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市盈率与市净率

2017-10-06 13页 doc 40KB 37阅读

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市盈率与市净率市盈率与市净率 对股票的价格高低估值方法很多,有的很复杂、有的很花哨还稍稍有点酷,但我这人喜欢朴素的真实,不喜欢华丽的浮夸;对于股票更是如此,对价值投资而言估值是中心问题之一,市盈率这种最原始、最简单的估值方法虽有许多局限性,但并不妨碍其作为一种实用的估值方法,应该说其符合我的座右铭:简单实用就是好。 说到市盈率的局限性那非常之多了,比如对资产负债、现金注、应收账款、发展趋势这些通通没有考虑,但前面我们反复说过不要寄希望于一个指标反应所有问题,一个指标肯定只能说明一个方面的问题,就像一个人不可能对每个领域都精通一样;对于这...
市盈率与市净率
市盈率与市净率 对股票的价格高低估值方法很多,有的很复杂、有的很花哨还稍稍有点酷,但我这人喜欢朴素的真实,不喜欢华丽的浮夸;对于股票更是如此,对价值投资而言估值是中心问之一,市盈率这种最原始、最简单的估值方法虽有许多局限性,但并不妨碍其作为一种实用的估值方法,应该说其符合我的座右铭:简单实用就是好。 说到市盈率的局限性那非常之多了,比如对资产负债、现金注、应收账款、发展趋势这些通通没有考虑,但前面我们反复说过不要寄希望于一个指标反应所有问题,一个指标肯定只能说明一个方面的问题,就像一个人不可能对每个领域都精通一样;对于这点要有正确认识,市盈率是一个重要的指标,但永远不要希望能准确无误反应股票价格的高低,更反应不了公司资产质量的好坏。 当然市盈率不是股票估值的理想方法,但在你没有形成自己的估值方法之前,其非常具有参考意义。市盈率亦称本益比,是一个反映投资收益与风险的重要指标,体现企业按现在的盈利水平需要累积多少年的利润才能相当目前的股价。对投资者而言市盈率倍数越小越好,越小一般说明投资价值越高;倍数大一般则意味着股价虚高,投资风险大;市盈率倍数通常认为在10-30倍是较合理区间,视乎不同行业前景与企业发展趋势;如果以静态市盈率计算的话,大大超出这个范围的情况下一般都可确定为高估或低估了,反而不需要太过复杂的计算方法。 市盈率(P/E)指股票的价格与每股收益之间的比例,也可以是总市值与净利润之间的比例。市盈率是以历史盈利为依据,故此所得出的结果从某种意义上说具有前溯性属;其本身暗含着一种假设,即以公司历史盈利记录为参考,认同这可作为分析未来盈利能力的依据。 市盈率可分为动态市盈率和静态市盈率,分子都一样以目前股价或总市值,动态与静态两者区别在于分母的不同,动态市盈率以近期的盈利为除数,一般可以有三种不同的算法,一是股票行情软件采用的即“当前盈利/当前季度*4”;二是以最近四个季度数据相加;三是以去年全年业绩为准。静态市盈率以多年的盈利为除数,可以是三年、五年、八年,这中间并没有一个统一的标准,没有说那一个数据最正确,人个认为三年太短也许一个经济周期还没完成,数据不能全面反应企业在各种环境下的表现,八年或以上又太长,那些数据已经代表不了现在企业的状况,建议以最近5年盈利为计算标准,这刚好也差不多跟一轮经济周期时间相当,比较合理、真实的反应企业的盈利情况;我个人从小就非常喜欢5这个字数,在周易中5代表中宫,在八卦里处于中心位置,故而在中国文化中也象征着中庸、和谐之义。两种市盈率的计算方法分别如下: 动态市盈率,每股价格?今年每股净利润,总市值?今年净利润 outside network voice medical floor 285 45 120 322 10 339 14 277 13 145 5 23 11 3 5 3 rehabilitation floor 44 3 10 18 5 28 5 2 6 3 66 1 52 1 0 70 18 0 72 0, 26, 2nd floor 20-59, East on the 1th floor 3 54 58 4 58 4 4 4 1th Lou-Lou 79 1 52 54 0 26 22 6 4-West building, 1th floor 53 23 36 80 2 80 2 5 1 Intranet total medical floor 1394 rehabilitation floor 234 1th, floor 562 2nd, floor 0 intranet total: 2190 outside network total medical floor 103 rehabilitation floor 18 1th, floor 70 2nd, floor 162 outside network total: 352 voice total medical floor 435 rehabilitation floor 120 1th, floor 435 2nd, floor 46 voice total: 1036 notes: indoor mobile communications cover system mobile communications cover system meet in rehabilitation center for normal mobile communications of requirements. Indoor mobile communication coverage system coverage range and signal power should ensure that the normal use of medical equipment and patient safety ... Cable TV systems as an important part of the rehabilitation centre electronic system for receiving international/domestic economic, trade, financial, information, culture and entertainment meet Center, nursing units, waiting for use in public areas. Cable systems as an integral part of the building intelligent systems, 860MHZ adjacent-channel design of bidirectional HFC network transmission mode. For city cable TV signal and Internet value-added services (videoconference) teletext and sound signals to provide a broadband distribution and interactive information delivery platform. From municipal cable TV operators a