甘油三酯高的原因在临床上可分为原发性和继发性两种

甘油三酯高的原因在临床上可分为原发性和继发性两种 甘油三酯高的原因在临床上可分为原发性和继发性两种,原发性甘油三酯高常见于遗传,而继发性则可以继发于疾病,如糖尿病,肾病综合征,甲状腺功能减退,透析,胆道阻塞等;也可继发于不良生活习惯,如饮食,烟酒等. 继发性甘油三酯高怎么回事.因疾病导致的甘油三酯高主要是各种原因致使脂肪代谢异常,因不良生活习惯导致的甘油三酯高则是我们每个人生活中必须注意的了. 为什么不良生活习惯也能成为甘油三酯高的原因呢?因为甘油三酯大部分是从饮食中获得的,只有少部分是人体自身合成的.当进食大量脂肪类,尤其是动物脂肪食品后,可测得体内甘油三酯水平明显升高;而过多的碳水化合物,尤其是加工精细的粮食进入体内后,则引起血糖升高,合成更多的甘油三酯.另外,饮酒可以刺激甘油三酯的加速合成.饮食方面要注意了. 甘油三酯是被储藏起来的热量源。如同其名称一样，甘油三酯是人体的脂肪成分，如果以猪肉或牛肉为例，那么甘油三酯就是白色的肥肉部位。皮下脂肪就是甘油三酯所蓄积而成的。甘油三酯是由三分子脂肪酸与一分子甘油结合而成的，一般情况下会成为脂肪酸的贮藏库，根据身体所需会被分解。 被分解后的脂肪酸会被作为我们生命活动的热量源来加以利用。从甘油三酯中脱离的脂肪酸便是游离脂肪酸，是一种能够迅速用于生命活动的高效热量源。 此外，皮下脂肪还有保持的体温、保护身体免受寒冷袭击的类似隔热材料的功能，以及保护身体免受外来袭击的缓冲材料的功能。 也就是说，甘油三酯在人类进化的过程中，为适应严酷的自然以求生存下来发挥了重要的作用。但是，在拥有舒适的环境与丰富食用材料的现代生活中，甘油三酯却面临着愈加过剩蓄积的危险。 甘油三酯偏高的饮食注意 (1)保持理想体重,限制总热能摄入.体重超重或肥胖者,应通过限制主食摄入的办法来达到减肥目的,一般应吃八分饱.减肥时应遵循循序渐进的原则,逐渐减重,切不可操之过急. (2)碳水化合物在总热能中以占45,60%为宜,尽量避免食用白糖,水果糖和含糖较多的糕点及罐头等食品. (3)胆固醇每日摄入量应控制在300毫克以下.食物选择控制上可比高胆固醇血症患者略为放松. (4)在控制总热能摄入量的前提下,脂肪的热能比不必限制得过低,可占热能的25,30%,但应注意勿过多摄入动物性脂肪.每天油脂用量大约50克,植物油应占食用油的大部分. (5)多吃蔬菜,水果,粗粮等含纤维较多的食物,有利于降血脂和增加饱腹感。 胆固醇分为高密度胆固醇和低密度胆固醇两种，前者对心血管有保护作用，通常称之为“好胆固醇”，后者偏高，冠心病的危险性就会增加，通常称之为“坏胆固醇”。 胆固醇摄入多了，就会引起高胆固醇血症，进而形成冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病等所谓的“富贵病”。 验胆固醇量度有两种单位，一种单位是mmol/l，总胆固醇量度5.2mmol/L或以下为正常。另一单位是mg/dl ，总胆固醇量度200mg/dl以下为正常。 1 医学界认为，为了降低胆固醇，也应该减少一些含高胆固醇食物的摄取，尤其是心、肝等动物内脏。蛋类每星期以不超过三四个为原则，尤其尽量少吃蛋黄，包括各种鱼卵、蟹黄等。 烹调用油应采用植物油，此外，也必须限制醣量，最好禁止食用纯糖类食品或饮料。尽量少吃全脂牛奶、巧克力奶、奶油及各种乳酪，多吃脱脂奶及豆浆。 肉类方面，应该禁吃肥肉、猪皮、蹄膀、香肠，及各种有油的牛羊猪肉等。海鲜方面则应避免虾、蟹、蚌、牡蛎。 此外，各种精致甜点如蛋糕、巧克力仅量少吃。各种动物油脂、椰子油等应禁食，以人造黄油及植物油取代。 不含胆固醇的食物 日常饮食中其实有许多不含胆固醇的食物，包括硬壳果类，如杏仁、核桃;五谷类、蛋白，水果类 果酱、果冻;此外，还有蔬菜类、花生、花生酱，植物性油脂及人造奶油、面筋、豆类与豆浆、豆腐等豆制品。尤其多吃水果，水果含果胶，也能降低胆固醇。 近年来有不少报告显示，摄取燕麦也能降低胆固醇。许多研究显示，燕麦其实和豆类同样有效，如果每天在低脂饮食中添加两三杯燕麦片，其降低胆固醇的效果较仅采取健康饮食还好。 其他有益于降低胆固醇的食物还有胡萝卜及生蒜头。过去有不少研究显示，摄取大量的生蒜头能减少有害的血脂肪。