江苏自学考试英语本科《泛读三》学习笔记 -

江苏自学考试英语本科《泛读三》学习笔记 - Unit 1 University and Their Function Text A 词汇 superfluous : 多余的 impart :传授 faculty :教职员工 elicit :bring out justification :正当的理由 be consistent with : 与……一致 preserve :保持 feeble :weak zest :激情 temperate :温和的 arise from :来自 construe :explain transform :change 改变 hamper : 阻碍 energize as: catalyst 激励 acquisition :控制力 divorce assertion :断言 illuminate :富于启发的 in obedience to : according to in great measure fatigue : tired slight: little reliability : trust weld: combine obstinacy: stubbornness 固执 pedant:老学究 letters: arts reflection:思考 prolong : long period of flinch: draw back 退缩 dull :迟钝 engage :从事 drudgery: uninteresting hard work 苦差工 modes: kinds rule of thumb :凭经验 interlocking: interwoven 相互交织 binding forces: unity 团结的力量 句子释义 1、 It is energizing as the poet of out dreams , and as the architect of our purpose. A: If taught imaginatively, students will be able to associate a pure fact with various meaning, seeing a fact as an agent that can bring out our dreams in a poetic fashion and help arrange our purpose into orderly structure. 2、It enable man to construct an intellectual vision of a new world , and it preserves the zest of life by the suggestion of satisfying purposes. A: People with imagination will be able to form a new outlook which is different from that of people without imagination .Imagination is capable of preserving people’s enthusiasm for life because it can show people that life has many purposes which can be pleasing. 3、It requires that discipline of character which can say ―yes‖ and ―no‖ to other men , not by reason of blind obstinacy ,but with firmness derived from a conscious evaluation of relevant alternatives. A :A firm character should be able to decide to say ―yes‖ or ―no‖ to other’s point of view after taking all relevant choices into careful consideration .Such a decision is made out of unreasonable stubbornness. 4、The conduct of business now requires intellectual imagination of the same type as that which in former times has mainly passed into those other occupations . A: In the past , intellectual imagination was required of professionals such as the priests the 1 lawyers ,the statesmen ,the doctors , the men of science and arts as mentioned above in their work. Now business people should be able to apply this kind of imagination into their work ,too . 5、There is no reason why business men , and other professional men ,should not pick up their facts bit by bit as they want them for particular occasions. A: Imagination and facts are not mutually exclusive . People trained in imagination should be able to pick up facts when necessary. 问答 1、 primary function of university : imaginative teaching and learning. 2、 How does imagination throw light on the facts, eliciting the general principles an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities build an intellectual vision of new world preserve the zest of life 3、 Analyze the relationship between imagination and experience. Youth is imagination If the imagination be strengthened by discipline, it can in great measure be persevered though life. Tragedy is who are imaginative is to weld these two. 4、 What knowledge are you supposed to acquire? Psychologies of population engaged in differing modes of occupation. 5、 How prevent prolonged routine work from dulling our imagination? A:Promoting the imaginative consideration of the various general principles underlying that career. 翻译 1、The universities are schools of education, and schools of research. But the primary reason for their existence is not to be found either in the mere knowledge conveyed to the students or in the mere opportunities for research afforded to the members of the faculty. T: 大学是实施教育的机构，也是进行研究的机构。但大学之所以存在，主要原因并不在于 仅仅向学生们传播知识，也不在于仅向教师们提供研究的机会。 2、The justification for a university is that it preserves the connection between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. T: 大学存在的理由是，它使青年和老年人融为一体，对学术进行充满想象力的探索，从而 在知识和追求生命的热情之间架起了桥梁。 3、A fact is no longer a bare fact: it is invested with all its possibilities. It is no longer a burden on the memory: it is energizing as the poet of our dreams, and as the architect of our purposes. T: 当一个事实不再是简单的事实:它具有了自身所有的各种可能性，它不再是记忆的一个 2 负担:他充满活力，像诗人一样激发了我们的能像，像师为我们制定目标。 4、The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imagination. The task of a university is to weld together imagination and experience. T: 人类的悲剧在于，那些富有想象力的人缺少经验，而那些有经验的人则想象力贫乏。愚 人没有知识却凭想象办事;呆子缺乏想象力但凭知识行事。而大学的任务就是将想象力和 经验融为一体。 5、We need not flinch from the assertion that the main function of such a school is to produce men with a greater zest for business. T: 我们无需害怕这样的说法，即一所商业学校的主要作用就是培养具有较高经商热情的人 才。 