推荐一本中英文书籍_会计英语_

推荐一本中英文书籍_会计英语_ ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ACCOUNTING Page 1 of 122 Unit One Accounting Profession INTRODUCTION OF ACCOUNTING. Accounting is a process of recorded, classifying, summarizing, and interpreting of those business activities that can be in expressed in monetary terms. A person who specializes in this field is known as an accountant. Accounting frequently offers the qualified person an opportunity to move ahead quickly in today’s business world. Indeed, many of the heads of large corporations throughout the world have advanced to their position from the accounting department. Accounting is a basic and vital element in every modern business. It records the past growth or decline of the business. Careful analysis of these results and trends may suggest the ways in which the business may grow in future. Expan- sion or reorganization should not be planned without proper analysis of the accounting informa- tion; and new products and the campaign to advertise and sell them should not be launched with- out the help of accounting expertise. Accounting is one of the fastest growing professions in the modern business world. Every new store, school, restaurant, or filling stationindeed, any new enterprise of any kindincreases the demand for accountants. Consequently, the demand for competent accountants is generally much greater than the supply. Government officials often have a legal background; similarly, the men or women in management often have a background on accounting. They are usually familiar with the methodology of finance and the fundamentals of fiscal and business administration. DISTINCTION BETWEEN BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNTING Earlier accounting procedures were simple in comparison with modern methods. The simple bookkeeping procedures of a hundred years ago have placed in many cases by the data-processing computer. The control of the fiscal affairs of an organization must be as scientific as possible in order to be effective. In the past, a bookkeeper kept the books of accounts for an organization; the present-day ac- countants’ job developed from the bookkeepers’ job. Today, a sharp distinction is made between the relatively unchanged works performed by a bookkeeper and the more sophisticated duties of 2 122 the accountants. The bookkeeper simply enters data in financial records books; the accountant must understand entire system of records so that he or she can analyze and interpret business transaction. To explain the difference briefly, the accountant sets up a bookkeeping system and interprets the data in it, whereas the bookkeeper performs the routine work of recording figures in books. Because interpretation of the figures is such an important part of the accountant’s function, accounting has often been described as an art. DIVISIONS OF ACCOUNTING The field of accounting is divided into three broad divisions: public, private, and governmental. A certified accountant or a CPA, as the term is usually abbrevi- ated, must pass a series of examinations, after which he or she receives a certificate. In the United States, the certification examinations are prepared and administered by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The various states or other major governmental jurisdictions set ad- ditional qualifications for residence, experience, and so on. The British equivalent for a CPA is called a charted accountant. CPA CPA CPAs can offer their services to the public on an individual consultant basis for which they receive a fee. In this respect or many others, they are similar to doctors or lawyers. Like them, CPAs may be self-employed or partners in a firm; or they may be employed by an accounting firm. Many accountants worked in government offices or for nonprofit organizations. These two areas are often joined under the term government and institutional accounting. The two are similar because of legal restrictions in the way in which they receive and spend funds. Therefore, a legal background is sometimes necessary for this type of accounting practice. All branches of governments employ accountants. In addition, government-owned corpora- tion have accountants on their staffs. All of these accountants, like those in private industry, work on a salary basis. They tend to become specialists in limited fields like transportation or public utilities. ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ACCOUNTING Page 3 of 122 Nonprofit organizations are, of course, in business for some purpose other than making money. They include cultural organizations like symphony orchestras or opera societies, charitable organizations, religious groups, or corporate-owned r