single optical fiber cable TV signal source to the medical floor information center front-end receiver. TV signal leads to first floor of weak hospital other monomers CATV box. Transmission main TV system coaxial cable, to user terminal branch line with SYWV-75-5-4P-coaxial cable, is wearing a metal pipe in the ceiling, floor and wall installation. The splitter and amplifiers installed in weak current shaft or the ceiling of the corridor. According to 860MHz 静态市盈率,每股价格?五年平均每股净利润,总市值?五年平均净利润 通常我们认为静态市盈率能更好的说明一家公司股价的高低,特别是对于周期性行业而言更是如此,动态市盈率说明不了问题,在盈利情况好的时候只有几倍,在盈利情况不好的时候可以有几百倍,只要静态市盈率把多年的利润平均化之后,才能比较客观公正的反应周期性行业真实盈利水平。可这同样存在一个问题,静态市盈率反应比较迟钝,它不能很好表明企业当下所处环境与以往的变化,过去不能代表将来,就是现在已经有情况表明企业经营状况正在恶化,对静态市盈率而言也是事不关己。 还有另外一种情况需要注意,静态市盈率同样不能看出发展趋势,比如有两家企业,一家每年都盈利5000万,另一家近五年的盈利分别是:1000万、2000万、3000万、4000万、5000万,现在的市值都是5亿,对于第一家而言动态与静态市盈率都同样是10倍,对于第二家动态市盈率虽也是10倍,可静态市盈率却是16.67倍,单单从静态市盈率看每二家股价明显要比第一家贵,可事实上以发展的眼光看,第二家明显要比第一家值钱,因为其发展趋势比第一家强上许多,现在两家市值相当,即是说第二家现在要比第一家更便宜了。 例子:“中兴通讯”(000063) 按今日收盘股价计算,股票行情软件显示中兴通讯动态市盈率为123.6倍,它没有理会一个事实,公司08年一季度净利润占全年比例3.67%,09年一季度净利润占全年比例3.2%,09年一季度净利润为7865.5元,今年一季度净利润为10986.4元,属于正常增长水平;即是说今年一季度不出意外恐怕净利润占全年比例也会在5%以下,用5%*4,20%来代表100%明显是不妥当的,中间居然出现了80%以上的偏差,也就出现了123.6倍的动态市盈率了,从本质上而言这已经失去了其应该具有的参考意义。 现在以静态市盈率按5年为期计算,中兴通讯2009年-2005年净利润分别为2,458,121,000元、1,660,199,000元、1,252,158,000元、766,972,000元、1,194,343,000元,5年总共为7,331,793,000元,平均每年为1,466,358,600元,即大概等于14.66亿元;目前公司总市值为443.8亿元,443.8元/14.66元,30.27倍,30倍的静态市盈率与123倍的动态市盈率之间的差距是4倍有余。本来按道理公司在不断成长会使得净利润越来越多,动态市盈率应该不断下降才对,但按行情软件的算法,却出现这种有反常理的现象。不过前面也说了静态市盈率本身也是有很多缺陷的,至少它不是一个理想的估值方法,但这不能否定其作为判断股价高低具有的重要参考意义。 outside network voice medical floor 285 45 120 322 10 339 14 277 13 145 5 23 11 3 5 3 rehabilitation floor 44 3 10 18 5 28 5 2 6 3 66 1 52 1 0 70 18 0 72 0, 26, 2nd floor 20-59, East on the 1th floor 3 54 58 4 58 4 4 4 1th Lou-Lou 79 1 52 54 0 26 22 6 4-West building, 1th floor 53 23 36 80 2 80 2 5 1 Intranet total medical floor 1394 rehabilitation floor 234 1th, floor 562 2nd, floor 0 intranet total: 2190 outside network total medical floor 103 rehabilitation floor 18 1th, floor 70 2nd, floor 162 outside network total: 352 voice total medical floor 435 rehabilitation floor 120 1th, floor 435 2nd, floor 46 voice total: 1036 notes: indoor mobile communications cover system mobile communications cover system meet in rehabilitation center for normal mobile communications of requirements. Indoor mobile communication coverage system coverage range and signal power should ensure that the normal use of medical equipment and patient safety ... Cable TV systems as an important part of the rehabilitation centre electronic system for receiving international/domestic economic, trade, financial, information, culture and entertainment meet Center, nursing units, waiting for use in public areas. Cable systems as an integral part of the building intelligent systems, 860MHZ adjacent-channel design of bidirectional HFC network transmission mode. For city cable TV signal and Internet value-added services (videoconference) teletext and sound signals to provide a broadband distribution and interactive information