刘小枫西政演讲

刘小枫西政演讲 赵明教授: 老师们、同学们，大家晚上好～ 今天晚上非常荣幸的请到了我们的精神导师刘小枫先生来我校讲学。小枫先生和我们西政是有渊源关系的，是我们的邻居，因为他本科是在四川外语学院读的德语系。 小枫先生自川外毕业以后在北京大学读硕士，然后在深圳大学教书，接着又去了瑞士的巴塞尔大学攻读神学博士。现任中山大学哲学系教授、比较宗教研究所所长、香港中文大学基督教文化研究所学术总监以及北京大学、武汉大学等中国许多著名的高等院校的兼职教授。我们许多青年学生都有所了解小枫先生的学术道路。根据现代科学学术体系的分工，小枫先生可以说在哲学、美学、宗教学、文艺学等等凡是可以称之为“学”的(包括我们的法学)领域卓有成果～但是，如果按照现在的学术分科来介绍和了解小枫先生可能又很大的误解。其实小枫先生是一个真正意义上的学问家、思想家。小枫先生最近几年以来，通过对古典学问的研究以及对古典经典著作的诠释、解读和教学实际上已经展示出了他在过去按照一种现在的学术体系分科，即所谓的学科所涉及的众多领域有一个共同的、基本的指向。这样的方向或者指向，现在刘小枫先生通过他的学术和教学工作应该已经给我们呈现出来了。所以在这个意义上，小枫先生确实是我们这样的一个时代的精神导师。我个人是读着刘小枫先生的书一直走到今天。我回忆自己的读书的道路，80年代是李泽厚先生影响着我们这一代，90年代以来直到今天，可以说是小枫先生在引领着中国当代的思想界和学术界～在这个方面的话，我个人也包括我们很多的青年学子，以及我在北京所了解到的，都对小枫先生心存感激～我记得中国社科院高全喜先生曾经在私下说过:“最期望的是希望小枫先生能够长命百岁。因为他活着，他的学术工作能够使得我们当代的中国学人知道方向，有一个标准～”我认为这样的评价是非常到位和准确的。小枫先生经常到川外来讲学，跟我们可以说是擦肩而过，这次在龙校长的安排下，我们非常荣幸地请到小枫先生到给我们直接讲述他的学术思想。他今天晚上讲述的是“游击队理论与现代性”。让我们以热烈的掌声欢迎小枫先生～ 刘小枫教授: 各位老师、各位同学，晚上好～ 我其实很早就想到政法大学跟大家交流，但是一直不敢。因为我很崇拜大学的名称。一想到“政法”，谁念“政法”,那不是一般人念“政法”的，毕业出来他们干什么呢,政法大学培养的是国家政治秩序最基础的人才，所以我觉得在政法大学教书的、念书的都不是一般的人。我在川外读了四年书，从来都是仰望政法大学，所以今天有机会到这里跟大家交流觉得真是非常荣幸而且心里是七上八下。 今天我想跟大家探讨一下游击队理论和现代性的关系。为什么要选这个题目呢,因为在座的各位都是法学方面的专家和学子。我最近几年研究德国的政治法学，也就是施米特的政治法学有了一些体会。在我看来法学背后有政治，或者广义的说，有这种文化。我们的法学，不仅仅是我们的法学，整个二十世纪的法学界有一个比较大的特点就是过于偏向一些实证性的东西。有一次我在香港开会，香港大学和中文大学法学院的教授都在一起。当时我就说到“三个代表”。我说，“三个代表”是一个很了不起的一次法律方面的行动，然后我就讲到法学与政治的关系。当时一个法学的院长马上就提出法律和政治没有关系，我就很小声的回了 他一句:“你这是实证法学派的观点。”我们从西方历史上来看法学当然是和政治分不开的。 为了提高大家的兴趣，我今天挑的是游击队理论问题来看法学问题。施米特在他的整个研究过程中偏重两个:一个是公法、宪法，一个是国际法。游击队理论就是靠近国际法问题。我今天只是想给大家作一个导读，因为书已经翻译成中文了，非常好看的一本书，我相信好多同学都已经读过了，没有读过的赶紧读一下，很好看。我想作一个导读，或者作一个分析，我们来看一下法学与政治究竟是一个什么样的关系，它其实跟我们的现实处境结合非常的紧密。 首先我们谈一个问题就是人与战争的关系问题。我们现在一讲到战争，马上就下意识的有种感觉。之一是认为谈论战争好像是不道德的事情。我们都希望和平。可是我们要明白战争与人性从来就没有分离过。中西方最早的经典写的就是战争。《荷马史诗》里讲的、我们五经书里面的《春秋》大部分讲的是战争。战争与人类人性分不开，由此我们可以说不了解战争、不研究战争就不可能懂得人性以及人类社会生活究竟会遇到什么样的问题。战争跟法有非常大的关系。施米特在研究游击战的时候，他的一个视野对我们是非常有启发意义的，就是他如何看待一个问题。游击队这个理论或者游击队这个现象有一些历史学家研究过，但是没有谁像施米特那样具有历史的穿透力，从一个小的问题他能看到背后很大的一个历史、政治、法学背景。 