中美思维方式差异对饮食文化的影响

中美思维方式差异对饮食文化的影响 本科毕毕毕文 中美思毕方式差毕毕食文化的影异响 学 院 外毕院学 毕 毕 英 毕 方 向 教 育 年 毕 学号 姓 名 指 毕 毕教 二?一三年四月 On the Difference of Dietary Culture Influenced by the Way of Thinking Between China and America Supervisor: Author: A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B. A. in English I Acknowledgments This paper could not have been completed without my supervisor Huangyan,who has guided and supported me in the completion of my work.She is not only my academic adviser but also a role model,one who accepts different opinions and shares knowledge with colleagues. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction,this thesis could not have reached its present form. At the beginning of my work, she initially provided me with advice that stimulated my academic curiosity and my research idea and has shown a thoughtful interest in my progress through the whole process. Furthermore, she offers me insightful comments and thoughtful assistance throughout the writing of the paper, which I greatly appreciate. I also thank my friends, for providing me with invaluable academic advice and encouragement. I am grateful to them for being my friends and academic consultants in the past two years. Additionally, my sincere appreciation goes to Mr. Wang, a very knowledgeable teacher, who embraced my interdisciplinary research idea at its initial stage. In one word, I would like to thank all those who have ever helped me. At last, my thanks would go to my beloved friends for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who have given me their warm help and precious time to work out my problems during the tough course of the thesis. I Abstract Diet is the first need for the survival and development of human beings, and it is also the basic forms of social life. However, different cultural background will have different ideas and ways of eating food, and eventually form different dietary requirement. Cultural differences between China and America final analysis the thinking patterns. Typical characteristics of Chinese thought patterns are emotional, imagery and integrated; while Americans are used to rational thinking or logical thinking, and in the meantime they preserve the world by analytical thinking mode, and scientific mode of thinking. Cultural differences between China and America create the differences of food culture, which comes from the different cultural values, ways of thinking and philosophy. By comparing the different cultural values between China and America, the paper mainly makes a research on the differences of American and Chinese food culture from the aspects of dietary conception, structure and table manners. It is points out the inevitable trend of their blending. Understanding the differences between American and Chinese food cultures and rectifying the attitudes towards different cultures will help avoid the contradictions and conflicts brought forth by different food culture and values, and thus promote intercultural exchange and development of the two countries. Key words: food culture; Chinese and American value orientation; dietary habit II 内 容 摘 要 毕食是人毕生存毕展的第一需要与,也是社生活的基本形式之一。然而在不同会 的文化背景下,有不同的毕食毕念和毕食方式会,最毕形成不同的毕食需求。中美毕食文化差毕根毕底毕是思毕方式上的差～中人感性思毕～及形象思毕毕～整性特异异国达体 点强很,喜毕采用毕合思毕模式。美人毕向于理性思毕或毕毕思毕～性思毕明毕～毕常国个体 采用分析思毕模式～以科思毕方式的方式毕毕世界学.中美文化之毕的差造就了中异美毕食文化的差异,而毕毕差自中美不同的价毕毕、思毕方式和毕世哲异来学.本文透毕中美不同的文化价毕毕,主要毕毕食毕念～毕食毕和餐毕三方面的毕食文化。了解中美构桌礼 毕食文化,端正毕各自文化的毕度,可以避免跨文化交毕毕程中由于不同的毕食文化和毕念而毕生的矛盾和突冲,增毕方的了解和通。双沟 毕毕毕,中美文化价毕毕～毕食毕念～餐毕桌礼 III Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................................I Abstract...............................................................................................................................II 内 容 摘 要......................................................................................................................III1. Introduction......................................................................................................................1 2. Differences and Reasons of Chinese and American Value Orientation...........................1 2.1 Value Orientation in Chinese Culture and Reasons.................................................2 2.1.1Chinese Collectivism........................................................................................2 2.1.2 Chinese perceptual Thinking ..........................................................................3 2. 2 The Value Orientation in American Culture and Reasons......................................4 2.2.1 American Individualism...................................................................................4 2.2.2 American Rational Thinking............................................................................6 3. Impacts on Chinese and American Dietary Habits........................................................7 3.1 Chinese Dietary Habit..............................................................................................7 3.2 American Dietary Habit ..........................................................................................7 3.3 Different Table Manners........................................................................................104. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................11 References..........................................................................................................................13 毕于毕毕毕文原毕性的明声.........................................................................................................i 1. Introduction Food is an indispensable component for the survival and development of human beings. There are two desires in life: one is feasting food to survive; and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line. Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while Americans prefer the latter. Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend. Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why do we call it culture? That is because diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and there also has a great distinction between China and America. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in America, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is not hard study it. To the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more. We can easily find that there exist various differences between Chinese and American dietary cultures. American diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be artistic and sentimental. Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and American dietary culture has had different characteristics. The differences in value orientation, dietary habits, table manners, attribution and nature have reflected the different dietary culture characteristic: such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture and has enhanced the communication between China and America. 2. Differences and Reasons of Chinese and American Value Orientation Chinese people have a long tradition of being modest and they don’t like to overstate or to be too assertive,Pursuing harmony for the sake of harmony itself so as to avoid the ethic conflict. Confucianism stresses the need to achieve harmony in society through moral conduct in all relationships, by means of adopting collectivism, self-restraint to avoiding confusion, competition, conflict and so on. Consequently, Chinese 1 people lack a sense of risk taking and pioneering spirit of innovation.However Americans have a strong conception of self centeredness,and most of them are exposed to acquire it at home since the day when they were born. Individualism is the core of American culture and one of the manifestations of analytic thinking. ’ 2.1 Value Orientation in Chinese Culture and Reasons The basic difference between Chinese and American culture lies in the thought patterns. We must be aware, however, that there are cultural differences in aspects of thinking and knowing. This diversity can be clarified by and related to intercultural communication by making a general comparison between western and eastern thought patterns. In Chinese culture, the concept of cooperating with nature is deeply embedded in people’s mind. There is a perception that nature is part of life, and not a hostile force waiting to be subdued. The collective orientation affirms that people should live in harmony with nature in every way possible. The collective orientation is eloquently summarized by Chief Seattle, “Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web we do to ourselves. All things are bound together; all things are connected.” (Ren, 2008) 2.1.1Chinese Collectivism Since Chinese culture highly value harmony, each part is said to be contained in the whole. Therefore, Chinese thought patterns incline to follow a general-particular order, observing things from whole to part. Such collectivistic values are embodied as filial piety, family solidarity, group harmony and fulfillment of others’ needs. It has some similarity with the Chinese women in the city, but most Chinese women put more energy to the family. Then what about the father in Chinese family? Of course, they go to work to support the family, but they typically spend a significant amount of his time with their children. When the children sit together with their father, they are not equal and they don’t 2 like friends to talk about something or debate each other. So, no matter adults or children, they less than their independent idea. The relationship between father and children in China is different. Father s status in family is as ruler and master. They are very strict, and the conversation between father and children is very formal and serious. A lot of children must follow their father’s words. It is not encouraged to argue with father. It caused Chinese inward- going character. Chinese parents will focus their entire love on their only child. They will give their children anything they want and do everything for their children. No matter how tired they are, how difficultly they make money, they will have the children enjoyed a comfortable life. By doing so, children rely a lot on parents, and it also hinders the own abilities development of the children. In family education, parents often treat children with respect and equal attitude. Parents want to make the children recognize that they are equal with adults in personality and have independent status, encouraged kids to have a correct understanding of their own. Parents will discuss some of the growing problems and will listen to the views of the children, when they meet problems, making recommendations are better than directly telling the kids how to do it. There has been a Chinese camp, the organizers found Chinese students like to help others and they could conquer the difficulties together; Chinese always have fixed living place, because we have the resident card we are costumed with the people around us. They always keep close touch with their neighbors, and they