delivery platform. From municipal cable TV operators a single optical fiber cable TV signal source to the medical floor information center front-end receiver. TV signal leads to first floor of weak hospital other monomers CATV box. Transmission main TV system coaxial cable, to user terminal branch line with SYWV-75-5-4P-coaxial cable, is wearing a metal pipe in the ceiling, floor and wall installation. The splitter and amplifiers installed in weak current shaft or the ceiling of the corridor. According to 860MHz ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 市盈率在上一篇已经讨论过就不再重复了,现在首先对市净率作一下介绍,然后再讨论市盈率与市净率之间的关系,市净率指的是每股股价与每股净资产的比率,也可以是总市值与净资产的比率;市净率可作为股价高低的参考,一般来说市净率越低的股票投资价值越高。 市净率的计算方法是:市净率(P/B)=每股市价?每股净资产;市盈率与市净率衡量股价高低的主要区别是前者以盈利为参照,后者以净资产为参照。至于那个更重要,更具参考价值,这样的比较并没有多大的实际意义,如果一定要分出高低那我觉得市盈率相对更值得重视;前面说过无数次各指标之间是互补关系,而不是竞争关系,就是因为市盈率有不足之处才要参考市净率。 每股净资产是股票账面价值除以总股本得出的,账面价值中资产多以购置成本计量,当然也包括固定资产,前面我们已经讨论过,认为净资产并不能对投资安全提供有效保障,即是说PB提供的是一种投资标的价格的相对参照,而不能理解为对投资的保障程度;比如说PB等于2倍,就认为如果公司现在破产清算,那10元的投资可以拿回5元,这样理解在实践中肯定是不对的。虽然PB并不能代表盈利能力,也不能代表投资安全保障程度,可这不妨碍该指标对投资的参考意义。 上篇说到动态市盈率很容易出现波动,因为盈利很难有稳定的表现,特别是对于中小型企业和周期性行业更是如此,所以会出现如“中兴通讯”(000063)这样的现象;净资产除了资本运作外一般不会有突然间的大幅变化,所以市净率表现得要相对稳定得;短期变化主要由于股价因素导致的,不会出现如利润本期大幅增长而PE变得很低或大幅下降PE变得很高的现象,因此更能反应股价高低变化情况。 由于市净率只计净资产而不考虑资产盈利能力,如果长期市净率很低而市盈率很高,说明该部分资产达不到正常盈利能力水平,则基本失去了经营的意义。这种企业在光景好的时候还可以勉强经营,如果宏观经济或行业一旦有什么风吹草动,这类公司就如操场上的糠一样,不知道会被风吹往那个地方。如果A股不是有借壳上市这招,也会有很多公司常年PB小于1的,可如今这些公司的股价比谁都贵,不是因为业绩有爆发增长的可能,而是因为有资产重组这样的预期,这种现象很不健康,对市场的长远发展不利。 市盈率与市净率之间有着微妙的关系,我们先思考这样一个问题:在同样市盈率的情况下,是高市净率好还是低市净率好,一般人都会回答当然低市净率好,因为PB越低说明股价越便outside network voice medical floor 285 45 120 322 10 339 14 277 13 145 5 23 11 3 5 3 rehabilitation floor 44 3 10 18 5 28 5 2 6 3 66 1 52 1 0 70 18 0 72 0, 26, 2nd floor 20-59, East on the 1th floor 3 54 58 4 58 4 4 4 1th Lou-Lou 79 1 52 54 0 26 22 6 4-West building, 1th floor 53 23 36 80 2 80 2 5 1 Intranet total medical floor 1394 rehabilitation floor 234 1th, floor 562 2nd, floor 0 intranet total: 2190 outside network total medical floor 103 rehabilitation floor 18 1th, floor 70 2nd, floor 162 outside network total: 352 voice total medical floor 435 rehabilitation floor 120 1th, floor 435 2nd, floor 46 voice total: 1036 notes: indoor mobile communications cover system mobile communications cover system meet in rehabilitation center for normal mobile communications of requirements. Indoor mobile communication coverage system coverage range and signal power should ensure that the normal use of medical equipment and patient safety ... Cable TV systems as an important part of the rehabilitation centre electronic system for receiving international/domestic economic, trade, financial, information, culture and entertainment meet Center, nursing units, waiting for use in public areas. Cable systems as an integral part of the building intelligent systems, 860MHZ adjacent-channel design of bidirectional HFC network transmission mode. For city cable TV signal and Internet value-added services (videoconference) teletext and sound signals to provide a broadband distribution and interactive information delivery