美国历史文化复习题

美国历史文化复习题 一、填空题: 1、1776年7月4日，大陆会议通过了 杰弗逊 执笔的《独立宣言》。 2、1862年5月，林肯政府颁布了《宅地法》。 3、1941年3月，国会通过《租借法》。 4、1865年3月，美国国会通过法令，建立美国第一个联邦福利机构--自由民局。 5、1896年，联邦最高法院在“普莱塞诉佛格森案”的判决书中认为这符合“隔离但平等”的原则。 6、1966年，佛里丹创建了全国妇女组织(NOW)，标志着女权运动的复兴。 7、美国东部夏令时间22时56分，指令长阿姆斯特朗成为人类历史上第一个登上月球的人。 8、1973年5月14日，美国成功了第一个实际投入长期使用的空间站--“天空实验室”空间站。 9、1891年，美国国会通过了《森林保留法》。 10、1962年，海洋生物学家蕾切尔.卡逊出版了《寂寞的春天》。 11、1997年12月在日本京都签署了《京都议定书》。 12、威廉.福克纳 与 厄内斯特.海明威一起被称为20世纪美国两位“天才小说家”，是“迷惘的一代”的代表。 二、选择题: 1、马丁.路德.金为了通过斗争改善黑人的命运，提倡非暴力不合作。 2、布克.华盛顿发起“塔斯克基运动”，是一场温和的黑人自救运动。 3、杜波依斯于1895年获哈佛大学博士学位，是该校的第一位黑人博士，出版了《黑人的灵魂》。 position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 4、20世纪上半叶，有两位美国总统(富兰克林.罗斯福、杜鲁门)在黑人问题上做了不少工作。 5、美国妇女追求男女平等为核心目标的思想体系--选举权。 6、现实主义文学的代表人物是德莱赛，其代表作:《嘉莉妹妹》、《珍妮姑娘》、《欲望三部曲》，为左翼文学开辟了道路。 7、威廉.福克纳的代表作--《喧哗与骚动》 8、厄内斯特.海明威的代表作--《老人与海》、《太阳照样升起》。 9、喜剧演员查理.卓别林的作品--《城市之光》、《摩登时代》、《大独裁者》。 10、美国传统(主流)的价值观:民主政体、自由原则、个人主义。 11、文化创新者:指的是那些追求一种“跨现代”的价值观的人，他们对环保、新女权主义、民权、全球问题等。 三、简答题 1、美国“西进运动”的过程分为两大阶段, (1)、18世纪中到19世纪上半叶，基本内容:越过阿巴拉契亚山脉到达密西西比河，然后在密西西比河以西建立城市和农村，一个个新的州建立起来。 (2)、19世纪中到19世纪末，开发“远西部”(落基山脉及其以西地区)。 2、西进运动与《宅地法》的关系:西进运动是政府有组织地进行的，重要标志是《宅地法》的实施。 3、西进运动的影响: (1)、西进运动使美国在工业化时期，保持了工业与农业的相互繁荣与促进，造成了东西地带的工业化互动，使美国纸面上的版图变成了真实的版图。 (2)、西部的开发引起了美国的交通革命。 (3)、美国西进运动也出现了不好的一面，它一度造成了奴隶制向西扩展，但只是暂时的现象。 (4)、20世纪后，西部成为美国工业化的中心地带和科技发展的中心或中心之position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 一。 总之，美国西部的开发较好地发挥了联邦、州及地方各级政府的积极性，同时自由、自发和开放式的开发模式使私人、企业的作用也得到较好发挥。西进运动中培育出的许多精神至今还深刻地影响着美国社会。 4、美国的民主制度从理论思想的阐述到实践的过程, (1)、提出人民与政府的关系及公民权利的主张。1776年，弗吉尼亚殖民地通过了《权利法案》。 (2)、内战期间各州政治生活的民族化及州宪法的制定。 (3)、成立邦联。独立战争时期，大陆会议只是一个临时性的机构，并不是全国性的政府，急需成立邦联。 (4)、建立联邦和双重分权制度。《1787年宪法》，使美国成为一个权力相对集中的统一国家，联邦、州都实行“三权分立”原则。 5、美国民主政体的三大特点, (1)、联邦制。就是由几个成员国共同组成统一国家的制度。 (2)、 不同于英国的代议制。美国的参众两院在功能上体现了更多的民主性，英国则不同。 (3)、双重分权制衡。美国的分权既有中央政府内部的分权，也有中央与地方的分权(联邦、州的“三权分立”原则)。 6、美国为什么建立社会福利, (1)、生产的需要。现代生产需要高素质的劳动者，没有一定的生活水平，就不能实现产业升级。 (2)、美国标榜为自由、平等、民主的国家。社会主义国家建立了社会福利政策，美国为了改善自己在世界上的形象的需要(冷战的需要)。 (3)、由于战后美国进入大发展时期，社会问题变得相当严重。 7、美国社会福利制度经历的几个阶段, (1)、尼克松时期(1969-1973)，他提出了新联邦主义，一是重新强调州、地方政府和私人慈善团体在社会福利中的作用;二是要求变救济性福利为工作性福利;三是精简政府的社会福利保障机构。 (2)、卡特时期(1977-1981)，一定程度上接受了尼克松的福利政策想法。position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 宣布推行工作福利，把工作与福利相结合，以求缓解失业和减少福利开支。 (3)、里根时期(1981-1989)，一是里根削减一些社会保障项目;二是强调州和地方政府要承担社会保障的某些责任;三是推动私营福利事业的发展。 8、美国种族歧视问题能够解决的条件(原因), (1)、黑人的素质普遍得到提高; (2)、在第二次世界大战中，黑人的地位，特别是在军队中的地位，无形中以有所提高; (3)、长期来政府陆续颁布实行的反种族歧视的法令渐渐产生了效果; (4)、在长期的种族冲突中，白人的社会文化心理也发生了重要变化; (5)、第二次世界大战后的长期冷战也有助于改变黑人的命运。 9、美国精神是哪些方面, (1)、独立、自由的观念。他们认为，每个人都是独立自由的，自由是天生的，独立和自由是充分发挥自己才能的重要条件。 (2)、机会均等和不断开拓进取的精神。 (3)、务实、实干和效用至上的观念。 10、美国人追求什么, (1)、总是在不断的流动中寻找机会; (2)、崇拜英雄，追求成功; (3)、追求机会平等; (4)、成为中产阶级的一员。 11、20世纪美国科学技术的特点, (1)、国家高度重视科技的发展，并进行强有力的组织和协调; (2)、个人把学术成就当成自己毕生的最高追求; (3)、从事研究的个人与个人之间及研究机构与研究机构之间进行广泛合作的团队精神。 12、多元文化主义:指美国种族多元结构引起的一种文化发展趋势，它强调个有色人种在美国的数量越来越大及他们相对独立的文化体系影响日益扩大的事实，要求人们承认美国文化是所有种族和族裔文化交融的结果。 13、美国文化创新者的价值观或主张, position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and (1)、生态系统的可持续性; (2)、全球主义; (3)、特别关注妇女问题，人际关系和家庭; (4、强调利他主义和自我实现，讲究保健、灵性和精神心理学; (5)、培养合乎自然的社会良心和社会乐观主义。 四、论述题 1、美国西进运动的影响, 巩固了美国的社会根基，而且为 美国西进运动不仅促进了美国西部的开拓， 整个美国经济和社会的发展带来了巨大的推动力。西进运动对美国的政治、经济、民族精神和文化都产生了积极影响，使美国的综合国力大大增强。 (一)、西进运动对美国民主政治产生了不可估量的影响。 (1).西进运动中，西部在国家政治生活中发挥着重要的作用，使南方、北方和西部区域性集团融入联邦大家庭中。(2).西进运动加速了美国政治民主化的进程，使美国民主政治在西部得以确立和发展。(3)(西进运动有利于美国两党制的形成与确立。美国民主政治的重要表现形式是两党制(而两党制的产生与发展及其相互斗争的内容都与西进运动有着密切的关联。共和党与民主党的对抗及南北战争后的轮流执政，标志着美国两党制度的最终确立(西部力量在两党制的形成与确立过程中发挥着重要作用。 (二)西进运动大大促进了美国经济的发展。 (1)(西进运动改变了美国农业的格局(加快了美国农业机械化的进程。到20世纪美国农业生产已经达到了当时世界的先进水平。(2)(西进运动促进了交通运输业的发展。在美国版图上，自东而西纵列着阿巴拉契亚山脉、密西西比河和落基山脉三个“自然疆界”。严重阻碍了东西部的交通，。伊利运河的开凿在全国掀起了开凿运河的热潮，运河的开凿极大地改变了西部与东部、西部与南方之间的交通，使东西部的联系越来越密切。(3)(西进运动对美国工业革命也起了position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 巨大的促进作用，西进运动几乎贯穿于美国的整个工业化过程。 (三)西进运动对美利坚民族精神的形成与发展影响巨大。 (1)(西进运动使美利坚民族的勇敢与冒险精神得以造就，塑造了美国人乐观进取的性格。(2)(西进运动发展了美国民主政治与公平社会的自由意识。西进运动使边疆的民主精神和自由主义传统进一步发展，西部成为“最美国化的部分”。(3)(西进运动发展了美国的民主主义思想意识，加速了美国民主主义精神的发展。西部大开发，造就了美国人不畏艰险、积极探索的民族精神(对民族性格的形成有着极为重要的影响。 (四)西进运动对美国文化产生了重大影响。 (1)(西进运动塑造了美利坚民族不断西进的性格与个人主义、实用主义的价值观。(2)(美国两进运动中的边疆生活，给美国的文学与影视作品提供了丰富的历史素材。 以上就是美国西进运动的积极影响，西进运动对于印第安人来说是一部血泪史。