know each other very well the neighbor between each other will help him or her of their own accord. They will celebrate some festivals together with all family members. For example, Chinese Spring Festival. This is collectivism (Yao , 2009) 2.1.2 Chinese perceptual Thinking Chinese diet of sentimental, it make full of imagination, creativity, and artistic, this kind of beyond the necessity of free state, the biggest characteristic of perceptual. In China, not only the major cuisine has its own flavor and characteristics. Chinese usually attention taste, not too thought of nutrition, which reflected in everyday speech in, such as family diners, main course end on surface, master often modesty ground to say: "food burn well, not necessarily close your taste, they managed to eat. He never said:" food 3 nutrition value is not high, heat enough. "In the Chinese society," eat "far not simply for satisfied, nor to nutrition, sometimes full, also can eat, because the" tasty "the lure of heartily for taste sensation. But in western reasonable diet watch, these kinds of overload diet not only create waste, and harm to human. Although Chinese exquisite dietary supplements, supplements, food to rise, attach importance to the diet to health tonic, but our cooking but to pursue the delicacy for the first requirement that many nutrition loss and damage, so nutritional problems may be China's diet greatest weakness Even if the same chef in different seasons, occasions, eating people identity, age, health status and adjust. In addition, every Chinese chef, can by his own mood improvisation, but the guest not protest different tastes, because Chinese diners criteria is also perceptual.(Pribram , 1949) 2. 2 The Value Orientation in American Culture and Reasons American social structure is made up of different individuals who come together to accomplish a certain thing. Americans believe that each person is a distinct entity and ought to assert and achieve independence from others. An individual’s most important concern is his self-interest: sell-expression, self-improvement, self-gratification and independence. 2.2.1 American Individualism Individualism is a calm and considerable feeling which disposes each citizen to isolate himself from the mess of his fellows and with draw into the circle of family and friend, but it is not equal to selfish. It means independence, deciding or doing something by oneself. American culture takes the object as the dominant factor, based on nature, so they neglect people. Most of the Americans are busy with work, and they have the high pace every day, so they don t know each other very well and they are lack of opportunity to meet each other. The American family is a nuclear family, consisting usually of parents and their unmarried children but every family member has their own positions, and equal rights are often exercised between husband and wife. The parents also attach great importance to the children's own preferences and interests to form their understanding of 4 their rights and responsibilities. Therefore, parents in the United States are not called selfless dedicators to children, because parents in the United States generally will not sacrifice their own interests for the interests of their children. Therefore, it formed their individual character. Individualism even becomes a symbol of American National identity. Individualism provides a reasonable explanation for the unique American ethnic attitudes, behavior and ambition. Americans believe that everyone is equal, and each individual person has independent thinking, so people are equal to each other, are citizens of the world, and have the right to actively participate in public affairs. It gives a unity and progress perspective to the past, present and future Americans highly value individual’s struggle, so they long for their own achievements, and all individual’s biggest achievement in life lies in being accepted among his peers. American’s individualism immediately leads to privacy which they regard as the individual’s inalienable right. No idea may be held more sacred in America, or be more coveted by others, than the principle of individual freedom. Given the chance to pursue the heart desires, our Utopian vision claims, each of us has the ability and the right to make our dreams come true. This extraordinary individualism has prevailed as the core doctrine of the new world through four centuries, bringing with it an unrelenting pressure to prove one’s self (Xu, 2010). Just because individualism plays a vital role in their life, American people proclaim that all human beings are equal in their intrinsic worth. In culture, individualism is displayed by advocating freedom, equality and diversity. The United States Constitution provides security for freedom of speech and freedom of the press, it can not only ensure the people’s right to speak but also promote the diversification of American culture. Individualism is a core value of American culture and American history (Yao, 1998) it is also one of the most important reasons why the United States of America can become a world power. Of course, everything has two sides, the connotation of individualism also has a dual nature. The pursuit of personal development, equality, freedom, democracy and respect for individuals’ legitimate rights provides a powerful spiritual motivation and cultural orientation for the development of American society. The first American individualists were thoroughly stepped in a one-for-all mentality on the assumption that all moral persons would devote themselves to the good of the group. In cultures that are pro- individualism, such as Australia, Britain, and America, an “I” consciousness prevails: 5 competition rather than cooperation is encouraged; personal goals take precedence over group goals; people tend not to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions; and every individual has the right to his or her private property, thoughts, and opinions. They are self-centered and emphasize self-interest and individual accomplishment. And the social ties between individuals are loose (Stewart, 2008). 