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血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma)

2017-09-28 16页 doc 58KB 50阅读

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血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma)血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma) 血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma) The difference between serum and plasma Plasma contains fibrinogen, not in serum. 1~2 hours after clotting, the blood clot retracts and releases a yellowish fluid...
血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma)
血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma) 血清与血浆的区别(The difference between serum and plasma) The difference between serum and plasma Plasma contains fibrinogen, not in serum. 1~2 hours after clotting, the blood clot retracts and releases a yellowish fluid called serum. Plasma is the component of blood that removes blood cells. Most of the water is composed of water, followed by various plasma proteins. The difference between serum and plasma, the former is lack of participation in the coagulation process consumed some coagulation factors and chemical fiber protein, but to add a small amount of blood coagulation by vascular endothelial cells and platelet release, serum can no longer coagulation. Plasma: blood obtained from a blood vessel that has been treated with anticoagulation, obtained by centrifugation, without the cell composition, that is, the plasma. Serum: the fluid released from a blood clot after clotting of the blood in vitro, i.e., serum. Roughly speaking, the difference between serum and plasma mainly lies in serum without fibrin. Fibrinogen can convert fibrin into a blood coagulation agent Plasma is commonly used in patients with extensive burns, and serum can be used to test blood type ----------------------------------------------------------- ---- serum A pale yellow transparent liquid coagulated by blood. If the blood vessels from out into the test tube, without anticoagulant blood coagulation is activated, blood rapid solidification, the formation of jelly. The contraction of the clot is the pale yellow transparent liquid that is scattered around it, which is either serum or centrifugal after coagulation. During coagulation, fibrinogen changes into fibrin blocks, so there is no fibrinogen in the serum, which is the biggest difference from the plasma. In the coagulation reaction, platelets release many substances, and each coagulation factor also changes. These components remain in the serum and continue to change, such as prothrombin into thrombin, and decreases gradually with serum storage time. These are also different from the plasma. But a large number of substances that did not participate in the clotting reaction were essentially the same as those in the plasma. To avoid interference with anticoagulants, the analysis of many chemical components in the blood takes serum as a sample. plasma Interstitial tissue equivalent to connective tissue. It is an important component of the blood, showing a pale yellow liquid (which contains bilirubin). In the plasma chemical composition, the moisture content is 90 to 92%, and the solute is mainly plasma protein. Plasma proteins are a group of proteins that can be divided into three groups: albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. Plasma protein function: maintain plasma colloid osmotic pressure; composition of buffer system involved in the maintenance of blood, blood acid-base balance; transport nutrition and metabolism, plasma protein is a hydrophilic colloid, many insoluble substances combine into water soluble substances; nutritional function, plasma amino acid protein produced by decomposition. Can be used for the synthesis of tissue proteins or oxidative decomposition of energy supply; participate in blood coagulation and immune function. The inorganic salts of plasma mainly exist in the ionic state, equal to the total amount of positive and negative ions, and keep the electric neutrality. These ions play an important role in the maintenance of plasma crystal osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, and the normal excitability of nerve and muscle. Various chemical components of plasma often change continuously in a certain range, The concentrations of glucose, protein, fat and hormones are most likely to be affected by the nutritional status and the activity of the organism, while the range of the concentration of inorganic salts is relatively small. The physical and chemical properties of plasma are relatively constant, which is the chief manifestation of internal environmental homeostasis. The total plasma osmolality of 313 mOsm / L, equivalent to 7 atmospheres (5330 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa), the colloid osmotic pressure of not more than 1.5 mOsm / L (25 mm Hg), the crystal osmotic