platform. From municipal cable TV operators a single optical fiber cable TV signal source to the medical floor information center front-end receiver. TV signal leads to first floor of weak hospital other monomers CATV box. Transmission main TV system coaxial cable, to user terminal branch line with SYWV-75-5-4P-coaxial cable, is wearing a metal pipe in the ceiling, floor and wall installation. The splitter and amplifiers installed in weak current shaft or the ceiling of the corridor. According to 860MHz 宜,投资就越安全。真的是这样吗,那就展开来分析一下吧。 假设现在有两家公司,市盈率(PE)都是20倍,第一家市净率(PB)是2倍,第二家市净率(PB)是4倍,其它情况安全一致,包括资产负债率、所属行业、所在地区、品牌优势等等。现在把这两家公司的数据具体化看看,假设两家公司总市值都是2亿元,那么20倍PE说明去年盈利都是1000万元,第一家PB等于2倍的净资产是1亿元,第二家PB等于4倍的净资产是5000万元。一般人的理解是用2亿买1亿的净资产总比买5000万的强吧,可从这个事实可以看出第二家5000万资产是第一家1亿资产盈利能力的两倍,认清了这个事实看来起第二家公司就比第一家公司更有吸引力了。 经过以上分析是否可以得出一家公司的PB越高越好这样的结论,这与一般常识有悖,确实不能这样绝对化的看问题。现在的中国人最不讲是非只看实力的,但中国人的思维方法全以是非模式来,非黑即白的觉得不是坏人就是好人,一方对另一方就一定错,戏剧中一定要有十恶不赦的大反派,不适用就一定要革命而没有改良的余地,这样的思维很肤浅,奇怪的是《周易》的“相对论”正是这个民族提出的,反正如果想深入去分析问题,则非改变这样非黑即白的思考模式不可。如果一家公司PE是8倍、PB也是8倍,那要严重怀疑这样的盈利水平是否有可持续性,不要太相信人定能胜天,投资最应该依赖的就是常识,它的作用不可替代,所以看到这种情形很自然就会想到公司本期有很多一次性收入,而目前的股价已经远远高估了。 当然估值简单的靠PE、PB是不理想的,但它们所发挥的就是“常识”作用,很多的忽悠其实都经不住常识的考验,我已经有自己一套符合我投资思想的估值方法,但若有一家公司得出的估值结果与PE、PB常识大相径庭,我会首先毫不犹豫的选择相信常识,而查找为什么我的估值结果与常识不符合。在考虑过动态与静态市盈率之后,再用市净率加以判断可以比较客观的反应股价是否严重泡沫,只是没有办法得出具体估值;巴菲特说:“极少数情况下可以明显看出股价过于低估还是过于高估,但90%的时间我并不知道。”而要看出这样的情况PE、PB完全可以胜任。万丈高楼从地起,也许你现在不应该去盲目追求如巴菲特一样的估值能力,而应该从简单、实用的PE、PB深入学习和运用开始,至于将来能对投资领悟到那个层次,那除了天分和眼光之外,有时候还要靠机缘巧合,强求也不会有什么好的结果。前面无数次提到价值投资的性格,其实跟性格一样重要的还有眼光,为什么有意回避眼光的重要性呢,因为性格从某种程度上是可以学习的,但眼光几乎没办法学习,对于没办法改变的事就不提出来打击有志成为价值投资者的同道了,也不是说没有很好的眼光就成不了价值投资者,只是最后能达到的高度不同而已。 例子:“沙河股份”(000014)、“南方航空”(600029) outside network voice medical floor 285 45 120 322 10 339 14 277 13 145 5 23 11 3 5 3 rehabilitation floor 44 3 10 18 5 28 5 2 6 3 66 1 52 1 0 70 18 0 72 0, 26, 2nd floor 20-59, East on the 1th floor 3 54 58 4 58 4 4 4 1th Lou-Lou 79 1 52 54 0 26 22 6 4-West building, 1th floor 53 23 36 80 2 80 2 5 1 Intranet total medical floor 1394 rehabilitation floor 234 1th, floor 562 2nd, floor 0 intranet total: 2190 outside network total medical floor 103 rehabilitation floor 18 1th, floor 70 2nd, floor 162 outside network total: 352 voice total medical floor 435 rehabilitation floor 120 1th, floor 435 2nd, floor 46 voice total: 1036 notes: indoor mobile communications cover system mobile communications cover system meet in rehabilitation center for normal mobile communications of requirements. Indoor mobile communication coverage system coverage range and signal power should ensure that the normal use of medical equipment and patient safety ... Cable TV systems as an important part of the rehabilitation centre electronic system for receiving international/domestic economic, trade, financial, information, culture and entertainment meet Center, nursing units, waiting for use in public areas. Cable systems as an integral part of the building intelligent systems, 860MHZ adjacent-channel design of bidirectional HFC network transmission mode. For city cable TV signal and Internet value-added services (videoconference) teletext and sound signals to provide a broadband distribution and interactive information delivery platform. From municipal cable TV operators a single optical fiber cable TV signal source to the medical floor information center front-end receiver. TV signal leads to first floor of weak hospital other monomers CATV box. Transmission main TV system coaxial cable, to user terminal branch line with SYWV-75-5-4P-coaxial cable, is wearing a metal pipe in the ceiling, floor and wall installation. The splitter and amplifiers installed in weak current shaft or the ceiling of the corridor. According to 860MHz 沙河股份股票行情软件显示目前动态市盈率7.7倍,单单从这个字数上看股价应该是低估了,可市净率却是3.96倍,对房地产行业而言又说明股价并不低,再仔细看看其一季度盈利情况,去年、前年同期还是亏损的,去年全年净利润才8022.68万元,而今年一季度就净赚6846.2万,主要原因系房地产项目进入结算期所致,也即是说这样的业绩并没有可持续性,显然这个动态市盈率会误导一些“不明真相的群众”。 南方航空股票行情软件显示目前动态市盈率8.7倍,单单从这个字数上看股价也已经低估了,可市净率更达到4.18倍与沙河股份旗鼓相当,一季度业绩同比增424%,主要原因系出售珠海保税区摩天宇航空发动机维修有限公司50%股权取得投资收益11 亿元所致,总利润14.19亿,即是说除开11亿元的投资收益后净利润就3.19元,这样的业绩同样没有可持续性,市净率在这里就可以提醒投资者去揭开利润背后的这层面纱。 outside network voice medical floor 285 45 120 322 10 339 14 277 13 145 5 23 11 3 5 3 rehabilitation floor 44 3 10 18 5 28 5 2 6 3 66 1 52 1 0 70 18 0 72 0, 26, 2nd floor 20-59, East on the 1th floor 3 54 58 4 58 4 4 4 1th Lou-Lou 79 1 52 54 0 26 22 6 4-West building, 1th floor 53 23 36 80 2 80 2 5 1 Intranet total medical floor 1394 rehabilitation floor 234 1th, floor 562 2nd, floor 0 intranet total: 2190 outside network total medical floor 103 rehabilitation floor 18 1th, floor 70 2nd, floor 162 outside network total: 352 voice total medical floor 435 rehabilitation floor 120 1th, floor 435 2nd, floor 46 voice total: 1036 notes: indoor mobile communications cover system mobile communications cover system meet in rehabilitation center for normal mobile communications of requirements. Indoor mobile communication coverage system coverage range and signal power should ensure that the normal use of medical equipment and patient safety ... Cable TV systems as an important part of the rehabilitation centre electronic system for receiving international/domestic economic, trade, financial, information, culture and entertainment meet Center, nursing units, waiting for use in public areas. Cable systems as an integral part of the building intelligent systems, 860MHZ adjacent-channel design of bidirectional HFC network transmission mode. For city cable TV signal and Internet value-added services (videoconference) teletext and sound signals to provide a broadband distribution and interactive information delivery platform. From municipal cable TV operators a single optical fiber cable TV signal source to the medical floor information center front-end receiver. TV signal leads to first floor of weak hospital other monomers CATV box. Transmission main TV system coaxial cable, to user terminal branch line with SYWV-75-5-4P-coaxial cable, is wearing a metal pipe in the ceiling, floor and wall installation. The splitter and amplifiers installed in weak current shaft or the ceiling of the corridor. According to 860MHz
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