2.2.2 American Rational Thinking American thinking is generally logical. They diet idea is rational, pay attention to science diet idea. In dietary respect emphasis on nutritional value, when eating try to keep the food original and natural nutrition, and not pursuit of form perfect food color, smell and taste. They eat is nutrition, pay attention to a day absorb how many quantity of heat, vitamin, protein. Breakfast is often an egg and a glass of milk, a few pieces of bread and sausage, generally is the buffet lunch, dinner is bread, chips, sausages, ham, chicken, cheese. American thought patterns tend to be analytic, abstractive, logical and future-oriented most characteristic form scientific induction which“pays great attention to the raw materials provided by the senses and applies rational principles to those raw materials to bring them into a more or less orderly and self-consistent whole” It comes to conclusion through the process of induction, analysis, abstraction, classification and categorization rather than experience and intuition American people “experiment, criticize, frame hypotheses and definitions.” (Xu, 2010). American’s abstractive thinking can be manifested by the wide use of abstract nouns in their language instead of verbs to express complex thoughts and subtle feelings. American’s thinking tendency is to see the world in terms of dichotomies, to divide the world into human and nature, material and spiritual, society and nature. Americans value future highly. So they endeavor to seek change American people are remarkable for irrepressible action, experiment, invention, adventure and progress. They are adaptive to changes other than being restricted by conventions. American society is mobile. Instead of clinging to one occupation, they frequently change their jobs. They migrate from one place to another, travel a lot. 6 3. Impacts on Chinese and American Dietary Habits Cultural differences between China and America created the difference of food culture. The differences come from the different ways of thinking and philosophy between China and America. Richness and diversity of nationalizes are also the embodiment of their creativity. China and the United States have some different views and attitudes toward diet, and these differences might hinder interpreters from translating properly and spreading the dietary culture of the two countries in a better way. 3.1 Chinese Dietary Habit Food has developed a very important part in people’s life. It is almost beyond any other material and spiritual forms, and this has been apparently reflected in people’s daily 1ife. In China, whether family or friends and relatives to share food, implement system is a meal together. Habit everyone at the table and sit together to enjoy on gourmet food. Chinese people used to began to eat after put dishes; we talk over dinner, to eat each other. Make some happy or formal events are used to each other cigarettes toast, at the same time people are eating emotional communication. The seven so-called basic daily needs:firewood,rice,oil,salt,sauces,vinegar,tea, all have deep relations to food. Eating goes through a man’s whole 1ife. Generally speaking there are four major distinctly different cooking styles in China: Sichuan, Cantonese, Shandong and Huaiyang. Red pepper, black pepper and fresh ginger are indispensable ingredients. The ingredients in Cantonese cuisine range from fish, shrimps and poultry to snakes, wild cats and giant salamanders. Shandong cuisine refers to the cuisine that is originated in Shandong province. Thanks to its coastline, the province excels in fish and seafood dishes such as sea cucumbers and crabs. Simmering, boiling or baking in earthenware pots over a low fire is a feature of Huaiyang cuisine including Yang Zhou and Jiangsu province (Li, 2005). Chinese food pay attention to color, aroma, taste, shape, implements. Chinese dietary reflected in Chinese classical philosophy and the concept of zero, collectivism thoughts. Chinese philosophy stresses “harmony between man and nature”, and harmony to the highest ideals.3.2 American Dietary Habit Americans pay attention to nutrition, pay attention to healthy diet concept, diet is no 7 longer as a matter of survival needs, but to rise to the height of the pursuit of health. Americans are accustomed to use a knife and fork, as dining tools. Americans will be drinking with meals or drinks. It is quite usual to drink cocktails before lunch and dinner in America and somewhat less usual, except in California, to drink wine with a meal. You can either have a cocktail in the bar, if there is one, while you wait for a table or for friends, or you can have one served before your dinner comes. At some restaurants the waiter/waitress will come to your table as soon as you sit down to ask if you want