施米特对战争归纳三种历史类型。从西方历史上讲的，战争经历了三个大的历史阶段:第一个阶段称之为神话式的战争。什么叫做神话式的战争呢,这就是荷马史诗所体现出来、也是我们中国传统的战争形式可以所体现出来的战争，战争的理由是以神或者说是天上的正义来支撑的。第二种战争类型成为法制的战争。战争可以有法制，讲规矩来打，这是西方的第二个历史阶段的战争。在第一和第二之间有一个历史的过程，了解这个过程对于我们理解有游击战问题是非常关键的。要害在于弄明白施米特在问战争问题的时候，他是在问战争的法理依据是什么,这意味着人类的战争是永远不可能避免的。从古代打到现在，我们在避免战争、消灭战争的时候还是在打仗。而且施米特看到越是到二十世纪，当我们提出要永远消灭战争的时候，其实是使得战争更加残酷、更加野蛮、更加非道德。要消灭战争实际上是把背后的法理依据抽掉。待会我们来读两段文本，是非常有意思。刚好结合我们当今纪念二战。 法制的战争究竟是什么呢,法制的战争意味着打仗的理由变了，法理变了。法制战争是西方的君主国，也就是所谓的绝对王权国家形成的时候出现的战争形式。“绝对王权”直译的话称之为绝对主义，这是错误的翻译，意译应该是绝对王权。绝对王权是什么呢,中世纪后期有一个神圣罗马帝国，有一个大一统的国家。这个大一统的国家制度崩溃以后，就出现了所谓的君主国。打仗是为了国家、君主国来打仗的，因此出现了很著名法哲学的口号——“国家理由”。什么叫做“国家理由”,就是所有一切都是为了这个国家，没有比这个更高的。由此成为战争的法理依据，打仗的理由不是为了超出国家利益之上的一个更高的理由，比如说，为了全人类的进步，为了实现世界的大同，或者为了实现上帝的目的。这就是它的法理。这样的法理导致战争的形式和方式发生了很大的变化，比如说打仗守规矩，军人和平民要区别对待，对战俘要当作人对待。普鲁士战争著名的口号:与普鲁士打仗的对方当作是恶魔。这跟现代是不一样的。我们看非常简单的例子:美国就把所谓阿富汗的拉登之流当作是恶魔。战争的法理依据是不一样的，16世纪一直到19世纪都是处在法制战争阶段，国家与国家之间打输了就打输了，不会侮辱或者取消对方国家的国格，或者对方民众或者人民的国格。法制战争在第二个阶段就制定了一些战争法，包括一些国际法也是在那个时候出 现的。 第三个阶段是现代战争。现代战争恰恰是对传统法制型战争的破坏和违背。施米特在考虑游击战的时候，是从西方法制的演变过程来看待这个问题的:现代的战争是不是正义的战争,是不是有充分法理依据的战争,游击战的事情我们可以看到这样一个法学家考虑问题与我们完全不一样，我们学的法学和他所讲的法学好像差别很大，但是我们在这里也看到，法学正是在这些问题上是充满活力的，诱惑吸引我们去思考一些极其有意思的问题。 进入第二个要点:现代型的战争。从神话式的战争经过法制战争，再转入现代战争。现代战争有什么样的形式呢,游击队或者游击战这样一种战争形式传统是没有的。施米特上来就讲，“要讲现代学说，游击队理论或游击队现象就遇到+烦，因为从来没有古典的或是古代的游击队或游击战的事情。”我们传统可以说有土匪但不是游击队，差别在什么地方,要从法理学的角度来理解。游击战是由现代战争引导出来的。我们先对比一下。 现代战争最基本的形式。第一个是组织性，体现在军队是正规的。以前欧洲打战经常是雇佣军，在希腊我们也看到，希腊人被人雇去打仗。在现代战争中，民族国家通常有自己的专门的正规的军队。一般认为，第一支正规军是拿破仑组织起来的。第二是战争的技术性，技术包括组织、指挥系统、军械等等的更新。这与游击队理论是密切相关的，就好像现在说本?拉登的武器也有手机一样。第三，就是侵略性。现代战争很重要的特点就是以集团的形式。当年中国遇到西方的压力时马上组织新军，目的就是组织一个完整的组织化的部队，而且这个部队可以为国家所用，可以进行侵略，如果我们足够强大的话很有可能打到东南亚去了。就像日本组织的军队就很有侵略性。那个时候组织的军队当然具有侵略性，这是现代战争一个最基本特色。第四个特色就是国家性，这个与民族国家结合在一起是很好理解的，严格来讲，这个国家跟君主国家、绝对完全国家时期的形式是一样的，但他的基础发生了变化。 我们再来看一下游击战和正规战相对的方面。第一个特色是和组织性相对的政治性。什么叫政治性,这是我们需要理解的重点，为什么要提出这一点呢,因为法、法理这样一种生活最基本制度的形式是和政治分不开的，那么游击队或游击战的政治性是什么意思,这是我们探讨游击队理论的关键要点。