除了饮食外，规律运动及体重控制均有助于降低体内胆固醇 高胆固醇患者可以通过膳食疗法来降低血液中的胆固醇。首先是少吃肉类食品、精致食品、油炸食品和糕点，少吃脂肪高的食品，喝牛奶最好选择低脂、无脂品种。鸡蛋每周只能吃二到四个。多吃一些淀粉和纤维素高、热量低的食物，如干豆类、燕麦、大麦等。同时要注意经常锻炼身体，以减少体重，降低血压，减少压力，提高心血管功能。一般来讲，改变膳食几周后，患者的胆固醇就会下降，下降幅度依赖于体重和膳食改变的情况。但如果通过一段时间的膳食疗法仍不能使血胆固醇降到理想水平，就需要看医生，服用降脂药物。 总胆固醇6.85是很高，需要服药(如:辛伐他汀、洛伐他汀)治疗。 以下为可参照数据:(摘自《全国临床检验》) 1.血清总胆固醇(TC) 正常:,5.17毫摩尔/升 轻度升高:5.17,6.47毫摩尔/升 高TC血症:?6.47毫摩尔/升 严重高TG血症:?7.76毫摩尔/升 2.血清甘油三酯(TG) 正常:,2.3毫摩尔/升 升高边缘:2.3,4.5毫摩尔/升 高TG血症:,4.5毫摩尔/升 2 3.血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C) 男性:1.16,1.42毫摩尔/升 女性:1.29,1.55毫摩尔/升 4.血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C) 中老年:2.7,3.1毫摩尔/升 一般正常人:,3.36毫摩尔/升 轻度危险值:3.36,4.14毫摩尔/升 危险水平:,4.14毫摩尔/升 由此可以看出:你的总胆固醇5.43高密度脂蛋白1.62(此两项指标均为略高出正常值)，甘油三脂1.09低密度脂蛋白3.31(此两项指标均为正常)。 胆固醇是人体细胞膜的重要组成成分，对维持人体正常代谢起重要作用，但长期摄入过量，则使总胆固醇升高。胆固醇在蛋黄、动物内脏、鱼、虾中含量较多。其中鸡蛋除了富含胆固醇外，还含有优质蛋白质、铁、维生素等。每日食用一个鸡蛋即可提供优质蛋白和足量的胆固醇。 给人体提供热量的三大营养素中，糖类占55%,60%，蛋白质占15%,20%，脂肪占20%,25%。糖类包括淀粉类食物如米、面、薯类等。糖的过量摄入，会转化为脂肪，导致血脂异常，故应控制。富含蛋白质的食物有:畜禽肉，鱼、虾等水产品，蛋、乳、豆类及其制品。脂肪类食物包括动物脂肪和植物油。特别应控制黄油、乳脂、肥肉的摄入。 食物纤维能抑制血中胆固醇、甘油三酯的吸收，同时使胆固醇与脂肪酸结合后排出体外，从而达到降低血脂的作用。谷类、大豆、蔬菜均含有食物纤维，谷类还富含维生素B1，蔬菜所含热量低，富含矿物质、维生素等，宜多食。水果与蔬菜相比，虽亦含维生素、矿物质等，但其热量较高，不宜多食，而且水果不能代替蔬菜满足营养需要。木耳、海藻不含热量，属于易引起饱腹感的富含食物纤维的优质食品。 此外，一日三餐还应合理。早餐吃饱，中餐吃好，晚餐吃少。一日三餐应品种多样，细嚼慢咽，保持标准体重。每餐都要有主食(米、面等)、主菜(富含优质蛋白的大豆制品、鱼、虾、肉、蛋等)、副菜(蔬菜)，每日食品种类多就易于满足机体对不同营养素的摄取，从而达到营养平衡。 进行适当的运动。长期、有规律的运动是消耗热量的主要途径，能降低血浆胆固醇和甘油三酯水平，但应掌握好运动量和运动方式。 吃得好了，运动少了，血脂就高了。目前，高血脂症的患者极为普遍，它包括高胆固醇血症、高甘油三脂血症及复合性高脂血症，这是导致动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的主要因素之一。它对肾脏、末梢循环、胰脏、瘙痒症、免疫系统、血液系统疾病也产生不容忽视的影响。 高血脂症分原发性和继发性两种，前者与环境、家庭遗传有关。后者由糖尿病、甲状腺功能低下、肥胖症、胰腺症等引起。合理的饮食与生活方式对预防高血脂有着重要的意义。对于有遗传性倾向的高血脂患者，药物治疗无明显改善，主要通过调节饮食结构来改善，尽量不吃或少吃含胆固醇高的食物，如动物的内脏、脑子、骨髓、鱼子、贝类、乌贼、鳝等。要常吃多纤维的蔬菜、瓜果，它们含有大量的植物固醇可以抑制胆固醇吸收，起到抗动脉硬化作用。适量或少量饮酒也能降低胆固醇，每日45毫升白酒或90毫升的干红或188毫升的啤酒。