6、It requires an imaginative understanding of laws of political economy, not merely in the abstract, but also with the power to construe them in terms of the particular circumstances of a concrete business. T: 它需要充满想象力去理解政治经济学的原理，不仅仅从理论上，还要具备根据具体商业 活动的特殊情况解释这些原理的能力。 7、It requires that discipline of character which can say ―yes‖ and ―no‖ to other men, not by reason of relevant alternatives. T: 它需要对人的性格进行那样的训练，使他对周围的人做出“是”或“否”的回答时不是 出于盲目的固执，而是出于对相关可选择的进行自觉评价后得到的明确答案。 8、In any large organization the younger men, who are novices, must be set to jobs which consis in carrying out fixed duties in obedience to orders. T: 在任何一种庞大的组织中，那些比较年轻的新手必须从事这样一类工作:遵照他人的吩 咐去做固定工作。 9、There can be no criticism of the custom, but there may be an unfortunate effect—prolonged routine work dulls the imagination. T: 对这种符合惯例的做法不会有任何批评，但它却可能导致一种不幸的后果—长时间按固 定的程序使人的想象力变得迟钝。 Text B facile of speech : able to express oneself easily in fluent language 3 Unit 2 Mother Tongue Text A 词汇 variations: changes steering : give advise to 指导 fascinated : 被迷住 disprove : 证明……是错 switch : change enroll :注册 intimacy :亲密 freelancer :自由撰稿人 quote :引用 quandary :窘境 transcribed :抄写 envision :想象 show up : turn up watered-down: weak and not effective untrue intent :打算 converse :talk counted :起作用 with ease :freely verdict :观点 wince : flinch 退缩 evoke : summon up 引起 perception : view point 感觉 lengthy: long be ashamed of sth / to do sth adopt:收养 reflect :反映 belie :show sth to be untrue 使…成为谎言 adolescent : very young cash out :兑现 whispering loudly :矛盾修辞 behold: look routine :例行共事 insular :孤立的 benign :良性的 override : replace budge :屈服 for lack of peers :people of the same age impeccable :无可挑剔的 block out of :挡住 句子释义 1、It has become our language of intimacy. A : The kind of broken English my mother uses has been used in the family when me talk about our personal matters. 2、My mother’s expressive command of English belies how much she actually understands. A : My mother’s broken English often gives people an impression that she knows little , but in fact she understands a lot. 3、Whereas, for me at least , the answers on English test were always a judgment call ,a matter of opinion and personal experience. A: In my opinion , a question in language tests should not have just one correct answer ; instead , it requires the examinees to make a judgment ,express an opinion and relate the question to their personal experience . In other words , a language question could have multiple answer. 4、I could not block out of my mind the images . A: Although I knew the tests meant to use ―sunset is to night fall ‖ to imply a logical relationship rather than concrete images , I couldn’t help imagining beautiful pictures of sunset and nightfall. 4 5、I had succeeded where it counted . A:I had succeeded in respects which I deemed important. 问答 1、power of language : the way it can evoke an emotion , a visual image , a complex idea , or a simple truth . Language is the tool of my trade. 1、 What about the feature of Tan’s talk give large people and her mother? Large people : carefully wrought grammatical phrases ,nominalized forms , past perfect tenses , conditional phrases. Her mother : vivid , direct , full of observation and imagery ,broken or fractured English. 2、 Tow examples imply for new immigrants with little English proficiency : discrimination from main stream of society. 4、her mother’s English had limited her possibilities in life ,why? A person’s developing language skills are more influenced by peers. 5、the most important and favorable role her mother had played : build the style of her language . 翻译 1、In this essay, Tan tries to legitimize Chinese American English, the language spoken by her mother, as simply another American dialect and says that it should not be called ―broken English.‖ T: 在这篇文章中，唐试图赋予中式英语合法性，她母亲所说的英语不能被称为是不规范的 英语，而应该认为这仅仅是又一种美国方言。 2、I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. T: 花了很长的时间思考语言的魔力—它可以激发感情，启发视觉图像，一个复杂的观念， 或者是一个简单的真理，语言是我的事业的工具。 3、And it was perhaps the first time she had heard me give a lengthy speech, using the kind of English I have never used with her. T: 也许这是她是第一次听我做这种冗长的演讲，而且使用一种和她交谈用的所截然不同的 英语。 4、You should know that my mother’s expressive command of English belies how much she actually understands. T: 你应该知道我母亲对英语的出色的领悟能力掩饰了了她真正懂得多少。 5、We had assurances the CAT scan would be found, promises that a conference call on Monday would be held, and apologies for any suffering my mother had gone through for a most regrettable mistake. T: 我们被承诺扫描图会找到，并且星期一会举行电话会议，并且对由于令人遗憾的错误所 5 带给母亲的痛苦表示歉意。 