第二个特点是灵活性。我们都知道游击队没有统一的军服，经常就是绑一块手帕就代表是哪一边的，不正规;相对应的就是技术性背后的合法性。施米特在讨论合法性和技术型从来是连接在一块的，因为现在是个技术世界。灵活性背后有一个正当性，这是一个法理学、法哲学的词汇，施米特把它放到战争中来考察。第三个特点是本土性。游击战从来就是保卫本土的，这个本土不是民族主义的理解，我们所理解的本土是土地或人民，施米特的本土是“土地概念”。 我们现在大致可以归纳一下，现代战争的形成导致了游击战的出现。这两者之间什么关系呢,他们的逻辑关联是什么呢,我们可以提出这样的问题，为什么会有游击战,我们先简要看一下游击战的历史。游击战最早是在西班牙出现的。当时拿破仑指挥他的大军横扫欧洲，第一次遇到的零星抵抗力就是西班牙的自发组织起来的兵勇，来抵抗正规的军队、有组织的现代化的部队。所以，施米特说西班牙是游击队最早的发源地。他也用了“星星之火”，火星从那里发起，绽放到北方。我相信施米特是没有读过毛泽东的“星星之火可以燎原”，但这个语言何其相象～这是非常有意思的。第一次大规模的游击战出现是在俄国，而第一部反映游击战的经典文学作品就是托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》。在《战争与和平》中托尔斯泰记载了俄国的游击队如何抵抗拿破仑的正规军。其中一句施密特是这样描述的“俄国的农民就 像抖身上的虱子虫一样把拿破仑军队从身上抖掉”。为什么强调农民,因为农民坚守的是土地，同时他们不是正规军，他们是散兵游勇，对抗的是正规部队，也就通过俄国所谓农民自发的反抗来体现游击队、游击战和现代战争的一个根本的区别。我们可以这样说，正规军是现代性的体现，现代战争是现代性的一个步伐，第一次世界大战、第二次世界大战，包括现在所谓的反恐战争都是现代性的步伐。比如说反恐战争完全可以和全球化的政治策略或者说是政治趋势结合在一起，而游击战可以说是反现代的。游击战第二个大的阶段就是中国的抗日战争。在施米特眼中，中国的抗日战争是非常重要的历史阶段，他认为真正的游击战理论是中国的毛主席建立起来的 关于游击战的历史就是这样大致一个过程，我们接下来进入理论性的问题。 第一个理论性问题就是要从法理的角度来考虑。游击战游击队针对正规军经常搞破坏、搞暗杀，也就是采用一些称为非法的手段来对付一个很正规的军队。如果给游击队定性，那么它是否是非法的组织,是不是采用一种非法的战争形式在对抗敌人,反过来我们也考虑，正规军是不是真正合法的,它合的是什么法,游击队如果是非法的，那非的是什么法,这就突出了施米特从来强调的一个非常根本的问题，什么是“法”,法从来就是人立的，因此法的性质可以说是充满了人性、历史性和国家性。游击队非法，可它有正当性，这是施密特提出的第一个概念。 我们来看一个非法与合法最关键的例子，那就是第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战。施密特从两次世界大战总结出，战争一步步背离了西方所谓的法制型战争时期的战争法的规矩，这个战争法的规矩就是:打仗就是打仗～两个国家之间的冲突好像两兄弟打仗一样，败了就是败了，但不等于道义上的、道德上的败坏。可以说法制型战争是不具有价值道义的一种战争，而现代战争是带有道义价值的一种战争。我在这里读一段施密特的原话，是非常有意思的，可以从中体现出现代正规战争和法制时期战争的区别。他说道:“1949年5月27日的四个《日内瓦公约》相当于国际法，是值得敬仰的人文思想和人道思想发展的产物。他们不仅给予敌人以人道待遇，甚至从表示认可的意义上公正对待敌人，因此仍然基于古典国际法及其传统(刘小枫:什么叫古典国际法及其传统,就是指的国际完全国家的法制战争时期)，没有这一基础，这一人道主义作品不可能完成。”这里就提出要公正对待敌人。施密特一个很重要的提法，什么是政治,政治就是要分清谁是我们的敌人、谁是我们的朋友。又很像毛主席的话，但又跟毛主席说的话又非常大的差别，差别就在于他认为敌人和朋友的区分不是道义意义上的。接下来，“这些公约的基石始终是清晰区分战争的国家性质和基于这一性质对战争的限制。由于区分了战争的国家性质是国家之间像兄弟之间打仗一样，那么这种战争冲突就有了一定的限制。区分了什么呢,战争与和平、军人与平民、敌人与罪犯、国家间的战争与内战。可是由于国际公约的松弛以及这些基本区分遭到质疑，这就为故意破坏上述清晰区别的战争敞开了大门，这种战争就是现代战争。”