对于已有高血脂症的患者，一方面要控制饮食，一方面要进行慢跑等适度运动，通过运动，脂肪中的脂酶活性增加，血脂相应降低，有的患者血脂正常，但有高血压、糖尿病、冠心病，这也要控制饮食、积极运动并在医生指导下配合药物治疗。 尽管通常能通过合理调节饮食、运动、药物来达到降低胆固醇的目的，但这些方法对一些具有顽固性、家族性高血脂的病人有时往往起不到治疗作用。 还可以用于预防高血脂带来的各种并发症，并能改善冠心病、脑梗塞病变部位的微循环。但是这也不能看做一劳永逸，如不注意运动、不注意饮食调节及结合其它辅助性治疗，血脂又会涨到原来的水平。 血脂健康手册 血脂健康手册 1.什么是血脂,血液中的脂肪类物质，统称为血脂。血浆中的脂类包括胆固醇、甘油三酯、磷脂和非游离脂肪酸等，它们在血液中是与不同的蛋白质结合在一起，以“脂蛋白”的形式存在。大部分胆 3 固醇是人体自身合成的，少部分是从饮食中获得的。甘油三酯恰恰相反，大部分是从饮食中获得的，少部分是人体自身合成的。 2.什么是高血脂,高血脂是指血中胆固醇(TC)和,或甘油三酯(TG)过高或高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)过低，现代医学称之为血脂异常。 3.高血脂的危害,血脂是人体中一种重要的物质，有许多非常重要的功能，但是不能超过一定的范围。如果血脂过多，容易造成“血稠”，在血管壁上沉积，逐渐形成小斑块(就是我们常说的“动脉粥样硬化”)这些“斑块”增多、增大，逐渐堵塞血管，使血流变慢，严重时血流被中断。这种情况如果发生在心脏，就引起冠心病;发生在脑，就会出现脑中风;如果堵塞眼底血管，将导致视力下降、失明;如果发生在肾脏，就会引起肾动脉硬化，肾功能衰竭;发生在下肢，会出现肢体坏死、溃烂等。此外，高血脂可引发高血压、诱发胆结石、胰腺炎，加重肝炎、导致男性性功能障碍、老年痴呆等疾病。最新研究提示高血脂可能与癌症的发病有关。 4.哪些人易得高血脂,有高血脂家族史者;体型肥胖者;中老年人;长期高糖饮食者;绝经后妇女;长期吸烟、酗酒者;习惯于静坐的人;生活无规律、情绪易激动、精神处于紧张状态者;肝肾疾病、糖尿病、高血压等疾病者。 5.没有症状不等于血脂不高.由于高血脂的发病是一个慢性过程，轻度高血脂通常没有任何不舒服的感觉，较觉，较重的会出现头晕目眩、头痛、胸闷、气短、心慌、胸痛、乏力、口角歪斜、不能说话、肢体麻木等症状，最终会导致冠心病、脑中风等严重疾病，并出现相应症状。 6.您的血脂高吗,总胆固醇(TC)低于5.20mmol/L(200mg/dl)正常，高于5.72mmol /L (200mg/dl)异常;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL--C)低于3.12mmol/L (120mg/dl)正常，高于3.64mmol/L(140mg/dl异常;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL--C)高于1.04mmol/L(40mg/dl)正常，低于0.91mmol/L(35mg/dl)异常;甘油三酯(TG)低于1.70mmol/L(150mg/dl)正常，高于1.70mmol/L(150mg/dl)异常。 7.调节血脂三大法宝调节饮食结构、改善生活方式、药物治疗。 (1)调节饮食结构的原则:限制摄入富含脂肪、胆固醇的食物;选用低脂食物(植物油、酸牛奶);增加维生素、纤维(水果、疏菜、面包和谷类食物) (2)正常老年人每日膳食结构:一个鸡蛋、一个香蕉;一碗牛奶(不一定加糖，也可以是酸牛乳和奶粉);50 100克净肉，包括鱼、禽、畜等肉类(以可食部分计算);50克豆制品 0克水果及青菜(可选多种品种); 胆固醇主要作用不是提供能量，所以运动和胆固醇的消耗直接作用不大，但是胆固醇一个是可以限制摄入，另外一个减少你自身的胆固醇的合成，如果高脂肪高热量饮食可以促使胆固醇的合成加速，所以饮食限制可以降低胆固醇的。 如果实在是不行，比如有的人自身胆固醇合成实在是太旺盛了，那么只有用药了，使用他汀类药物，抑制胆固醇合成的关键酶---HMG-CoA还原酶。 另外经常喝点绿茶。也要适量运动。特别天气转凉时，一定要保暖，天气转凉会使血管收缩，血压就会高，防止动脉硬化。血小板数目高，血液会黏稠，就会有高血压，可多吃点药芹，这种菜有活血的功效。 