6、I think my mother’s English almost had an effect on limiting my possibilities in life as well. T: 我想母亲的英语在某种程度上也限制了我生活上的可能性。 7、Whereas, for me at least, the answers on English tests were always a judgment call, a matter of opinion and personal experience. T: 而英语测试，至少对于我来说，是一个评价性的，这是一个关于意见和个人经历的事物。 8、Fortunately, I happen to be rebellious in nature and enjoy the challenge of disproving assumptions made about me. T: 幸运的是，我天性反叛，喜欢挑战那些关于我的不同的看法。 Text B be out on a limb : be in a difficult , awkward , or vulnerable position pass himself off as a sympathetic alter ego : pretend to be a sympathetic friend. 6 Unit 3 The Problem of Happiness Text A 词汇 myriad :countless content to communion :交流 pagan :无神论者 distinction : different ultimate :最终的 romping : playing 欢闹 expiring : dying 消失 unintelligible :难以理解的 retain:保留 proceed from in one’s preoccupation with :obsession 全神贯注 contriving : plotting 谋划 laymen :门外汉 scrutiny : close examination deep research 详尽的研究 loaf : loiter 游手好闲 begged :avoid contemplation :deep thought 沉思 endeavor : effort 努力 proceed to : go on 进行 assuming :猜想 decidedly : definitely 明确地 to the fore : conspicuous 前沿 presume :假定 theology: 神学 eternal : after die vain : 徒劳的 recede : 下降 uncalled-for : neither desirable nor necessary 没有必要讨论的 vaguest :模糊的 divine sufficient :足够的 project vt. : show confine :限制 stretch : extend 拉长 convincing :确信 salvation: the act of saving a person’s soul or, the state of being saved, from sin and its consequences. 句子释义 1、This classification between material and spiritual pleasures is therefore confusing , unintelligible and untrue for me . A: I find the ideas of classifying pleasures as material for and spiritual unclear, unexplainable and unfactual. 2、Such an end or purpose of life , consisting in its true enjoyment , is not so much a conscious purpose , as a natural attitude toward human life. A: Such an end or purpose of life, represented in its true enjoyment, suggests less a conscious endeavor-endeavor to achieve than a free attitude –freedom to order one’s life. 3、Philosophers who start out to solve the problem of the purpose of life beg the question by assuming that life must have a purpose. A: Philosophers who begin with the intention to work out the problem of the purpose of life fail to prove they are right by assuming that life must have a purpose. 4、Everything that we think God has in mind necessarily proceeds from our own mind. A: Everything we think God could think of inevitably results from our own thoughts. 5、Every man projects his own conceptions and his own scales of values. A: Every man introduces his own thoughts and his own desirable of values。 问答 1、What is the author’s opinion about the two classes of enjoyment ? How do you justify that? 7 They are material and spiritual. This classification between material and spiritual pleasures is therefore confusing, unintelligible and untrue for me. It proceeds, I suspect, from a false philosophy, sharply dividing the spirit from the flesh, and not supported by a closer direct scrutiny of our real pleasures. 2、How should we form a view of the universe in right way ? If we must have a view of the universe, let us forget ourselves and not confine it to human life. Let’s stretch it a little and include in our view the purpose of the entire creation-the rocks, the trees and the animals. It is enough that he has a place, and by living in harmony with nature around hin, he will be able to from a workable and reasonable outlook on human life itself. 3、Why does the author conceive the purpose of human life as a practical question instead of a metaphysical one? I have always assumed that the end of living is the true enjoyment of it. Such an end or purpose of life, consisting in its true enjoyment, is not so much a conscious purpose as a natural attitude toward human life. As far as the second question is concerned, the point of dispute is not what is, but what should be, the purpose of human life, and it is therefore a practical, and not a metaphysical question. 4、purpose of life: enjoy the life 翻译 1、This classification between material and spiritual pleasures is therefore confusing, unintelligible and untrue for me. It proceeds, I suspect, from a false philosophy, sharply dividing the spirit from the flesh, and not supported by a closer direct scrutiny of our real pleasures. T: 所以在我看来，物质上的欢乐和精神上的欢乐，它的分别是紊乱的，不易分辨的，不真 确的。我疑心这种分类是根据于一种错误的哲学理论，把美和肉严加分别，而并没有将我们 真正欢乐直接严密研究一下子以为证明。 2、Such an end or purpose of life, consisting in its true enjoyment, is not so much a conscious purpose as a natural attitude toward human life. T: 因为这种包含真正享受它的目的，大抵不是发自有意的，而是一种人生的自然态度。 