德国在两次世界大战中均战败，等于是他们受了两次战争的害，后面施米特还专门讲到德国怎样受害。“于是便出现了某些以审慎行为表述的妥协准则，它只是一种档跨桥，借以跨越一道深渊其中包括战争、敌人和游击队员等概念的隐藏着多种后果的变化。”总之我们可以说，现代战争的出现使得人类的一些传统的基本的价值标准发生了位移甚至是颠倒。合法性战争与正义性战争的区别就是游击队战争与正规战争的区别，那么从我们传统的观念来看，游击队战争怎么就要不得呢, 施米特在寻找有关游击队战争的理件时就很“好玩”，要说理论当然就要举出历史上的理论著作或文献了。他所找到的最早的文献就是德国历史上的一个君主皇帝面临拿破仑 军队侵略时发出的一个诏令。诏令说:“第一，我们全国人民不管什么人都要拿起武器抵抗侵略者;第二，无论采取什么样的手段。”这就是游击队战争的两个基本性质。先看第一条，游击战由于是全民动员，就使得军人与平民的区分没有了。比如说日本就是正规军，我们就是游击队——全民皆兵。这就模糊了战争中特殊的军事人员与平民百姓之间的区别，这就是非法。但是“非法”是因为没有办法，我们没有正规军，没有足够强大的军事力量，那么当外部的侵略者来了我们只有用这种办法去对付了。再看第二条，“不惜采取任何手段”。传统的战争有讲究，如摆棋子、布防，而游击战根本不讲这些，而且是小规模的零星的作战方式，这也就破坏了打仗的规矩。这样，这个诏令就被视为是游击战争的最基本的、最早期的理论文献，非常有意思。有意思在哪里呢,它告诉我们:游击战破坏了战争的一些法制性的规矩，因此游击队应该是罪人。可是进一步追问就会发现，这样一种非法恰恰有它的正当性，正当性在哪里,我们等一会再来看这个问题。总之，我们可以先总结一点:游击战使得现代战争越来越残酷。因为它不择手段。在战争中，那一边在架起机关枪、大炮对打，这边却在搞暗杀，甚至跑到对方的后方把什么旅长、师长的老婆孩子抓住当人质，威胁他们如果不离开军队就把他们的老婆孩子杀掉。这当然很残酷～ 但是，这种残酷是由什么东西引导的呢,这使我想起当年隔壁一零一团给我们讲的一个故事。当年在与越南打仗的时候，我们是正规军，有一次一个班长冲到敌人的碉堡里，发现里面两排女兵全都没有穿衣服，于是害羞地扭过头去，那些光着身子的女游击队员瞬间就端起枪在他身上扫了二十几个窟窿。于是后来我方就下令，凡看见没有穿衣服的女兵也开打。你们说这是不是说明战争越来越残酷呢,这就是一个恶性的循环。要想找出这种残酷的根源，就必须弄清究竟现代战争的正当性在哪里,按现代的理论，现代正规战争的正当性就在于现代化。质疑现代战争的正当性就是在质疑现代化。比如说日本对我们的侵略，他们说是在解放我们，要把我们从西方的压迫中解放出来，然后给我们带来一个现代化的世界。确确实实如此。我们看一看日本，只要他们认为是割让给我们的地方，一个是台湾，一个是东北，它的建设跟中原是不一样的。他们认识到中原是不可能永远占领的，所以烧光、杀光、抢光为上，而在东北修铁路，在台湾修公路、大学，跟在日本本国几乎就没有什么差别。所以战争背后就是一个现代化的目的，由此现代化就变成了一个合法性的正当理由在背后支撑。由此抵抗现代化，抵抗现代民主政治的进步，那就是反动、反革命，打败了你就是敌人。 接下来我们念一段施米特的论述。这段论述其实没有什么太值得好奇，都是人所皆知的历史史实，妙的是他在什么时候写这本书，在什么时候说这段话。他的原文是这样的:“第一次世界大战以后，当时的战胜国解散了德军总参谋部。一九一九年六月二十八日的《凡尔塞条约》第一百六十条:禁止德国以任何形式重建总参谋部。”这意味着什么,干涉你的国家主权～建立国家军队的总参谋部是一个国家的主权行为，国家的军队如果没有总参谋部那还叫什么样的国家,“这种取消了历史的和国际法的逻辑在于，第二次世界大战的战胜国尤其是美国和苏联，垂窃古典的欧洲国际法意义上的两国交战，在共同取得对德国的胜利以后，垂窃并消灭了普鲁士国家。盟国监督委员会一九四七年二月二十五日的第四十六号法令规定这里引了法令，实际是一种政策。就像我们国家经常用政策代替法令，洋人一样是这样做的。“普鲁士国家历来是德国军国主义和反动派的代表，它在事实上已不复存在。以维护各民族的和平与安全的思想为指针，并怀着确保德国在民主基础上进一步重建政治生活的意愿，监督委员会之规定如下:第一条，解散普鲁士国家及政府和一切行政部门。” 一个国家被解散了。他引的这两条法律显示，德国第一次世界大战被取消总参谋部，第二次世界大战被取消国家主权。