a cocktail, and you can then drink this while deciding what to order to eat. At others, there may be a separate cocktail waiter or waitress. In this case, you do not normally order wine from him or her but from the normal waiter- or the wine waiter is there is one. American menus can look rather confusing at first sight, for they may use some terms which are unfamiliar to most visitors. Here are some points which may be useful. It is usual to have a salad with your meal, and a separate plate is provided for this purpose. The normal practice in America is to eat the salad before the main course. A wonderful American invention is the salad bar. In restaurants that have these salad bars the waiter does not bring your salad. You go to the salad bar and help yourself, usually to as much as you want. This is normally done after you have ordered your meal; you eat the salad while the main course is being cooked. Fried mushrooms, fried onion rings and fried zucchini are sometimes served as starters. Potatoes most often come "French-fried" or baked. If you order a baked potato, the waiter will ask you what you want on it. The choice is butter and/or sour cream and sometimes chives. Very often vegetables do not come automatically with the meal, and you have to pay extra for them. American beef is usually good and often wonderful. American salt and pepper pots are confusing until you realize that the salt pot may look like a pepper pot except that the salt pot’s holes are bigger. Pepper is normally black rather than white. American mustard is mild and normally eaten with hot dogs or hamburgers rather than meat. And that stuff in a dish that looks ice cream is actually whipped butter. 　You have probably heard that in American restaurants, the more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns are buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction 8 between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect. However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Mr. Zhan in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet. Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat. Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes. Then you can access for large plots. And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste. Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern. It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place. This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture if you can’t finish your meal; you can put the remains in a “doggy bag” and take them home. This is quite true. If you leave some meat, in particular, your waiter may ask you if you’d like him to put it into “a little bag”, or you can ask him to do this. They often Once and for all buy a week in the refrigerator storage of food as daily consumption of frozen food, when they cook with salt is only half of the Chinese people. Most restaurants in the United States have a license to serve alcohol. Restaurants that serve hard liquor are said to have “a full bar.” The drinking age in American is 21.if people look young, be prepared to show proof of his age when ordering alcohol. There are only a few situations where tipping is expected. One situation you will encounter most often is at restaurants. American restaurants do not add a service charge to the bill. (Xiao, 2012) Therefore it is expected that the customer will leave a tip for the server. Common practice is to leave a tip that is equal to 15% of the total bill for acceptable service, and about 20%for superior service. If the service was unusually poor, you could leave a smaller tip, about 10%.Pay attention to individual, outstanding individual character, advocating equal individualism Righteous values. Because the United 9 States pay attention to the accuracy, scientific nature, so each join enterprises joining in the shop has a detailed management manual, make food also should be carried out in strict accordance with the provisions of the standards, so that different parts of the world, people can enjoy consistent taste American food. American diet culture brand names in the ring, for ordinary people in China are known as fast food KFC, MacDonald, Pizza hut. 3.3 Different Table Manners Table manners seem to be especially important both in China and the U.S.on the dinner tables, the most obvious difference is the choices of their tableware.The Chinese use chopsticks to clamp rice and dishes, while people from American cut food with their knives clearly. These different consumption patters are not an accidental phenomenon. Since ancient times, Chinese people have been farming on land. And nowadays the majority of the Chinese are still farmers in such a cultural environment,people usually live on cereal-based food, tending lo live and work in peace, stressing the preciousness of stability opposing aggression and attacks. Fang restless, but a person ferial sit in table was devoted to static cutting their prey. Chinese ferial so quiet, sitting on a meal Table, then flowed, and mutual help people to dish, good or not. The Chinese table the make and western table of static reflects China and the west diet culture Fundamental differences. They lived on meat-based diet. In order to be able to survive in the cruel circumstances, they must be good at hunting, and be offensive, aggressive. Gradually they have developed an adventurous character trait. These two cultural preferences are almost contrary to each other. So what is reflected in the