3、On the contrary, I rather think that philosophers who start out to solve the problem of the purpose of life beg the question by assuming that life must have a purpose. T: 在另一面讲，我剧的哲学家们在企图判明这个人生目的问题时，他们心中大概假定人生 必有一种目的。 4、Into this question of what should be the purpose of human life, every man projects hid own conceptions and his own scale of values. T: 对于人生的目的“应该是什么”这个问题，每个人都有他自己的观念和评价。 5、What can be the end of human life except the enjoyment of it? T: 这是人生的目的除了去享受人生外，还有什么呢, 6、If we must have a view of the universe, let us forget ourselves and not confine it to human life. T: 我们如果必须要有一个宇宙观的话，就让我们把自己忘掉，不要把那宇宙限制于人类生 活的范围之内。 Text B 8 Unit 4 Remember the Farm Text A 词汇 solemn twilight: 肃穆的黄昏 flocking out of:蜂拥 faint: weak 淡的 weird:奇怪的 sheen:光泽 scampered:快跑 foliage:一簇的树叶 at the word:很快 muffled:低沉的 melancholy gloom:灰暗 glimpse:一看 piped up:叽叽喳喳 scurrying:急赶 fragrant:香的 blessed: delighted 愉快的 tramping: walk 跋涉 vault: sky wholesomely:身心愉快 fringe: edge 边缘 over laden:满载的 ploughed through:艰难地跋涉 luminous:发光的 scramble for:struggle or contend frantically in order to get something争抢 privileged nights : those special evenings of the holidays come by: get 得到 prize: first-class inviting: tempting 诱人 enchanting:着迷 boil down:熬浓 a luxury fit for the elect: the best part that goes to the person singled out for the special treatment disposition: temperament 脾气 in conjunction with:结合 juggle: deal with 对付 thump:重击 privileged nights: those special evenings of the holidays creep joy 毛骨悚然 stole over:弥漫 the game was tread: the hunted animal was forced up a tree cozy:舒坦 sung:温暖的 curb: control fired:引起 send down:使…下降 句子释义 1、Let bigots say what they will. A: Let those who blindly believe in their ideas just say what they want to say, I would just hold my own opinions. 2、For I have been there. A: I once was at that age and had experienced that feeling just like that boy. 3、I know the taste of the watermelon which has been honestly come by, and I know the taste of the watermelon which has been acquired by art. Both taste good, but the experienced know which tastes best. A: I know clearly of different flavors of watermelon gained through different channels, among which, the flavor of the watermelon obtained by stealing tops the list. 4、I know the disposition of elderly people to select the specked apples for the children, and I once knew ways to beat the game. 9 A: I understand the old people always want to feel the children and offer them apples with specks, so I once recognized their tricks and managed to get good apples. 5、How often I regretted that I was well enough to go. A: I frequently felt sorry that I was so healthy that I had to go out to attend these risks on such a chilly and dismal morning and could not stay in any more. 问答 1、main idea: This essay vividly describes the author’s childhood life on the farm as the pastoral landscape of the farm. 2、Why did the little boy hold a feeling of regret when the time for the ghost story was impending? I can feel again the creep joy which quivered through me when the time for the ghost story of the ―Golden Arm‖ was reached-and the sense of regret, too, which came over me, for it was always the last story of the evening, and there was nothing between it and the unwelcome bed. 翻译 1、I know how a prize watermelon looks when it is sunning its fat rotundity among pumpkin vines and ―siblins‖. T: 我知道最好的西瓜在瓜藤下面胖乎乎的，在太阳底下暴晒是什么个瓜色。 2、I know how a boy looks behind a yard-long slice of that melon, and I know how he feels; for I have been there. I know the taste of the watermelon which has been honestly come by, and I know the taste of the watermelon which has been acquired by art. Both taste good, but the experienced know which tastes best. T: 我知道，一个孩子在一片西瓜前面是什么个神情，什么个感觉，因为我自己经历过。我 知道用正当手段弄到的西瓜是什么个滋味，也知道凭技巧搞到的西瓜是什么个滋味。这两种 都好吃，不过有经验的人知道哪一种最好吃。 3、I know the disposition of elderly people to select the specked apples for the children, and I once knew ways to beat the game. T: 我知道，老年人喜欢挑有斑点的苹果给孩子吃，而我又曾经怎样巧妙地对付过这一手。 4、After three hours of tramping we arrived back wholesomely tired, overladen with game, very hungry, and just in time for breakfast. T: 跋涉了三个钟头，回来时已经筋疲力尽，满载着猎物，而饥肠辘辘，恰好是吃早饭的时 候。 Text B It is intersected: a road goes through it 10 Unit 5 Speaking of Pictures Text A 词汇 outstretched:伸展的 distended:肿胀 redundant:多余的 sensational:轰动的 tawdry: vulgar 粗俗的 spectacular:壮观的 revolted: disgusted 恶心的 agony:痛苦 censor: check 审查 billow:翻 atrocity: cruelty 罪恶的 mangled:被破坏 morgues:停尸房 relentlessly:无情的 occasioned: caused 起因 imminent: approaching morbid:病态的 superb:卓越的 句子释义 1、Assigning the agency of a human being in terror of imminent death to the status of sideshow act. A: Publishing pictures of human death makes a serious life-and-death scene look like a petty show. 2、The Philadelphia Inquirer : ―Jaws and Towering Inferno are playing downtown; don’t take business away from people who pay good money to advertise in your own paper.