由于这次运动是一种很大程度上的自发性行为，政府除了出台文件以鼓励民众西进之外并没有太多的政策法律法规来对开发之后的社会秩序进行有效的管理和规范。美国西部开发更是对环境带来了重大的摧残。 2、美国对于世界大战的立场及影响, 美国在外交上一直奉行国父华盛顿确立的孤立主义原则，使得孤立主义成为美国外交的准则。世界大战主要体现在第一、二次世界大战中。第一次世界大战是当时历史上规模最大、最残酷的战争之一，美国为早日结束这场战争做出了贡献。在第二次世界大战中的贡献(影响)是多方面的。 (1)、美国向反法西斯国家提供了援助。1941年，美国国会通过《租借法》。向英国提供313亿美元、苏联约98亿美元、法国约14亿美元和中国8.4亿美元。后面内容略...... (2)、为世界反法西斯战争投入了巨大的人力和物力。具体内容略..... (3)、美国在北非战场、意大利战场和太平洋战场同时与德国、意大利和日本军队作战。内容略..... 总之，美国对世界大战做出了巨大的贡献及影响。第二次世界大战结束后，世界很快进入冷战时期，对世界产生了深远影响。 position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 3、世界大战对美国的影响, 第一次世界大战对人类而言是一场灾难，但是对美国来说，它既是一场灾 难又是一个机遇，战争促进了美国经济的发展。 第一次世界大战对美国的影响: 1)美国成为第一强国 。(2)美国从世界最大的债务国变成了最大的债权国，欧洲国家对美国政府的欠债达到100亿美元，而且很多美国人还持有欧洲国家的债券。 ( 3)华尔街从此站立起来，纽约在以后成为了世界的金融中心。 (4)美国的工业得到了全面发展。 ( 5)将美国带入自南北战争以来最大的经济繁荣。 (6)欧洲享有的世界经济和金融霸权结束了，“美国世纪”开始了。 (7)摩根银行为英国代购了30亿美元的军需品，代购收取1%的手续费，收入3000万美元。 第二次世界大战对美国的影响:经济、军事、政治、外交等内容回答。 4、美国的多元文化主义主要体现在哪些方面,P187 <1>、在教育思想和方法上，它要求改变美国教育中排斥和曲解非主流文 化的习惯做法，为广大学生提供新的知识结构和学习内容，帮助他们了解和 尊重其他文化传统，这样可以减少甚至消除种族偏见。 <2>、在历史观上，多元文化主义强调改革传统的美国历史教育的内容。 <3>、在文化批评理论上，多元文化者常与后现代主义、结构主义和女权 主义为伍，是想西方文明传统的知识霸权进行挑战的一种话语。 <4>、在对国际关系的看法上，多元文化主义也是一种冷战后提倡新世界秩 序的理论。 5、罗斯福新政的内容及影响,P249 内容: 一、金融方面 (1)挽救银行危机，改革与开始管理金融制度。为了解决银行货币荒，它position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 委托各联邦储备银行根据各银行资产发行货币，授权复兴金融公司用购买银行优先股票的办法给它们提供流动资金。为了恢复群众对银行的信任，它规定由财政部整顿银行，并监督银行的重新开业。财政部根据要求采取了支持有支付能力的大银行，淘汰了无偿还能力的不健全银行。为保护银行储备和阻止黄金外流，它禁止储藏和输出黄金。(2)3月20日通过了罗斯福提出的节约法，缩减政府开支和退伍军人津贴5亿美元。(3)先后通过提供证券实情法、证券交易法及银行法，即著名的格拉斯—斯特高尔法以加强对银行、证券市场和货币的改革和管理。(4)美元与黄金脱钩，使美元贬值，放弃金本位制。实施结果:金融方面的措施是获得了成功的，通过以上措施罗斯福政府维护并加强了美国金融资本的私人所有制，也加强了国家对金融制度的管理与控制。 由于大萧条是由疯狂投机活动引起的金融危机而触发的。罗斯福总统的新政也先从整顿金融入手。在被称为“百日新政” 二、对农业和工业的调节 在“百日新政”期间，罗斯福在解决银行问题的同时，还竭力促使议会先后通过了《农业调整法》和《国家工业复兴法》，这两个法律成了整个新政的左膀右臂。罗斯福要求资本家们遵守“公平竞争”的规则，订出各企业生产的规模、价格、销售范围;给工人们订出最低工资和最高工时的规定(原工人每周工作55个小时，工资一共只有60美分，调整后标准:工人每周工作40小时，最低周工资12美元)，从而限制了垄断，减少和缓和了紧张的阶级矛盾。在得到大企业的勉强支持后，罗斯福随之又尽力争取中小企业主的支持。他说大企业接受工业复兴法固然重要，“而产生丰硕成果的领域还在于小雇主们，他们的贡献将是为1至10人提供新的就业机会。这些小雇主实际上是国家骨干中极重要的部分，而我们的计划的成败在很大程度上取决于他们。”中小企业的发展，为美国社会的稳定、经济的复苏发挥了积极的作用。