pressure. PH7.35 to 7.47. The relative viscosity compared with water is 1.6 ~ 2.4. Red blood cell First, the morphology and number of erythrocytes Red cell volume is very small, diameter is only 7~8 mu m, shape like disk, middle concave, the edge is thicker. It has elasticity and plasticity, and can change its shape when it passes through capillaries smaller than its diameter, and it still returns to its original shape. The normal red blood cell morphology is shown here. Normally mature red blood cells do not have nuclei, nor do they have organelles such as the Golgi complex and mitochondria, but they still have metabolic functions. Red blood cells are full of rich hemoglobin, which accounts for about 32% of the cell weight, 64% of the water, and 4% of the rest are lipids, sugars and various dielectrics. Red blood cells are the largest number of blood cells in the blood. Adult males are 5 million /mm3 and females are 4 million 200 thousand /mm3. The number of erythrocytes varies with the conditions and ages. Plateau residents and newborns can reach more than 6 million /mm3. People who exercise regularly and exercise regularly also have more red blood cells. The hemoglobin content was 12 to 15g/100ml in males and 11 to 13g/100ml in females. Two, the physiological function of red blood cells The main function of red blood cells is to transport O2 and CO2, and in addition, it acts as a buffer in acid-base balance. These two functions are achieved by hemoglobin in red blood cells. If the red blood cell breaks, the hemoglobin is released and dissolved in the plasma, or the function is lost. Hemoglobin (Hb) is formed by the binding of globin and heme. The blood appears red because of the presence of heme. The molecules in the partial pressure of Fe2+ is high in oxygen, combined with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2); the oxygen pressure, and oxygen dissociation, the release of O2, be reduced hemoglobin, the oxygen transport function (see Chapter breathing). Fe2+ in hemoglobin, such as oxidized to Fe3+, is called methemoglobin and loses the ability to carry O2. The affinity of hemoglobin and CO is 210 times larger than that of oxygen. When the concentration of CO in air increases, the hemoglobin combines with CO, thus losing the ability to transport O2, which can endanger life, and is called CO (or gas) poisoning. Hemoglobin also plays an important role in the transport of CO2. Three. Physiological characteristics of red blood cells 1. osmotic fragility is normally equal to osmotic pressure in red blood cells, which is important for maintaining the morphology of red blood cells. The RBC is placed in isotonic solution (NaCl/0.9%), which maintains normal size and morphology. But if the red blood cells are placed in hypertonic NaCl solution, the water will escape from the extracellular, and the red blood cells will shrink because of dehydration. Conversely, if the red blood cells are placed in hypotonic NaCl solution, The water enters the cell, the red blood cell expands into a spherical shape, can expand to burst, the hemoglobin releases into the solution, is called the hemolysis. The normal human erythrocytes were placed in different concentrations (from 0.85%, 0.8%)...... 0.3%NaCl solution) in 0.45% of the solution, some red blood cells begin to crack, that is, the upper liquid is reddish, and the red cells are broken when the hot cells are in the 0.35% or lower NaCl solution. Clinical use of 0.45%NaCl to 0.3%NaCl solution is normal for human erythrocyte fragility (also known as resistance) range. If the red blood cell in 0.45%/NaCl solution is higher than that of red blood cell rupture, brittleness, resistance is small; conversely, below 0.45%NaCl solution when rupture occurs, shows that the brittleness and resistance force. 2. suspension stability suspension stability refers to the red cell in plasma suspension and not easy to sink characteristics. The mixing of blood and anticoagulant in blood sedimentation tube, vertical static, after a certain period of time, due to red blood cells than the major, will be gradually sinking, erythrocyte sedimentation in unit time distance, known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The rate of ESR is the size of suspension stability of red blood cell. Normal men at the end of first hours, ESR is not more than 3mm, women do not exceed 10mm. During pregnancy, active TB, rheumatic fever, and malignant tumors, ESR increases. Clinical examination of ESR is helpful to the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. The reason about maintaining the suspension stability of red blood cells, some people think that is due to the surface of red blood cells with negative charge of it, because like charges repel, red blood cells are not easy to gather, thus showing a good suspension stability. If in the plasma of positively charged proteins