也建议一定要去大医院的心内科、消化内科看看。还有血脂高，血压就会高。 谷草/谷丙反应肝功能，肝脏分泌胆汁，胆汁消耗脂肪。 记住损害肝功能的药物不要用，也不要在药店买一些保肝的保健品，因为肝脏也是解毒的器官，一些药品的代谢产物会经过肝脏解毒，增加肝脏负担。 甘油三酯太高,已是高脂血症要吃降酯药,菲诺贝特类降脂药 还要调整饮食结构:1.少吃高脂食物如肥肉,油,奶油,花生等;2少吃高胆固醇食物如动物内脏,脑髓,蛋黄,松花蛋等;3.少吃高热量食物,如面粉,大米,巧可力,白糖,油脂等.4.多吃降脂食物如玉米,燕麦,洋葱,大蒜,茄子,芹莱,木耳,海带,香菇,鱼等.5.可经常用山楂,菊花,绞股兰泡水喝.6.关键是管住嘴,主食每天不超过8两! 在人体内高三酸甘油酯含量与动脉硬化有关，加上高血压会提高冠状动脉性心脏病与中风的可能性。 4 高三酸甘油酯指数导致的另一个疾病是胰腺炎。 指数(毫克,分升) 指数(微摩尔,升 注释 ) <150 <1.69 一般，低危险 150-199 1.70-2.25 临界，高危险 200-498 2.25-5.63 高 >500 >5.65 非常高，危险性增高 总胆固醇(TC) 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL) “坏”胆固醇，过高则冠心病危险增加; 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL) “好”胆固醇，过低是冠心病的危险因素; 甘油三酯(TG) 某些条件下，高TG增加冠心病危险。 有助降血脂的食物 血脂高的人平时多吃一些有助降低血脂的食物，如:大枣、山楂、枸杞子、葵花子、番茄、猕猴桃、黄瓜、芹菜、茄子、辣椒、萝卜、胡萝卜、大蒜、香菇、豆腐、燕麦等。 收紧嘴巴，放开手脚”。 “收紧嘴巴”是指控制饮食，尤其是那些含胆固醇、甘油三酯的食物，也包括其他高热量的食物。要知道，中国的经济发展迅猛，今天食品的丰富程度简直让人难以置信，人们根本没有来得及更新饮食观念，餐桌已经摆满了鸡鸭鱼肉。结果，中国人的血脂水准直线上升，高脂血症患者日益增多 直接胆红素高是怎么回事呢,编者特邀北京京科肝泰医院肝病专家李主任说，直接胆红素高主要有阻塞性黄疸引起的，能够引起肝细胞损害的疾病，如肝细胞性黄疸、急慢性肝炎、肝硬化等。先天性体内缺乏某些酶。检查肝功前做剧烈的运动等等都可导致直接胆红素偏高的现象～ 肝病专家指出，正常情况下人体血清直接胆红素的正常值是1.71,6.8μmol/L，要想知道血清直接胆红素偏高的原因是什么，首先先来了解一下胆红素在人体内的代谢过程。胆红素是由红细胞死亡产生的，首先经过肝脏的代谢后，变成直接胆红素，直接胆红素再进入胆道系统，最终排放到肠道内，并排出体外，根据胆红素的代谢过程可知血清直接胆红素偏高的原因主要有以下的两个方面。 5 (1)、胆道发生阻塞时，直接胆红素不能及时的排放到肠道，并且排出体外，也会使直接胆红素的含量升高的。 (2)、各种肝炎如乙肝、丙肝、酒精肝、脂肪肝等导致肝脏的代谢能力下降，不能把合成的直接胆红素正常排放到胆道就会逆流入血，使血清直接胆红素偏高。直接胆红素偏高的危害有哪些 胆红素在肝细胞内转化，与葡糖醛酸结合形成直接胆红素，测定直接胆红素主要用于鉴别黄疸的类型，也是肝功检查中的一项非常重要的指标。在临床引起直接胆红素偏高的原因有很多种，直接胆红素偏高怎么办要先找对病因。 总胆红素是肝功能检查的重要指标，但是总胆红素偏高怎么办?总胆红素偏高的危害，在肝功能检查时有很多病人问这个问题。总胆红素作为肝功能检查的重要一项，在一定程度上能反映肝功能是否异常。那么总胆红素高是什么原因呢?针对这个问题，下面请肝病专家详细给大家讲解一下: 总胆红素高是什么原因 专家指出胆红素是体内的红细胞衰老后代谢产生。总胆红素可以分为间接胆红素和直接胆红素两种。间接胆红素进入肝脏，在肝脏的代谢作用下转化成直接胆红素，直接胆红素进入胆囊，然后经肠道排出。 专家指出，在临床上，总胆红素升高可以分成三个原因，详细如下: 1.总胆红素升高——间接胆红素升高，直接胆红素不变。可能原因:溶血性黄疸，新生儿黄疸，输血时血型不合等。 2.总胆红素升高——间接胆红素升高，直接胆红素升高。