冬虫夏草论文

冬虫夏草论文 Cordyceps Sinensis Summary: Cordyceps Sinensis is a rare fungus herbal medicine in China. It is a combination of Cordyceps which comes from parasitic fungus in the bat moth larvae. Narrow geographical distribution of wild Cordyceps, low natural parasitism, demanding environmental conditions contribute to its relatively limited resources. Cordyceps Sinensis has potent antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. It can strengthen the brain and heart vessel, and protect the liver from damage. Key words: Cordycepin, micro dialysis, hypoxanthinosine, adenosine 1. Morphological characteristics Cordyceps Sinensis is a rare fungus herbal medicine in China. It is a bat moth larvae which is parasited by Cordyceps bacteria. The parasitic leads to stiff larvae. Then, stick-shaped fungal sub-blocks will grow from the fossilized larvae in summer if the conditions are supportive. The sub-blocks are usually at the length of 3~11cm. The infertility handle department is 3~8cm in length and 1.5~4mm in diameter. The upper part is slightly expanded and in the shape of a cylinder. The brown part is 1.5~4cm in length. Many perithecias can be seen on it except the apex. Most perithecias are immersed in sub-blocks while apexes are out of them. Apexes are of oval shape, at the length of 250~500 microns and 80~200 microns in diameter. A lot of long-stripe-like daughter cysts are inside the perithecias. Moreover, every perrithecia has eight ascospores which are equipped with septum.。 Cordyceps Sinensis is a combination of entity and hypocrea. It is 9~12cm in all. Entity is like a trimolter . It is 3~6cm in length and 0.4~0.7cm in diameter. It’s saffron yellow , rough and the backside has many horizontal wrinkles while the ventral side has eight pairs of foot among which a half in the middle can be seen easily. The center of fault surface is substantial, white with a little yellow. The circum appears deep yellow. Hypocrea comes from the head of entity。It looks like a stick with a little bend. The upper part of hypocrea is slightly swollen. It is beige or sometimes black brown. Hypocrea is 4~8cm in length and 0.3cm in diameter. Its center is void, pind white , slightly smelly and insipid. Entity which is yellow-bright, plump, yellowish-white in fault surface and short in hypocrea will be 1 better. 2. Living environment Cordyceps Sinensis basically originate in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet where the elevations are over 3,000 meters with cold climate. When midsummer, snow and ice melting, small and flowery batty moth deposit thousands of eggs on floral leaves. Afterwards, moth eggs become bugs. Then, they get into wet and loose soil, absorb nutrition of radicant and gradually become plump.。 At this time, sphere ascospore will get into bat moth larvae and absorb its nutrition. If bat moth larvae eat leaves which contain Cordyceps fungus, it changes into Cordyceps as well. Larvae infected by fungus wriggles into spaces 2~3cm away from the earth’s surface and die head up, button down. This is ‘dongchong’. Although the larva has died, fungus in its body grows ceaselessly until fills the whole body. When next summer comes, an aubergine grass comes out from the head of larvae. It is 2~5cm high. There is a pineapple shaped necator at the top. This is ‘xiacao’. Cordyceps are the plumpest and of the highest value now. So it is the best time for picking. 3. Compositions and effects (1). Chemical composition Modern Research of Pharmacology indicates that 25%。 Cordyceps produced in Qinghai contains 7% Cordycepic acid, 28.9% carbohydrate, 8.4% lipid and 25% protein. Cordycepic acid is mainly used to treat cerebral edema and keep out ARF. It promotes the metabolism and improves blood microcirculation. It can also decrease blood sugar and ease blood pressure. 82.2% of Cordyceps is unsaturated fatty acid. Besides, it contains vitamin B12, fungisterol, hexosal alcohol and many kinds of alkaloid. North Cordyceps contain 0.536g Cordycepin while wild ones contain 0.006g. Cordycepin can be used to resist cancer and virus. It is also to be used as antioxidant, deoxyribonucleaseinhibitor, bioactivitor and antimycotics. North Cordyceps contains rich protein and 19 kinds of amino acid as well. A large number of vitamins must not be neglected. Moreover, the content of VE is higher than mushrooms. The 2 content of VA is 13 times the quantity of which in pork liver. The content of VB2 is 4.038 times as much as which in ginsengs. The content of VC is 7 times more than which in mushrooms. Vitamin is an essential metabolite to maintain normal function of human body. However, it can’t be synthesized in the body. Only food can provide vitamin to maintain the balance of metabolism. North Cordyceps contain more than 17 kinds of trace elements. (2). Main effects A. Adjusting the organism immunity system; B. Anti-tumor; C. Antifatigue and improving cell energy; D. Regulating cardiac function; E. Enhancing liver function; F. Regulating respiratory system; G. Protecting renal function; H. Regulating hematopoiesis function; I. Adjusting the lipid; 4. Medical applications and new discoveries (1). Medical applications It is applied for deficiency of kidney-yang with impotence or lumbago. With its unique feature of warm but not dry in nature, both invigorating the kidney and strengthening yang, and supplementing the essence. It is frequently adopted as medicinal herbs for supplementing deficiency. For deficiency of the kidney with impotence or emission, it is used together with Bajitian, and Tusizi; for deficiency of the kidney with soreness in waist and knees, with Eucommia Bark, etc. It is applied for deficiency of the lung or deficiency of both