为了推行新型法规，政府给接受法规的企业颁发“蓝鹰”奖章，上面标志着“我们尽我们的的职责”等标语，以资表彰。 三、政府投资大力兴办公共工程、对失业进行救济 新政的另一项重要内容是救济工作。1933年5月，国会通过联邦紧急救济法，成立联邦紧急救济署，将各种救济款物迅速拨往各州，第二年又把单纯救济position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 改为“以工代赈”，给失业者提供从事公共事业的机会，维护了失业者的自力更生精神和自尊心。罗斯福执政初期，全国1700多万失业人员及其亲属维持生计全靠州政府、市政府及私人慈善事业的帮助和施舍。但这部分财源相对于如此庞大的失业大军，无异于杯水车薪。解决这一复杂的社会问题，只有联邦政府才能办到。 四、建立社会保障制度 从1935年开始的第二期“新政”，在第一阶段的基础上，着重通过社会保险法案、全国劳工关系法案、公用事业法案等法规，以立法的形式巩固新政成果。罗斯福认为，一个政府“如果对老者和病人不能照顾，不能为壮者提供工作，不能把年青人注入工业体系之中，听任无保障的阴影笼罩每个家庭，那就不是一个能够存在下去，或是应该存在下去的政府”，社会保险应该负责“从摇篮到坟墓”整个一生。为此，制定了《社会保险法》，法律规定，凡年满65岁退休的工资劳动者，根据不同的工资水平，每月可得10至85美元的养老金。关于失业保险，罗斯福解释说:“它不仅有助于个人避免在今后被解雇时去依靠救济，而且通过维持购买力还将缓解一下经济困难的冲击。”保险金的来源。一半是由在职工人和雇主各交付相当工人工资1%的保险费，另一半则由联邦政府拨付。这个社会保险法，反映了广大劳动人民的强烈愿望，受到美国绝大多数人的欢迎和赞许。 1937年5月24日，罗斯福向国会提交了受到广泛注意的关于最低工资最高工时立法的咨文。咨文承认“我国人口的三分之一，其中绝大多数从事农业或工业，吃不好，穿不好，住不好”。“我们必须铭记我们的目标是要改善而不是降低那些现在营养不良、穿得不好、住得很糟的那些人的生活水平。我们知道，当我们工人的一大部分还没有就业的时候，超时工作和低水平的工资是不能提高国民收入的。”由国会没有对法案采取行动，1937年10月12日，罗斯福再次提出，直到1938年6月14日通过。这就是《公平劳动标准法》(又称《工资工时法》)，它的主要条款包括每周40小时工时，每小时40分最低工资;禁止使用16岁以下童工，在危险性工业中禁止使用18岁以下工人。关于最低工资的规定，随着经济的发展，日后陆续有所调整。这些社会立法，虽属社会改良的范畴，但对广大人民特别是工资劳动者甚有好处。为了解决社会保险制度的联邦经费来源问题，罗斯福破天荒地实行了一种按收入和资产的多寡而征收的累进税。 position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 五、调整三权分立体制 1937年2月5日，罗斯福提出建议，认为最高法院人力不足，案件过多，法官年迈，影响效率，因而如任职已10年满70岁还未退休，应增派一名法官，据此联邦最高法院法官可由9名增加到15名。根据1933年经济法，罗斯福颁布了第6166号行政命令，改组、合并和取消了一些行政机构，并加强了预算局的领导作用。1939年4月，国会通过了《新政机构改组法》，规定许多小机构合并为大机构。1939年9月8日，总统颁布了第一号行政命令，建立包括白宫办公厅、预算局、国家资源计划处、人事管理联络处和政府报告署等总统的办事机构。 主要措施: 1、整顿银行与金融系，下令令银行休业整顿，逐步恢复银行的信用，并放弃金本位制，使美元贬值以刺激出口; 2、复兴工业或称对工业的调整(中心措施):通过《国家工业复兴法》与蓝鹰行动来防止盲目竞争引起的生产过剩;根据《国家工业复兴法》，个工业企业制定本行业的公平经营规章，确定各企业的生产规模、价格水平、市场分配、工资标准和工作日时数等，以防止出现盲目竞争引起的生产过剩，从而加强了政府对资本主义工业生产的控制与调节[缓和阶级矛盾]。 3、调整农业政策:给减耕减产的农户发放经济补贴(农民缩减大片耕地，屠宰大批牲畜，由政府付款补贴)，提高并稳定农产品价格; 4、推行“以工代赈”(最重要的一条措施); 5、大力兴建公共工程，缓和社会危机和阶级矛盾，增加就业刺激消费和生产; 6、政府还建立社会保障体系，使退休工人可以得到养老金和保险，失业者可以得到保险金，子女年幼的母亲、残疾人可以得到补助。 7、建立急救救济署，为人民发放救济金。 意义: 美国经济回升，失业人数大幅度下降。 资本主义国家对经济的宏观控制和管理得到加强。美国联邦政府的权力明显增强。资本主义制度得到调整、巩固与发展。大胆借鉴社会主义的长处，用改革的方法挽救了资本主义危机，避免了法西斯上台。新政在美国和世界资本主义发展史上具有重要意义。