可能原因:肝细胞性黄疸，肝硬化，急性黄疸型肝炎等。 3.总胆红素升高——间接胆红素不变，直接胆红素升高。可能原因:阻塞性黄疸，胆石症，肝癌等。 正常的甘油三酯水平:儿童,l00mg/dL(1.13mmol/L)，成人,150mg,dL(1.7mmol/L) (临界性高甘油三酯血症:250,500mg,dL(2.83-5.65mmol,L) (明确的高甘油三酯血症:大于500mg,dL(5.65mmol,L) (生理:主要含有脂蛋白的甘油三酯为 乳糜微粒:在进食后状态下，由肠道吸收饮食中的脂肪 6 极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL):在空腹状态下，由碳水化合物及脂肪酸在肝内进行内源合成 中等密度脂蛋白(IDL):由乳糜微粒和VLDL降解形成 甘油三酯高吃什么好,作为一种和饮食习惯密切相关的疾病，日常生活中甘油三酯高吃什么就显得尤为重要。今天本文来带大家来了解下甘油三酯高吃什么好。 甘油三酯高患者的日常饮食以清淡为原则，要限制动物脂肪和糖类的摄入，同时要多吃具有降脂作用的食物，还可以经常食用一些具有降血脂作用的简单药膳。下面让我们详细看看甘油三酯高吃什么。 甘油三酯高吃什么好之一 动物脂肪、甜食要少吃 甘油三酯高者对糖类特别敏感，含糖高的食品可以使甘油三酯含量更高。因此各种糖类、以及含糖丰富的甜食和药物都最好不吃。作为血脂高的一种，甘油三酯高应限制脂肪尤其是动物脂肪，像动物脑髓、内脏、蛋黄、蟹黄等胆固醇高的食物一定要少吃。 甘油三酯高吃什么好之二 具有降脂作用的食物 那么甘油三酯高吃什么呢,主食应搭配部分粗粮，副食应以鱼、豆类、新鲜蔬菜水果为主。另外，多吃帮助降血脂的食物也非常有好处，如海洋生物、豆类富含多不饱和脂肪酸，可帮助降低血脂。 降甘油三脂作用的食物有:大马哈鱼、沙丁鱼、牡蛎、苹果、蜜橘、胡萝卜、玉米、马齿苋、海带、甜杏仁、豆类及豆制品、茶、大蒜等。 降低血脂、防治动脉硬化的食物有:海带、紫菜、金针菇、香菇、木耳、洋葱等。 甘油三酯高吃什么好之三 几个降脂小药膳 甘油三酯高吃什么药膳好呢,为您推荐几款降血脂的食物: 1、生山楂:每天吃1-2个山楂或坚持用生山楂泡水喝，可降血压降血脂。 7 2、大蒜:大蒜能抑制动脉硬化发展，可降血脂、抗血凝。推荐蒜泥茄子，可降血脂。 3、海带:降血脂、降血压。推荐海带冬瓜汤，可降脂降压。 提问:甘油三酯高吃什么药(内附化验单) 所患疾病: 甘油三酯高 血糖 6.63 甘油三酯 6.74 总胆固醇 7.51 高密度脂蛋白 1.13 低密度脂蛋白 3.59 在吃 阿托伐他汀钙片 和 绞股蓝总苷分散片 1.推荐一些药物，听说总吃阿托伐他汀钙片对内脏不好 2.平时饮食及运动应该注意些什么 1 首先要饮食控制，食用低脂低热量食品;2 加强运动，消耗掉已储存在体内多余的热量。3 合理的药物治疗如口服瑞舒伐他汀或阿托伐他汀等，帮助你尽快降血脂代谢趋于正常。4 定期复查肝功、血脂、肌 酸激酶等。 甘油三酯高吃什么药效果好 血脂是血液中各种脂类物质的总称。其中最重要的是胆固醇和甘油三脂。甘油三脂即脂肪。它们不溶于水，与蛋白质结合成脂蛋白，在血液中循环运转。脂蛋白有很多类型，许多医院化验的β脂蛋白，即是其中的一种。还有一种被称为高密度脂蛋白的，它的作用则和β脂蛋白完全相反，具有对抗动脉硬化的作用。 健康人的平均血胆固醇含量为每100毫升血中有160毫克，如超过220毫克为过高;甘油三脂为85毫克，如超过160毫克为过高;β脂蛋白为400毫克，如超过600毫克为过高;高密度脂蛋白则为55毫克，当然，这个数值是越高越好，如低于35毫克，反而视为不正常。 胆固醇轻度增高，可能由于胆固醇和动物性脂肪摄入过多所致。吸烟、糖尿病、甲状腺机能减退症等，也可以引起胆固醇增高。胆固醇含量每100毫升血中超过300毫克的称为重度高胆固醇血症，有时可为家族性疾病。轻度甘油三脂增高，可能由于糖类食物摄入过多、吸烟、肥胖等因素引起。重度的高甘油三脂，多与糖尿病、肝病、慢性肾炎等有关。β脂蛋白中包括胆固醇和甘油三脂，凡引起胆固醇或甘油三脂增高的因素，皆可使β脂蛋白升高。而高密度脂蛋白过低，则可能由遗传、营养不良、肝脏病变及缺乏运动等因素造成。 无论是胆固醇含量增高，还是甘油三脂的含量增高，或是两者皆增高，统称为高脂血症。