‖ A: The angry reader thinks that the pictures about what is happening in downtown look like pictures from disgusting horror movies. This reader further warns that people will not pay to advertise in a newspaper that publishes such unpleasant pictures. 3、Was publication of that (third) picture a bow to the same taste for the morbidly sensational that makes gold mines of disaster movies? A: Producers of disaster movies make good money by making use of people’s unhealthy taste for horror. The publication of the third picture might be appealing to the same bad taste. 4、Printing pictures of corpses raises all sorts of problems about taste and titillation and sensationalism. A: Printing pictures of dead bodies makes people suspect that the publisher has taste or that the publisher is attempting to please the readers with cheap sensational matters. 5、Murder victims are almost never photographed; they are granted their privacy. A: The corpses of the murdered are not photographed and printed in newspapers so as to protect the privacy of the victim. 问答 1、 infer from the photographer’s statements in the first paragraph: brave of fireman rescue shot. 2、 Why does Ephron devote considerable, why did readers object, how did editors justify Readers : enormous, negative, invading the privacy of death, cheap sensationalism, I thought I was 11 reading the National Enquirer. Assigning the agony of a human being in terror of imminent death to the status of a sideshow act. Editors: defending, showed the dangers of fire escapes and raised questions about slumlords, interesting an reverting and gripping. 3、What is her opinion of the editors’ justifications? I become so preoccupied with manufacturing a product according to professional traditions and standards that I have forgotten about the consumer, the reader? 4、What’s Ephron’s purpose of writing Charles Seib’s contradictory points of view? She wants to express her contrast points and introduces her own opinions. 5、Ephron thinks the pictures should be published, why? Because teach their readers a lesson, photojournalism is often more powerful. 翻译 1、As a journalist, Nora Ephron, however, argues that there is nothing irresponsible or unethical about publishing such pictures because they are realistic representation of a life-and-death situation. T: 然而，新闻记者若拉。爱弗朗却对这种不负责任的、不道德的声称是真是地再现了生死 场景的照片刊登予以驳斥。 2、Assigning the agony of a human being in terror of imminent death to the status of a sideshow act. T: 把人在面对逼近的死亡所产生的恐惧和痛苦，看做是“杂耍”。 3、Murder victims are almost never photographed; they are granted their privacy. T: 谋杀几乎不会被拍照，他们认为那是他们的隐私。 Text B 12 Unit 6 How Does a Poem Mean? Text A 词汇 gross:总的 neat:整齐 encyclopedia:百科全书 strain:勉强 every bit as: much as 非常像 unstrained:natural elaborate:仔细的 carry away:因激动失去自控力 tacked-on:附加的 triumph: success multiplied:成倍的 tucked:塞进去 foil:陪衬 quandary;困境 inanimate: lifeless interplay:相互作用 prompt:激励 retarded: under developed 智障 cross tug: conflict 用力拉 give rise to: controversy 争议 venture on:下决心做 errand:办差事 turned the question away: dodge 躲避 stately:壮观地 temptingly:诱惑 a spate of:一定量的 dazzle:眼花缭乱 engulfing:吞噬 stunt:绝活 haphazard: casual 随意 sparkle: inspiration 灵感 foretaste:预先体验 take a long chance 冒险 stunning: surprising coincide:一致 句子释义 1、Any teaching of the poem by any other method owes the poem an apology. A: It is wrong to teach poetry in any way other than to teach students how to experience poetry. 2、He is giving it the Wigglesworth treatment. A: The reader who only looks for important messages in a poem is treating the poem as doggerel, blind to what is poetic in poetry. 3、Anything more than the truth would have seemed too weak. A: Exaggeration or overstatement would weaken the poetic effect. 4、He wrote them because, for the fun of it, he had got himself into trouble. A: Those lines in the poem were the result of the poet’s interest in a complicated rhyme scheme which proved to be very different. To find enough rhyming words in English, the poet settled for those lines because he felt good enough about them. 5、As Frost himself once defined freedom, it consists of ―moving easy in business‖. A: Robert Frost understands freedom as ―freedom of movement with limitation and restrains‖. 问答 1、 Why Americans should be taught poetry? Poetry has only a remote place in the grass of our culture. America is a modern country with short 13 history. 