increased, the erythrocyte adsorption, surface charge to reduce the amount of, this will promote the aggregation of red cell and stacked with, to reduce the surface area and the total volume ratio decreased, friction, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The rate of ESR is mainly related to the kind and content of plasma proteins. white blood cell White blood cells, or white blood cells, are important blood cells in the blood. In addition to white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma are also present in human blood. White blood cells, as part of the immune system, help the body fight infections and foreign things. Normally, the white blood cells in healthy adults are 4 x 109 to 11 x 109/ per liter of blood. White blood cells are also commonly known as immune cells. In addition to the blood, white blood cells are found in the lymphatic system, spleen, and other tissues of the body. A cancer caused by the loss of control of the proliferation of white blood cells called leukemia". Although Pasteur has demonstrated that immune agents and animals do not have certain diseases, the mechanism by which immunity works is unclear. Eli Metchnikoff answered the question by studying how the body resists disease. Metchnikoff suggested that there are special cells in the blood of the human body that are able to attack foreign substances entering the body from the outside. He calls the cells "phagocytes," which means "eating cells," and proves that these large white cells kill bacteria, and the number of white blood cells increases when the body is infected. Left: this electron micrograph shows a human leukocyte (blue), the nucleus (Orange) and attacked and surrounded by bacteria (red). When bacteria or particles are surrounded or absorbed, they no longer cause harm to humans. In addition to identifying a lot of bacteria, Robert Koch also identified a small white blood cell called the lymphocyte". He also found that the white cells of the immunized animals were more powerful than those without immunity. It is becoming clear that there are many types of cell coordination that make up the body's immune system. There are several white blood cells in the body that move along the walls of blood vessels. If bacteria or other solid particles are encountered, the white blood cells swim through the surrounding bacteria and gradually destroy them. Sometimes bacteria also destroy white blood cells, but before they cause people to become ill, most invading bacteria are overwhelmed by the body's immune system. Platelet Platelets (platelet) are formed in mammalian blood. It has a plasma membrane with no nuclear structure and is generally round and smaller in size than red cells and leukocytes. Platelets are seen in the long term as nonfunctional cell debris in the blood. Until 1882 Italy physician J.B. Bizzozero's found that they play an important role in the process of hemostasis after vascular injury, was the first time the name of platelet. Platelet morphological structure and the specific biochemical composition, the number is relatively constant in normal blood (such as platelet count of 10 per cubic millimeter of ~ 300 thousand), in hemostasis, wound healing, inflammation, thrombosis and organ transplant rejection and other physiological and pathological processes play an important role. Platelets are found only in mammalian blood. In vertebrate cells with spindle Cyclostomata anticoagulant, Pisces began specific blood cells. There are blood cells of amphibians and reptiles and aves in animal blood, blood cells is nuclear spindle formation of oval cells, platelet function and similar. Invertebrate has no specialized thrombus cell, such as a deformable cell of a mollusk that has both defense and wound healing. Crustaceans have only one blood cell, which acts as a blood clotting. The formation of platelets is caused by megakaryocytes in bone marrow hematopoietic tissue. The hematopoietic stem cells, which differentiate into primitive megakaryocytes in the hematopoietic tissues, become mature megakaryocytes. The mature megakaryocyte membrane forms many depressions and extends into the cytoplasm, and the adjacent hollow cell membranes fuse with each other in the deep part of the depression so that some of the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte is separated from the mother cell. Finally, these cells, surrounded by cell membranes and separated from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, are removed from megakaryocytes, and the blood sinusoids in the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow enter the bloodstream and become platelets. The new platelets are first passed through the spleen, and about 1 / 3 are stored here. The stored platelets are freely exchanged with platelets entering the circulating blood to maintain normal blood levels. The number of platelet