日本也一样，所以日本现在得什么意嘛～日本有什么国家主 权嘛，人家军队都驻扎在你的国家里，经常出现什么美国士兵奸污女大学生。想想我们中国49年以前北大女学生被美军奸污，现在还有这种事情吗,我们国家的主权确确实实是不一样的。想起当初香港要回归时，香港说你们共军就在新界就可以了，不要进城，因为我们英军的好多军人都在市中心，这个地方就不要驻军了。我们香港人看见穿军装的共军就害怕。当时有两个外交官黄华和姬鹏飞就答应说不要驻军，被我们的小平横着眼晴骂:姬朋飞和黄华两位胡说八道～这是很清楚的，我们的小平同志是政治家。驻军与否体现了一个国家的主权。反过来我们来看施米特，一个国家总参谋部被取消，这意味着什么,而这是什么时候写的呢,是1962年。我在读到这个地方就暗自在想:施米特完全是在煽动游击战。因为游击战恰恰是与不正义战争联系在一起的。第二次世界大战的一个非常大的麻烦就是犹太人问题，如果把犹太人问题这一环抹去的话，那么二战在历史上是很难讲的一件事。 施米特在说了这话以后，据我所看到的文献，很少有评论家法学家对这一点作出评论。这一点是白纸黑字写下来的，你不能很简单地就认为这是在为希特勒的纳粹德国辩护。通过这一点，我们现在对游击队理论的认识进入到一个非常有意思的领域，即有关人类最基本的社会制度、相互之间的关系、法和这些冲突关系究竟处在一种什么样的历史状态中，历史状态就是现代性。 现在我们来看施米特的游击队理论的第三个部分。施米特重点不是要讲游击队的现象，而重在讲游击队理论以及游击队员这一类型的人，他认为游击队员是一种新型的政治人，他们首先是在文人中出现的。比如他说卢梭就是欧洲思想史上的第一个游击队员。对于施米特来说游击队的理论分成两个大的历史阶段，即如果我们把初期的阶段像普鲁士皇帝的诏书排除开，理论上出现有两次:第一次是俄国共产党，第二次中国共产党。 我们来看一下施米特对于共产党的理解。游击队理论的发展第一个阶段可以说完全是农民式的、自发式的。第二个阶段就是列宁式的，即政党提出了一套游击队理论，文本就是列宁的《怎么办》。在其中列宁就教导了一种不择手段的革命方式，这就是游击队的打法，但重要的是列宁提出了一个游击队员的理论，这个理论称之为意识形态理论。什么叫做游击队呢,他们是为一个终极目的服务的，为了全人类的共产主义历史的实现。所以游击队理论在这个时候就发生了一个很大的转变，从保卫乡土转变到超出本土意识的意识形态的描述，全球化的一个政治意识形态。这是列宁游击队理论最关键的一个要害。第三个阶段就是毛泽东的游击队理论。施米特在阐述毛泽东的游击战理论时，非常强调一个东西，就是毛泽东的游击队理论着眼于本土性，所以他固守住了游击队的一个本色:我是守卫乡土，我没有这样一种高意识形态的追求。 但是不是这样呢,我们来看看施米特对于毛泽东和中国共产党的分析和论述，来看两种游击队员的差别，这涉及到如何理解现代性和后现代性。施米特说:“众所周知，‘全民皆兵’也是组织抵抗拿破仑的战争的普鲁士总参谋部职业军官们的用语。” (引述参见《政治的概念》一书“游击队理论”部分306页)这一段话就把毛泽东“全民皆兵”口号与普鲁士与克劳塞维茨联系起来了，“克劳塞维茨便属于这些军官之列。”从毛泽东到克劳塞维茨，从克劳塞维茨到列宁，经过列宁到毛泽东，列宁有关于克劳塞维茨《战争论》的读书笔记。《战争论》是一部古代经典著作，早在黄埔军校时期就已经翻译出来作为教材。这是戴晴(叶剑英的养女)的父亲翻译的，但是我估计毛泽东没有看过。重要的就是说，施米特的视野里能够把这些串起来，“克劳塞维茨便属于这些军官之列。我们看到，当时正规军接纳了某一特定教育阶层的强大的民族力量。”这时游击队一个很重要的理论出来了。游击队是由知识人组 成起来的，这是游击队产生的一个很重要的转折，初期的游击队是自发的农民，从列宁开始，游击队员成为了一个职业的革命家，这是列宁的突破。“那时最激进的军事思想家也区别战争与和平，将战争看成可以与和平清楚区分开来的非常状态。”但是“克劳塞维茨是一支正规军的职业军官，他本来不大可能像列宁和毛泽东一类职业革命家可能做的那样，如此系统地将游击战逻辑贯彻到底。”这些话都含沙射影地指后来的德国的军事理论家根本不懂得什么是游击战，这个用笔是很恶毒的。“在涉及游击战时，毛泽东还有一个具体的因素使他比列宁更接近事物最深层的内核，获得最大限度地完成其思想的可能性，一言以蔽之，”念到这里我先停一下，在八九年苏东事件以后，欧洲以俄国为首的很多共产党变了。