2、Why compare John Milton’s Paradise and The Day of Doom? Similarities and differences Wigglesworth’s theology is every bit as sound and as comprehensive as Milton’s. Paradise Lost is, in one sense, a rhymed sermon written to justify God’s ways to man. Poetry, it follow, is more than simply“something to say”. Nor is it simply an elaborate way of saying something or nothing. 3、Two principles of writing a poem Understatement Illustrated is to let action speak for itself. 4、Rhyme is a kind of game ,why? Rhyme is a kind of game, and an especially difficult one in English. 5、skillful juggler of many balls and Robert Frost? It’s different to rhyme. 6、Why is the essay entitled ―How Does a Poem Mean?‖ instead of ―What Does a Poem Mean?‖ You will observe one further point: that the human-insight of the poem, and the technicalities of the poetic devices are inseparable. Each feeds the other. This interplay is the poem’s meaning, a matter not of WHAT IT MEANS (nobody can say entirely what a good poem means ) but HOW IT MEANS—a process one can come much closer to discussing. 翻译 1、As the Milanese citizen becomes an encyclopedia of opera information, and as even retarded boys in The Bronx are capable of reciting endlessly detailed baseball statistics, so the passionate reader of poetry becomes alive to it by natural process. T: 就像米兰的居民是歌剧信息的百科全书一样，就像是布朗克斯的男孩能讲大量的关于棒 球的策略一样，所以热爱诗歌的读者自然而然就变得对它敏感了。 2、Any teaching of the poem by any other method owes the poem an apology. T: 任何形式的诗歌教学都应当跟诗歌说抱歉。 3、For a symbol is like a rock dropped into a pool: it sends out ripples in all directions, and the ripples are in motion. T: 象征就像是石块掉进了池塘里一样:四面产生出动态地波纹。 4、As Frost himself once define freedom, it consist of ―moving easy in harness.‖ T: 就像弗洛斯德曾经自己定义自由，是“被绳子系着时的片刻的喘息”。 Text B 14 Unit 7 Women Text A 词汇 disputing:争论 philistine: boorish 市侩 abolished:废除 smeared:诋毁 rumpus: disturbance 吵闹 terrorize: frighten 恐吓 captive:被控制 arrant:彻底的 be inherent in:与生俱来 muddle: confusion 混沌 insidious:狡猾的 confuse:相反 perpetrated: committed handiness:心灵手巧 put to the test:检测 unwittingly: unconsciously 不自觉地 artificially:人为地 lunatic:疯子 inhibitions:压抑 eccentric:怪人 every bit: just aesthetics:美学 contrived to:设法做 irked: annoyed 恼人 ingenious:聪明 supplement:补充 relieve:缓解 minus:缺少 revamped: renewed 改头换面 crux: key aptitude for:才能 propensity: inclination 倾向 exert: impose 施加 sober:严肃的 scratch:起点 extended: broaden 扩展 have sb at one’s mercy 受…的控制 dictate:听从 force: story point 专长 opt to fall in with: comply with 和…保持一致 barricade:阻碍 eschew:avoid and shun 回避 wishy-washy: uncertain 犹豫不决 perceived:认为 cogent: powerful be obliged to:被迫 pass muster 达到某人预期 adept:熟练 irrepressible:不能压抑的 afflict: troubles 折磨 watertight: without weak point succumb: surrender 屈服于 unbecoming:不合适的 assuage: comfort 劝慰 furtive:偷偷地 conceivable: imaginable 可想象的 disembarrass:免于尴尬 play on:利用 blandishment:奉承 vulnerable: weak consist of:由…组成 perpetuating:永恒的 passes muster with her: measures up to her standards or expectation 句子释义 1、To be officially free is by no means the same as being actually and psychologically free. A: Although it is already recognized by the law that there should not remain racial discrimination, yet it does exist because the reality and social climate help to cultivate it. 2、Our business and governments are staffed quite largely by people whose aptitude for the work consists solely of their being what is, by tradition, the right sex for it. A: Our business and government are mainly equipped with those who are employed, not because 15 they are fit for the job, but simply because they are men. 3、That is the climate which the human animal cannot tolerate. A: Under the social pressure, the fear of being not attractive to the opposite sex is intolerable to human beings. 4、So long as women remain persuaded it would be unnatural of them to want it. A: If only women are still convinced that it was abnormal for them to want the equal treatment. 5、We are betraying civilization itself if we do not set both sexes free to make a free choice. A: So long as both sexes cannot make their free choices according to their own mind, we are going away from civilization. 问答 1、In contrast with caged animals, do women have anything different in the same imprisonment condition? Barrier is invisible. 2、What is the author’s attitude toward the comforting voices? This is an argument without a flaw: except that it is addressed exclusively to women. Address it to both sexes and instantly it becomes progressive and humane. As it stands, it is merely anti-woman prejudice revamped. 