production each megakaryocytes per cubic millimeter of about 200 ~ 8000, is generally believed that the production of platelets in the blood by thrombopoietin regulation, but its mechanism is not clear and detailed process. Platelet life expectancy is about 7~14 days, about 1 / 10 of the total daily, Senescent platelets are mostly removed in the spleen. The platelet in the normal state of circulating structure is double concave, oval or round shaped, which is called circulating platelet. The average diameter of human platelets is about 2~4 microns, and thickness is 0.5 to 1.5 microns, with an average volume of 7 cubic microns. But there is no platelet nucleus, organelles, in addition, there are internal scattered particles distribution. Once the wound with platelet or glass non vascular intimal surface contact, the rapid expansion of particles towards the center, and a plurality of extended pseudopodia, into dendritic platelets, most particles are then released, fusion between platelet, platelet become viscous deformation. Dendritic platelets, if they are eliminated in time, can also become circulating platelets, while the deformed platelets are irreversible. Platelets have complex structures and compositions. Platelet membrane is attached or embedded in the protein bilayer lipid membrane, contains a variety of glycoprotein, glycoprotein B and known adhesion glycoprotein II / III, B A and aggregation of the glycoprotein is the thrombin receptor. The platelet membrane is attached to a plasma layer consisting of plasma proteins, coagulation factors, and molecules associated with the fibrinolytic system (the outer covering of platelets). There are two vascular systems in the cytoplasm of platelets: open conduits and dense tube systems connected to the surface. The former is the platelet membrane invagination in the cytoplasm of the complex distribution pipeline system, pipeline membrane and platelet membrane phase continuous pipeline membrane surface also covered with platelet membrane, through the pipeline system, the plasma can enter inside the platelets, thereby increasing the contact area of platelet and plasma. Due to the presence of the surface and connected to the developed pipeline system, the formation of platelet structure and sponge similar; the latter is a dense pipeline pipe system is fine and short, and not quite outside, endoplasmic reticulum. The circumference of the platelet platelet membrane under ten layer parallel circular array of microtubules and microfilaments in platelet membrane, dense (actin and myosin), and their platelet morphology and maintain the deformation related to the movement. Platelets scatter in two particles: alpha particles and dense particles. Alpha particle contents are of moderate electron density, and in the center of some particles are cores with higher electron density. Alpha granule contains fibrinogen, platelet fourth factor, cathepsin A, cathepsin D, acid hydrolase and so on. Dense granules contain extremely high electron density, including 5 HT, ADP, ATP, calcium ions, epinephrine, plasmin and pyrophosphate. In addition, there are mitochondria, glycogen granules and so on in platelets. The physiological function of thrombus formation and lysis when the blood vessel damage, platelet activation factor to stimulate the emergence of damaged parts of platelet aggregation, as platelet clots play a primary role in hemostasis, and then through the complex change of platelet thrombin to fibrin in plasma into adjacent original fibrin, fibrin intertwined to form a wound blood clots and platelet clot blood cells, namely thrombosis (see factor). At the same time, the platelet projections extend into the fibrin network, causing the clot to contract and become more solid as the platelets, microfilaments (actin) and myosin shrink, The hemostatic effect can be more effective, which is the hemostatic action of grade two. Along with the formation of thrombus and platelet release of thromboxane A2; dense granule and granule with the pipeline system is connected with the surface of the release of ADP and 5- HT, platelet factor fourth, beta thromboglobulin, thrombin sensitive protein, cell growth factor, blood coagulation factor V, VII and XII and vascular permeability factor and other active substances, these active substances through the activation of peripheral platelet, promote vascular contraction, promote fibrin formation in a variety of ways to strengthen the effect of hemostasis and some. Substance can strengthen the inflammation and immune reaction of the damaged part. When the thrombus in the site of the vascular injury is formed and the blood stops bleeding, it is necessary to prevent the infinite increase of the thrombus and avoid the obstruction of the blood vessel resulting therefrom. At this time, produced by 5- and platelet serotonin effects on vascular endothelial