在这个时候，我们的党也面临着一个问题:就是我们是不是也要变成“中国民主党”呢,如果不改，总得有个理由、说法讲给全国人民听，说明他们改他们的，我们不改没事。记得八九年，中宣部发了一个文件，讲，我们的共产党以及我们的革命取得胜利与俄国革命是非常不一样的。我插入这个是因为施米特接下来的话与那年的文件几乎是一样的，这很有意思。“一言以蔽之，毛泽东的革命比列宁的革命更植根于本土。与1917年11月列宁领导的在俄国夺得政权的布尔什维克前卫们相比，中国共产党人有很大的不同，”像不像我们的语言,很像。“后者历经了二十多年的战争，直到1949年才控制中国。差别不仅表现于中国共产党人内在的群体结构，” 什么样的结构呢,就是农民与知识人的结合，而俄国共产党一直是所谓保持精英。“而且表现在共产党人与所控制的国土和人民的关系。鉴于受依托乡土的游击战所规定的巨大现实，关于毛泽东宣传的是否是真正的马克思主义或列宁主义的意识形态辩论，几乎是次要问题，正如古代中国哲人是否表达过与毛泽东类似的见解的论辩是次要问题。”施米特的眼光尖锐啊～他说那些人辩论毛泽东是不是马克思主义者，这是无所谓的，毛泽东是非常现代的革命家，因为游击战是非常现代的战争，它是针对正规化的现代的战争而来的，所以他说: “这是一群具体的，经游击战洗礼的‘红色精英’”。所以，从出生看，也许像来自彼得堡和莫斯科的俄国布尔什维克一样，中国共产党人是城市无产者。但是当掌握政权之时中国共产党人便带来经受过沉重挫折的深刻经验和组织能力及其原则转移到农村环境，在那里以崭新的、不曾预见的方式发展。这是苏俄和中国共产党人之间‘意识形态’差异最深层的起因之所在。” 通过施米特来看我们中国现代化以及革命的经历，应该获得一种比较新的认识。可是问题还没有完。施米特的游击战理论时抓住一个要点:本土性才是游击队真正的自己政治品质的要害～游击队不是土匪，传统没有游击队，土匪不是游击队。土匪不像是职业革命家，不是为了信念。而游击队是为了信念，为了事业，他们可以在全家被杀情况下继续革命;不像土匪那样容易被收买，而我们的游击队收买了多少土匪～所以，首先游击队的政治品格是其要害，政治品格靠在哪一个上面，靠在本土性还是马克思的意识形态上,施米特认为如果游击队像俄国共产党那样靠在历史哲学上面——解放全人类，共产主义的实现，这个游击队就变质了;那么，如果守住本土性，这样才能保住自身本色。而这个本土性是什么意思呢,守住本土性，对抗技术性，对抗技术世界的侵略，所以游击队抵抗正规军就是抵抗现代性，所以施米特说了一句名言，说“游击队是最后一个抵抗技术化污染大地的战士”。这话说得很有诗意。为什么要抵抗技术化进步呢,施米特说这是两种法系的冲突，土地法系和海洋法系。整个世界近代的历史就是，人本来在稳靠的土地上生活，可是有一群人喜欢在海上弄潮，然后建立国家，制定了些法律出来，这就是所谓的英美法系。而近代历史就是英美法传统颠覆大陆法传统的历史进过程。在施米特看来，本土性和技术性的冲突就是现代性对人类生活品质的败坏～由此看来，法的根本属性是守护人本性、天性上贴近大地的生活方式。所以，施米特喜欢讲法这个词(normals)，在希腊文上的原意是划分一块土地养育人们，就像喂养羊群一样，这是法的基础;可是海洋法一出来就改变了这样的生活方式。法是一种生活方式(不 像我们一般理解的那样)，这在古希腊与古罗马是非常一致的，比如罗马的“共和”在当时就是一种法律制度。我们经常说中国古代法律是宗法制的，这是没错的，但是我们是盲目地来批判和唾弃中国传统的国宪，就不知道这是一种生活方式，跟我们有土地有水份滋养的生活方式是紧密联系的，而遇到新的法、现代化的法、普适的法出来后，我们的这种生活方式就断掉了。 由此我们来理解游击队的正当性在哪里,就靠在守护自己的生活方式这里。理解现代和后现代的游击战，如果那些分子把他们的抵抗原则上升到一个“我要全人类都来信奉伊斯兰教”，这跟列宁是差不多了;但如果他们只是说我们守卫我们伊斯兰教的传统生活方式，不让你们破坏，他们就是一种后现代的游击队员～9?11以后，西方国家在分析拉登事件的时候，就我所看到的，在9?11一周年时，德国《法兰克福汇报》长篇文章分析本?拉登时，就是用的施米特的语言，就是用的施米特的游击队理论(但是没有提到施米特的名字)。 后现代的状况已经被施密特准确的预见到。这个预见就是由于现代化的发达国家，作为强权国家，订立了一些所谓的“法”，不合这些东西，就是“不合法”。什么是它的合法性,可是这导致的是战争的合法性，侵略战争的合法性，不正义战争的合法性，这个不正义战争的合法性就导致了游击战的产生，而游击战只能以非法的方式进行，这被称作残酷导致更残酷。