3、In the opinion, what is the real connotation of ―intuition‖ and ―feeling‖ in a man-centered society? ―Intuition‖ is just a polite name for bad reasoning, and ―feeling‖ for bad art. 4、Why would a man sentenced to prison probably feel this punishment redoubled if a woman judge sentenced him under a law drafted by a woman legislator? What is the root cause of such a reaction? Because women’s social status is inferior. Sex discrimination. 翻译 1、Viewing the true sate of women in modern society from a fresh angle, the author tries to convince us that the true emancipation of women means that someday, men and women will make a free choice to say home or go to work without being affected by the social climate. T: 从一个全新的角度来看妇女在现代社会中的真实地位，作者尽力使我们信服这样的观点: 真正的解放意味着在某一天，女性和男性一样将有自由选择是呆在家里还是西湖区工作的权 利。这种权利将不再会受到社会的影响。 2、There are no laws and very little discrimination to prevent western, industrialized women from voting, being voted for or entering the professions. If there are still comparatively few women lawyers and engineers, let alone women presidents of the United States, what are women to conclude except that this is the result either of their own free choice or of something inherent in 16 female nature? T: 几乎没有相关法律和决议阻挠西方工业社会的妇女进行投票，为她们进入工作领域进行 投票。如果仍然有相对较少的女律师和女工程师，更不用说美国女总统了，除了说这既是她 们自己民主的选择又是她们天生与生俱来的事情外还能得出什么结论呢, 3、A society as adept as ours has become at propaganda—whether political or commercial—should know that ―persuasion,‖ which means the art of launching myths and artificially inducing inhibitions, is every bit as effective as force of law. T: 一个社会应该像我们熟悉传道总会一样—不管是商业的还是政治的—应当知道“说服力” 创造神话和假惺惺的制造禁令的艺术，就像法律的势力一样行之有效。 4、Modern society, like the modern zoo, has contrived to get rid of the bars without altering the fact of imprisonment. T: 现代社会，就如同是现代的动物园，设法摆脱栅栏而没有改变监禁的现在。 5、This is an argument without a flaw: except that it is addressed exclusively to women. Address it to both sexes and instantly it becomes progressive and humane. As it stands, it is merely anti-women prejudice revamped. T: 这是一种无可挑剔的观点:除非它是专门针对女性的。如果它是针对两性的，那么它就 是进步的和仁慈的。而现在它坚持的，只是一种修正过的妇女偏见。 6、All the home-making talent which happens to be born inside male bodies is wasted; and our businesses and governments are staffed quite largely by people whose aptitude for the work consists solely of their being what is, by tradition, the right sex for it. T: 所有男性与生俱来的持家的天分被浪费掉了;我们商业和政府很大一部分比例的成员是 由被社会传统所承认的天生适合的性别来充当的。 7、So brilliantly has society contrived to terrorize women with this threat that certain behavior is unnatural and unwomanly that it has left them no time to consider—or even sheerly observe—what womanly nature really is. T: 社会用如此手段来图谋威胁女性，以至于一些行为是不自然的，没有女性气质的，她没 有留给她们考虑的时间—甚至完全的观察—女性的真正的天性是什么。 8、Not only are the distinctions we draw between male nature and female nature largely arbitrary and often pure superstition: they are completely beside the point. T: 我们得出的男性和女性之间的差别不仅是随意的而且也是纯粹的迷信:它们完全不在这 点上。 9、Logic and art are not natural or instinctive activities; but our nature includes a propensity to acquire them.. T: 逻辑学和艺术不是自然的而是本能的行为;但是我们的天性中包括一种获得它们的倾向。 10、If modern civilization has invented methods education which make it possible for men to feed babies and for women to think logically, we are betraying civilization itself if we do not set both 17 sexes free to make a free choice. T: 如果现代的文明已经发现了使男性照看小孩使女性做出自由的选择的话，那我们就还没 有达到真正的文明。 11、The pressure society exerts to drive men out of the house is very nearly as irrational and unjust as those by which it keeps women in. The mistake of the early reformers was to assume that men were emancipated already and that therefore reform need ask only for the emancipation of women. What we ought to do now is go right back to scratch and demand the emancipation of both sexes. It is only because men are not free themselves that they have found it necessary to cheat women by the deception which makes them appear free when they are not. T: 社会压力迫使男性走出家庭就如同它将妇女束缚在家里一样的不合理、不公平。早期改 革的错误就在于一开始假定男性已经得到解放，因而改革必须还做到妇女的解放。现在我们 应该做的就是联合起来请求男女都得到解放。这仅仅是因为男性觉得他们还不够自由，所以， 他们就通过骗局来欺骗那些还没得到自由但是看起来似乎是得到自由的妇女们。 Text B basted: got the better of be hooked up to: be linked to or fastened to good works: charitable acts extravagant: beyond what is reasonable altruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessness crack down: take strong and decisive action against something undesirable or illegal 18 Unit 8 Welcome to Cyberia Text A 词汇 real-time:即时的 implicit:隐含 fabulous:难以置信的 delirious:令人激动的 by and large: in general lurking:隐藏 foot the bill 买单 repository:仓库 among other things:以及其他 scrolling:展开 crack whiz:高手 obsession:困扰 rigorous and stringent:自律 pertaining to: relating to 与…有关 neophyte: novice 新手 catchall:包含一切 conscientious: cautious 谨慎的 enlightened:开明的 entail: weed browse:浏览 forums: 讨论会 wade through:费力前进 turned in, turned on and geeked out:(the net user) began to accept the Internet, loved it, and then could not live without it. 