高脂血症与冠心病有密切的关系，尤其是胆固醇与甘油三脂皆增高的，患冠心病的危险性更大。当然，有高脂血症，并不意 8 味着一定会患冠心病，但积极治疗高脂血症，却是预防冠心病的重要之一。 合理的饮食是治疗高脂血症的有效和必要的措施。由于目前使用的降脂药物均有一定的副作用，所以只在饮食治疗无效时，才考虑药物治疗。若是单纯高胆固醇，则应限制胆固醇的摄入，每天摄入胆固醇应低于200毫克,一只鸡蛋即含胆固醇约250,300毫克，故蛋黄、动物内脏等，皆应控制食用。动物油的摄入也应减少。若是单纯高甘油三脂，则应限制食物的总量，尤其是要限制糖类食物的摄入，并适当限制动物脂肪和胆固醇的摄入。如果胆固醇与甘油三脂一并增高的，则应将以上的原则结合起来考虑。高脂血症病人的饮食要有节制，每日摄人的食物能量以维持正常体重的需要为准。降脂药种类很多，应在医师指导下服用。病人应多运动，可以促进体内多余脂肪的消耗。 【处方】 1.人体中的脂类大部分从食物中来，所以高脂血症的人饮食应有节制，主食之中应搭配部分粗粮，副食品以鱼类、瘦肉、豆及豆制品、各种新鲜蔬菜、水果为主。少食精制食品、甜食、奶油、巧克力等。 2.海带、紫菜、木耳、金针菇、香菇、大蒜、洋葱等食物有利于降低血脂和防治动脉粥样硬化，可以常吃。饮牛奶宜去奶油，不加糖。蛋类原则上每日不超过1只，烹调时避免油炒、油煎。 3.烹调食物用素油，少吃油煎食物。少吃花生，因其中含油甚多，但可以食用核桃肉、瓜子仁、果仁等。 4.胆固醇过高者应少食蛋黄、肉类(特别是肥肉)、动物内脏、鸡皮、鸭皮、虾皮、鱼子、脑等含胆固醇量高的食物。甘油三酯过高者要忌糖、忌甜食，并应限制总食量。饮食治疗应持之以恒。 5.积极参加体育锻练，并坚持不懈，以利于脂肪的消耗。 6.药物治疗，可采用安妥明、非诺贝特、烟酸肌醇脂、亚油酸、脉通、益寿宁等，但需在医师指导下坚持服用才有效果。 7.洗血。 9 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised 10 history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an 11 important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the 12 authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, 13 respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the 14 wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the 15 < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the 16 party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization 17 amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and 18 supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the 19 strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding 20 performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption 21 struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of 22 the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made 23 provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation 24 Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted 25 and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior 26 punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements 27 adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in 28 accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in 29 offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of 30 feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for 31 instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant 32 provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, 33 the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. 34 The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions 35 of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in 36 public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if 37 the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in 38 simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root 39 according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the 40 original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary 41 terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new 42 shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with 43 the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth 44 mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously 45 organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations 46 at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic 47 life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. 48 Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > 49 closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection 50 and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely 51 linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, 52 dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely 53 punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 54