在他的《游击队理论》中有句原话是“恐怖与反恐怖出现螺旋式上升的怪圈”。这是1962年说的，已经过了30多年。那么，我们看到，游击队理论和现代性问题密切相关，跟国家、法制相关。法制是什么,我们对法制的理解、对法的理解。对政治的理解是和生活方式联系在一起的，这不仅是读柏拉图、西赛罗，就是中国的传统同样如此，我希望我们学政法的清楚的意识到这一点。 接下来，我们要看一下游击队比如说我们以毛主席的游击队理论和这样一种思想观念来看，游击队理论又有什么样的问题呢,刚才我这样讲了一番，似乎施密特完全是在吹捧游击队、鼓吹游击战是不是,其实不是这样。施密特写作的时候永远把自己摆在一个四平八稳、不偏不倚的立场上，这是他写东西狡猾的地方。游击队后来出现的问题，这个问题是由现代化的大空间秩序的变化所导致的。比如说，游击队本来是反对技术化的，但在战争过程中他必须更新自己的技术手段，我刚才讲的要开始使用手机了，也开始使用对方所使用的技术，由此游击战也开始向技术化方面发展。这是对它本身品质的一种侵害。我们现在还是回到游击队的内在问题。技术化严格的讲还是一个外在的问题。内在问题是这样的:游击队、游击战是反抗现代性的，它身上是不是也沾染了现代性的病菌,这是施密特所要问的问题。这是他在谈到毛主席的理论的时候说的，他说:“不过，毛泽东的环境本身也有一个内在矛盾，这个矛盾将一个无空间限制的全球共同的绝对的世界敌人(刘小枫:游击战和正规战的一个非常重要的差别是游击战总是没有绝对的敌人，只有实际的敌人。今天是敌人，明天只要你同意和我一起去搞暗杀就是朋友了，就像当初我们还在高呼打倒美帝国主义的时候，毛泽东已经在中南海和尼克松握手了。当时毛泽东考验了一下林彪说:“我们的军队应该怎么样布防呢,”林彪就瞎猜，经常试图摸索毛主席的意图，他以为毛泽东心中的敌人是美国人，说当然要重兵放置在南方，因为美国人打到越南来了嘛，北方我们可以是空着的。可是毛泽东听了冷笑了一下:‘林彪啊，永远只是懂战术，不懂战略。’因为毛主席的敌人已经定位是俄国人啊，美国人已经不是敌人。没有绝对的敌人，看实际情况转变，这是毛主席胜利的一个法宝。)马克思主义的阶级敌人与一个可划分地域的、中国和亚洲在抗击(刘小枫:注意用词)资本主义的殖民主义时的实际敌人结合起来。”就是说，我们中国的游击战在毛主席的领导下，总是面临着一个概念上的含混，他有一个实际的敌人——日本人，甚至国民党。但是，由于游击队组织是靠马克思主义的意识形态组织起来的，因此这个组织后面抵抗绝对敌 人这个概念，这两个概念融合起来的话就是一个麻烦，虽然毛主席从来就是偏向(绝对敌人、阶级敌人是他玩的一个政治的手段)于实际敌人，但是我们要理解毛泽东。据我的阅读，我觉得没有哪句话施密特短短的一句话说得更加透彻:“这是一个一体世界(One World)——即一个地球、一个人类与一个在其自身和相互间理性地达致平衡的多数大空间(Groβaume)的对立。毛泽东在一首题为‘昆仑’的词里表达了对一个新的大地法(Nomos der Erde)的多元论观念，其中说:安得倚天抽宝剑，把汝裁为三截,一截遗欧，一截赠美，一截还东国。太平世界，环球同此凉热。”我们都背得这句了不起的诗词。它了不起在于写这个诗词的时候——什么时候,毛泽东领导的红军被国民党打的屁滚尿流、几乎就要被灭亡，他还能够发世界梦。所以他的眼界真的是蒋介石比不上的，他那个时候就能够想到我们中国在世界中的位置。“把汝裁为三截”，什么意思,全球性的一个意境，“一截遗欧”，欧洲;“一截赠美”，美国;毛泽东一直到晚年都认为中国有希望，“一截还东国”。当时毛泽东成长的时候正是新的列强相互之间冲突的时期，他在那个环境当中成长的，他在这时就看到中国在世界中的一个位置。他说“太平世界，环球同此凉热”，这里面有两个要点可以来看:第一个要点是，他准确的预见到了今后就是三分天下。俄国没戏了，欧洲(欧盟)、美国，现在事实上中国气盛的不得了(尤其我们年轻人啊，小心啊，太冒失)。第二个，全球性的、新的一个世界景观提出来了，这个世界景观是什么样的一个世界景观呢,“太平世界，环球同此凉热”，他认为以后是一个太平世界，这种观念是什么观念,自由主义的观念。这是一个什么样的自由主义的观念,前年我在巴黎高等师范研究所讲到这个意思，当时听到我说毛泽东是一个自由主义者，哗然～有些人甚至对我横眉竖眼，“毛泽东怎么是一个自由主义者呢,他迫害了那么都知识分子。”他就没有弄懂什么叫做自由主义～自由主义就是要消灭这个世界上所有冲突，结束政治状态。