diet tends to be the choices of their tableware and their eating ways. The arrangement of guest’s seats is also an important way to show people’s social status and personal relationship in different countries. The layout of seats is different. In China, the guests who are usually respected most would sit in the south of the table. Chinese and western pay attention to in the formal fete activity of order 10 arrangement. China People traditionally use square table. When entertain guest, elderly or high-ranking people sat box-office, men and women master or sit down and the rest of the guest seat in order to sit partial seat guests. Westerners Treat with fit, men and women both ends, and then sit master points by men and women in the Lord Penn and general guests order to arrange seat. Westerners dining forks and knives, Chinese use chopsticks. Of course knives and forks and chopsticks the son of usage has its own rules. Through the western diet cultural differences and western table manners Comparison, not only reflect the cultural traditions, but also around refracts the Different ethnic psychology, values and moral standards, social relations and clubs Will the etiquette and social customs etc, that of western cultural proposition personal glory Alarm and self-centered, innovation spirit and individual freedom, and Chinese culture Advocate modest, selfless dedication, the doctrine of the mean and the unity cooperation; Westerners’ equality stronger consciousness, family structure simple, But Chinese etc Grade concept is stronger, the family structure is more complex, the traditional family happiness For generations cohabit. (Feng, 2012) The biggest difference between Chinese and American food culture is the focus is different, namely "nutrition" and "delicious" revolving light is both heavy problem. In western countries, American eating mostly just as a necessary means of survival and communicate. Diet is a rational concept, whether food color, fragrance, taste, and shape how, nutrition must be guaranteed. Lin Yutan, says Mr. Anglo-American only by "eat" for a biological machine injecting fuel, as long as they ate later can keep the body strong enough to resist bacteria infection, the other is futile. The common friends sit in the north part of the table places .In American after using a knife or fork, it should be placed on a plate rather than replacing it on the table. if some food is offered that you do not want ,simply say“no, thank you ’’.When you are finished, it is proper to place both the knife and the fork side by side diagonally across your plate, handles downward. (Xiao, 2011)4. Conclusion It is so important that we can even assert that the development of the world today is the outcome of thinking. Chinese thought patterns, based on experience and intuition, are predominantly synthetic, associative, and past-oriented. The American thought patterns, 11 based on logic and facts,are predominantly analytic,abstractive and future-oriented. The food style of a culture is certainly first of all determined by the natural resources that are available for its use. It is thus not surprising that Chinese food is above all characterized by an assemblage of plants and animals that grew prosperously in the Chinese land for a long time. Basically speaking, the common feature of Chinese cuisine and American cuisine is that both of them integrate many different kinds of cuisine, no matter how different districts or ethnics are. Food culture is so solidly based on the origin of the people living on the land (Feng, 2012). The differences of food culture between China and America are so obvious that they can be examined as different in nearly every aspect of cooking as discussed above. Cultural differences between Chinese and America created the difference of food culture. But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the "KFC" “MacDonald”, “Pizza hut”. These mark a new America food culture exchanges and infiltration. While the differences of culture come from the different ways of thinking and philosophy between China and America Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World. China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges. We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China new culture. This work can make the world to know China better and let China go to the world. 文章容太毕毕薄、毕～句子述毕毕毕重～且毕中英毕点符毕毕不以致内浅号清乱 用、混用,需要端正毕度毕修改,真 12 References [1] Stewart,E.C.American Cultural Patterns:A Cross—cultural Perspective[M].Chicago: International Press,1972. [2] Pribram, K.Conflicting Thought Patterns [M].Washington:Public Affairs Press,1949.[3] Ren Shuqing.Rethinking Individualism.In:Wang Dian qi, eds.Journal of Nogh China Electric Power University (Social Science Collection of2006Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2006. [4] Yaochunyu,D.(2009. The Learner-centered Curriculum [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. [5] 从异毕食文化差透毕中美核心价毕毕[J].广青学学西年干部院毕,2007(2):69-71. [6] 毕太群. 中美毕食文化的毕比究研[J].毕毕哈毕大毕;哲社科版,学学学会学,2009(1):113- 115 [12] 毕恩毕.中文化毕毕国[M].北京:清学毕大出版社, 2006. [7 ] 刘宓毕. 思毕方式、表毕法和毕毕毕翻[J].广州:毕代外毕第1期,1993. [8 ] 端木毕万. 英美毕刊毕毕程教[M].北京:北京大出版社学, 2010. [9] 肖冉. 毕品美文化毕英毕国学[M].北京:中水利水毕出版社国,2011. [10] 吾淳. 中思毕形毕国[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1998. 13 毕于毕毕毕文原毕性的明声 本人毕重明,本人所呈交的毕毕毕文～是在毕毕的指毕下毕行究所取得的成果。毕毕毕声研 文中凡引用他人已毕毕表或未毕表的成果、据、毕点等～均已明注明出毕。除文中已毕数确 注明引用的容外～不包含任何其他人或集已毕毕表或撰毕的作品或科成果。内个体写研 毕本文的究成果做出重要毕的人和集～均已在文中以明方式毕明。研献个体确 本明的法律毕任由本人承。声担 毕文作者毕名, 日 期,年月日 i