されて 大学では、日本语を専攻しました。正直、初めの顷は、梦なんて、まだ见つけていません。いた。上海はまた「冒険家の楽园」と呼ぱれ、このバンドは国内だけでなく海外でもよく知 目の前の道をただ走るのみ、そこには私の梦とか、意志とか、ありませんでした。勉强しられており、観光客が必ず访れる所となっている。バンドは上海?シンポルとも言え、バン ていく中で、ちょっとした问题に気づきました。それは、必死に勉强している人ほど、成绩ドの周辺に立ち并ぷ建物はそれぞれ风格を持ち、「万国の建筑物」と言われる。 が低く、ということでした。そのとき私はこっそり考えました。実は彼らは努力が足りないっバンドの近くから始まり、市中心まで伸びる世界でも有名な南京路がある。东京の银座よ てわけではありません。努力の方なら、私なんかより、ずっとたくさんしていると思います。り人がいっぱいで赈やかである。南京路にある第一百货店は毎日20万人ほどのお客さん 残念なことに、彼らは勉强の仕组み、つまり勉强の方法を知らないだけに、こういう「空振を迎え、祝日になると30万人を超えるほどだ。 り」の学习を缲り返しているです。そこで、私は「将来日本语の教师になって、知识だけでさらに、夜のバンドと南京路はまた格别だ。ネオンサインがまぷしいほど辉き、日本人は はなく、勉强の仕组みを、御绍介させていただきたい」という、梦を持つようになり、そして上海の夜景を「五つ星」と绝賛している。 今までに至っています 谁にも故郷がある。故郷を离れれぱ离れるほど故郷が恋しくなるのが人情だと思う。上海 に帰る回数が増えれぱ増えるほど恋しくなる私の大好きな上海である 33