cells, the release of plasminogen activator, promote plasmin formation, and thrombosis in fibrinolysis. Platelet itself also has plasminogen activator and plasminogen, producing plasmin that participates in fibrinolytic lysis of thrombi. Repair of vascular endothelial cells play a role in blood vessels flow rapidly sometimes vessel wall injury, platelets can be from the flow state to attached to the surface of the endothelial cells, the cell membrane between the cytoplasm disappeared, mutual integration, so that the repair of endothelial cells. The mechanism of platelet adhesion, release and aggregation. There are many different receptors on the surface of platelets. These receptors are activated by the ligand. When the vascular endothelial cells are damaged, type I and type III collagen are exposed in the endothelium, and there is an active site of 9 peptide structure in both. From the active site, the adhesion of platelets to the site of injury was achieved by linking the VWF factor with the receptor glycoprotein 1B on the platelet membrane. After activation of platelets, the annular microtubules are inwardly concave. A radial projection of platelets, in which microfilaments and microtubules appear consistent with their long axis. The particles concentrate to the central part of the platelet and approach the duct system attached to the surface. Platelets change from a circulatory type to a dendritic type. In light microscopy, platelets seen on blood smears, such as the central granule region and the peripheral transparent region, are characteristic of this stage. Platelet adhesion to release their content, along with the changes of platelet morphology, phospholipid lipid platelet membrane in four arachidonic acid free, then by platelet membrane enzymes, thromboxane A2 formation etc.. The release of platelet granule inclusions is not simultaneous. The release of ADP and 5- serotonin by dense particles occurs rapidly. Alpha particles are released differently sooner or later along with their inclusions; alpha particles, including platelets, fourth factors, and beta globulin, are released first, and subsequently released by acidic hydrolases (equivalent to enzymes). Release is a process of energy. The calcium pump on the membrane pumps Ca2+ into platelets and activates the ATP enzyme, causing platelets to contract and lead to the release of platelets. The adhesion between platelets is called aggregation. ADP, epinephrine, thrombin and collagen are all platelet aggregation agents. The aggregation process caused by different polymerization agents is different. If ADP is added, the platelet aggregation can be induced directly, and the ADP released by the aggregated platelets can cause new platelet aggregation again. Thus two aggregation waves can appear. Collagen itself can not directly cause platelet aggregation, but can only cause the release of ADP after platelet induction. The mechanism of aggregation has been known to have a peanut four acid pathway, a dense granule pathway and a platelet activating factor pathway, and many factors, such as Ca2+ and fibrinogen, are associated with platelet aggregation. In activated platelets, peanut four acids are isolated from the platelet membrane, and finally, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is formed under the action of different enzymes. Thromboxane A2 is the strongest agent known to date, whereas prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) released by endothelial cells can increase levels of cAMP and inhibit platelet aggregation by activating adenylyl cyclase. There are interspecies differences in mammalian platelets. Such as rabbit platelet dense granules, in addition to 5- serotonin, but also contains histamine, human platelets on the polymerization agent ADP, thrombin and so on no response. Rabbits, rats, mice, pigs, sheep, horses did not respond to epinephrine. There are also differences in 5- serotonin content and reactivity to aggregation inhibitors. Plasma: the fluid part of the blood (including fibrinogen in the dissolved state) Serum: plasma containing no fibrinogen. Normal people from out of the blood vessels without anticoagulation, coagulation, after centrifugation, the red part is the blood cell fraction (red cells, white cells and platelets) above the yellow part is called serum, there is no fifth, eighth coagulation factor and fibrinogen. The concept of normal human plasma: draw blood from the blood vessels with anticoagulant (sodium citrate), after centrifugation, the lower part of blood cells, above the yellow part called plasma, which has fifth, eighth coagulation factor and fibrinogen. (here, fresh plasma, long time, fifth, eighth, factor also lose activity.) The difference between serum and plasma is the addition of anticoagulants, and the ingredients mentioned above.
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