the lung and kidney with chornic cough, dyspnea, or cough with blood-tinged sputum. For chornic cough with blood-tinged sputum, it is used together with Shashen, Ejiao and Chuanbeimu, etc; for dyspnea or palpitation, with Ginseng, hutaorou, etc. In addition, it is also used for weakness after disease, spontaneous sweating or chillness, etc., and stewed with chicken, duck or pork, etc., which has a remarkable nutritious effect. (2). New discoveries A. Pharmacokinetics of Adenosine and Cordycepin, a Bioactive Constituent of Cordyceps Sinensis in Rat Cordycepin is a bioactive constituent of Cordyceps Sinensis that has been shown to regulate homeostatic function. As an adenosine 3 analogue, it is possible Cordycepin goes through a similar metabolic pathway to that of adenosine. To investigate this hypothesis, a sensitive liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detector (HPLC-PDA) coupled to a micro dialysis sampling system was developed to monitor Cordycepin and adenosine in rat blood and liver. Other endogenous nucleosides were simultaneously measured to further understand the downstream metabolic pathway. The experiments were divided into six parallel groups for drug administration: (1) normal saline vehicle, (2) adenosine, (3) Cordycepin, (4) normal saline + erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA; a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor), (5) adenosine + EHNA, and (6) Cordycepin + EHNA. The pharmacokinetic results suggest that the levels of both adenosine and Cordycepin decreased rapidly in blood around 30 min after drug administration. When adenosine was given, the concentrations of adenosine metabolites, hypoxanthinosine and hypoxanthine, increased in rat blood. This phenomenon was inhibited by EHNA pretreatment. An unidentified peak was observed in the blood and liver samples after Cordycepin administration. The decline of this unidentified peak paralleled the decreased of the concentration of Cordycepin, and it was not observed in the presence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor. It is concluded that adenosine and Cordycepin had short elimination half-lives and high rates of clearance and their biotransformation was suppressed by EHNA. B. Regulatory Mechanisms of Cordyceps Sinensis on Steroidogenesis in MA-10 Mouse Leydig Tumor Cells Cordyceps Sinensis is an herbal medicine that increases Steroidogenesis in Leydig cells and improves male reproductive dysfunction. We have found that CS stimulates Leydig cell Steroidogenesis through the protein kinase A and protein kinase C signaling pathways. In the present study, we sought to determine the mechanisms of CS-stimulated Steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Using pharmacological approaches, we found that de novo protein synthesis, protein transcription, a calcium signal, and a mitochondria electrochemical gradient were required for CS-stimulated Steroidogenesis in MA-10 cells. mRNA expression of Steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein was activated by CS. However, CS had an adversary effect on P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme activity, but not in 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme, in regulating MA-10 cell Steroidogenesis. In conclusion, de novo 4 protein synthesis, increased Steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein mRNA expression, and the mitochondria electrochemical gradient were involved in CS-stimulated Steroidogenesis in MA-10 cells. C. Molecular phylogeny of the entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps and its evolutionary implications Cordyceps is an endoparasite ascomycetous genus containing approximately 450 species with a diversity of insect hosts, traditionally included in the family Clavicipitaceae of Ascomycota. Establishing the relationships among species with a varied range of morphologies and hosts is of importance to our understanding of the phylogeny and co-evolution of parasites and hosts in entomopathogenic ascomycetes.To this end, we used a combination of molecular index and morphological characters from 40 representative species to carry out comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic tree, we used the program DISCRETE for inferring the rates of evolution and finding ancestral states of morphological character. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two important points. (i) Types of perithecia attached to stroma reflected an evolutionary trend in Cordyceps. The vertically immersed perithecia form was the ancestral state, superficial and obliquely immersed perithecia were derived characters, obliquely immersed was irreversible. Species with obliquely immersed perithecia were in a closely related group and were the derived group. (ii) A strong correlation between fungal relatedness and the microhabitat supported the hypothesis that the host jumps through commingling in soil microhabitats. Based on the results of these analyses, host switching explains the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps. 5. Domestic and international evaluations Cordyceps became famous because of its powerful aphrodisiac effects. Recent studies performed at Beijing Medical University of China and in Japan have shown a 64% success rate among men suffering from impotence, vs. 24% in the placebo group. In the ancient China, Cordyceps was highly recommended as one of the most effective medicines for all illness. Due to its anti-aging and cure-all properties, it can be compared to ginseng, reishi and deer velvet. In general, Cordyceps is a tonic that helps the body build strength, improve the organic functioning, strengthen the immune system and bring longevity. 5