开创了国家干预经济新模式，美国进入国家垄断资本主义时期。罗斯福新政不仅使美国渡过了经济危机，position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and 维护了资本主义民主制度，也为其他国家实施国家干预经济，进行体制性自我调 整提供了宝贵的经验。但不能从根本上消除资本主义的经济危机。 position, ensure party always in thought, and political Shang, and action Shang with Central keep height consistent, makes we party always became has ideal, and has faith of Marx doctrine party. XI General Secretary of important indicates, full show has central in-depth advance full strictly rule party, and constantly strengthening Marxist ruling party itself construction of political set force, full reflect has central insisted thought party and system party phase combined, and continued grasp party of thought political construction of firm determination, full reflected has central deepening party education, and full promoted tube party rule party work to grass-roots extends of sharp attitude, has is strong of ideological, and political sex, and guide sex and targeted, for carried out "two learn a do" Learning education in the right direction, provided the fundamental follow. On February 29, in all members of the party, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on "Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, be qualified party members" learning programme for education ... A major political task, carefully planned well, well organized, good solid. On April 20, the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee to convene the meeting, conveyed the province's "two" educational Working Conference, discussed the city's follow-up. Municipal Secretary Mu Weimin presided over Conference Shi stressed, carried out "two learn a do" learning education is promoted full strictly rule party to grass-roots extends of powerful hand, city levels party to stations overall, to Central par, put learning education as a items major political task, strengthened responsibility play, insisted above rate Xia, carefully organization implementation, and current the focus work organic combined, for construction big beauty XX, and vitality XX, and