但是，政治状态、冲突的状态消灭得了吗,这是自由主义和古典主义(我们这个词用的不太好)的一个最基本的分野。这个跟后面的“法”是非常相关的。我们可以通过这一点看到毛泽东的游击队理论以及一个大的、广阔的后现代政治背景已经点明了，在施密特的眼光里面看，这是非常深远的一个问题。我们不要在鸡毛蒜皮的事情上计较，应该像施米特那样抓住问题的关键。问题的关键在于游击队这样的政治现象，游击队员这样的新型的政治人，在未来的世界历史中占了什么样的角色。 游击队给了现代性第二个负面的问题(施密特刚才那句话表示了，毛泽东虽然没有马克思那样的绝对敌人的观念，他却还有西方自由主义的梦想来追求):游击队抵抗外来入侵，它要全面的对抗，全面动员本土力量，这就破坏了本土的结构。这就是带来的第二个大的问题:本土结构的破坏。搞政治学的都清楚没有哪一个朝代对中国的基层组织的改造有我们这个世纪这么大，尤其是49年以来这么大。因为没有哪一个朝代把支部、游击队员建立在生产队、车间、年级、班上～以前的传统统治结构只是从皇帝到县官为止，下面是靠乡绅。这个本土结构的破坏推导得出的结论是游击队是个恶性循环～这是一个大的麻烦。通过前面的分析我们明白了游击队理论和现代性究竟是一个什么样的关系,我想突出的就是中间的问题是国际法。因为整个游击队的理论是施密特在研究国际法的时候拿来作为一个样本来分析国际法的破产。我现在看到一些法学家还在提守法，但是施米特研究问题永远在问谁决断,谁立法,他问这个根本问题，而不是围绕那些法转。国际法在游击队理论面前彻底破产～就好像本来不合法、违法，但是违什么法,是破坏了强权政治的生活制度，毁掉了别人的normals。现代性我们可以通过游击队来看，游击队理论实际上是为传统礼法作辩护的，是申辩传统礼法正当性所生发出来的一个理论，施密特实际上将游击队作为立了一个案例来研究的。 我之所以强调这样的要点是希望我们学法的学生在视野上和阅读量上以及关心的历史 文化的方面更广泛一点。像游击队理论这样问题的分析可以看出是非常好玩的而且可以和我们的专业非常相关，目的就是希望我这个外行给大家一个建议:让我们的学习和做学问可以轻松一点、好玩一点、有意思一点～谢谢大家～ 赵明教授: 金开名家论坛上我也出现过几次，每次都是批评，今天却没有。开始介绍的时候，我称小枫先生是我们的“精神导师”，这是有用意的。什么是导师,就是引导、教育我们读书、读真书。小枫先生有个说法叫“勾引美人”，就是把那些想读书、读真书的人、以读书为志业的人勾引出来。可是为什么要读书,我们要读好书、读真书，是为了在精神世界极为贫乏的时代如何呼唤我们高贵的人性，这就是所谓的勾引的“美人”。今天小枫先生讲的、他的解读，我们可以探讨。但是我们更要理解他告诉我们如何读书、读什么书的看法。这也是小枫先生这几年在国内游学、讲学所希望达到的一个真正的目的。下面请同学们提问，看小枫先生所说的“美人”勾引出来没有。 刘小枫: 我说的“美人”是指心性，很好的心性，往上走的冲动。而现在好多大学生没有这个心，没有必要非要逼着念书。孔老夫子在《论语》中就说过:“学而时习之，不亦乐乎。”其实读书是很辛苦的事情，没有什么乐趣的。如果你有这样读书的心性，不觉得苦，这就是读书的心性。我相信西政的“美人”比川外更多～ 问题一: 如果游击队受到政党意识控制后，其正当性何在, 刘小枫: 施密特在书中已经回答，他说游击队如果受到政党或者时意识形态的操控的时候就举了越南战争的问题，越南战争已经演变成了美国、中国等几个大国的争战，游击队当然已经变质了。 问题二: 您在《儒家革命源流考》中指出毛泽东的革命精神是对传统革命思想的继承，而现在说毛泽东思想和中国古典思想是否有继承是次要问题。这两者矛盾吗,它们的结合点在哪里, 刘小枫: 没有矛盾。后者是施密特的说法， 。 问题三: 游击队和民族主义很相近，而民族主义和现代性在某种意义上是契合的，那岂不是说游击队并不是反现代性而是切合的, 刘小枫: 游击队和现代性不是契合，而是由现代性问题引出来的，这两者之间有很多的纠缠。古典没有民族主义的说法也没有游击队理论，这都是现代的说法，所以归结起来我们的问题还是探讨什么是现代性～ 赵明: 让我们以热烈的掌声感谢先生的讲演～ 谢谢大家～ 统筹 录音 编校: 蒋海松 魏来 王海琴 录音整理:王海琴 蒋海松 阮玲燕 潘学良 阮智刚 周尚君 景象 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.