句子释义 1、As surely as the Department of Defense started this whole thing, AT&T or Ted Turner is going to end up running it. A: We know for a fact that the Department of Defense started the Internet. We are also sure that some business companies will ultimately take over the management of the Internet. 2、Exercising choice is J.Individual’s God-given right as an American. A: As an American citizen, J.Individual has the inalienable right to make a choice, to decide for himself or herself. 3、The“shelf life”of a given post is no more than four weeks. A: A certain post will be kept in the forum for no more than four weeks on average and then it will be deleted. 4、which obviously has a number of intellectually negative implications. A: The short length makes it almost impossible for the post to have meaningful contents. 5、J. Individual has settled into an electronic suburb. A: J. Individual soon settled down in a discussion forum that attracts fairly well-to-do people just like him and will not venture on the Internet any further. 问答 1、What kind of services can computer network offer the user? Computer bulletin board services offer up the glories of e-mail, the thought-provocation of newsgroups, the sharing of ideas implicit in public posting, and the interaction of real-time chats. 2、What is the author’s attitude toward people’s fascination with the infinite possibilities for 19 communication on the Internet? Will J. Individual actually meet new people, go to new places, and discuss new ideas? Why or why not? 3、Who started the Internet? And ultimately, who will run the Internet? As surely as the Department of Defense started this whole thing., AT&T or Ted Turner is going to end up running it. 翻译 1、M. Kadi, however, debunks the openness and diversity in cyberspace because, with limited time, money and energy, the average individual can only be localized to the topics he/ she is familiar with and contact those with whom he/ she shares similar views and experiences instead of reaching out to any unfamiliar topics or any other people of quite different ways of living. T: M. Kadi揭示了子网络世界种的公开化和多样性，因为，用有限的时间，金钱和精力，平 均每一个人只能局限于他或她熟悉的话题，接触那些与他或她观点和经历相同的人，而不涉 猎其他的他们不熟悉的话题和与他们生活方式完全不同的人。 2、As surely as the Department of Defense started this whole thing., AT&T or Ted Turner is going to end up running it, so I don’t think it’s too unrealistic to take a look at the Net as it exists in its commercial form in order to expose some of the realities lurking behind the regurgitated media rhetoric and the religious fanaticism of her junkies. T: 国防部首先发起了这件事情，美国电话电报公司或特德(特纳将要停办它，所以我认为， 关注网络是并不是不切实际的，就像是它在商业中的存在说哦为了要揭露那些隐藏在花言巧 语的媒体背后和沉溺与网络的人们的现实。 3、In case you think 30 hours a month is an outrageous estimate, think of it in terms of television. T: 如果你觉得一个月30个小时的估计不不太可能的，那就用电视来进行一个比较。 4、Let’s be truthful here, 30 hours a month ignores shareware downloads, computer illiteracy, real –time chatting, interactive game playing, and serious forum following, which by nature entail a significant amount of scrolling and / or downloading time. T: 相信吧，30个小时一个月还忽略了共享文件的下载，电脑盲们，实际时间的聊天，互动 游戏和论坛，这些就占用了大把大把的有意义的时间。 5、You may want to join the on-line revolution, but obviously you can’t wade through everything that’s being discussed-you, which folders to browse. T: 你可能很想加入在线的这场革命，但是，显然你不可能涉猎到每一个讨论—你得选择你 所感兴趣的话题，你感兴趣浏览的论坛。 6、Something the posting is so frequent that the ―shell life‖ of a given post is no more than four weeks. T: 有时候，帖子更新太迅速，有效期限还不超过4个星期。 Text B 20 Unit 9 Walden Text A 词汇 nimble: acute 敏锐 petulantly: offensively 坏脾气 game: energetic 热火朝天 strewn with: scatter 散落一地 lurch: sway 倾斜 frail: weak impetuous: rash 冲动 undulate: moving in waves 随波起伏 have the upper hand: advantage snooping:窥视 pertinence:相关 a smattering of: a few of lose ground: no longer popular extract:拿起 dearly:昂贵的 grossness:粗俗 grimly:狰狞地 induce :导致 rouse: awaken 惊醒 cryptic:神秘的 delight:吸收 degenerate:堕落 odd: strange savagery:荒蛮 departed:已逝去的 at pains to:努力做 inauspicious:不幸的 soothe: comfortable 安抚 make of with:顺手牵羊 attended to: apply itself to 导致 flush:惊起了 convoy:护送 indistinct:模糊了 imbibe:吸收 at length: finally 详细 intervene:干涉 deliberately: on purpose 有意的 solitude:独处 congeniality: pleasantness 亲切的 句子释义 1、That is a high speed at which to hols a philosopher in one’s mind, but in this century we are a nimble bunch. A: Driving at a high speed is not a good occasion for philosophic thinking and meditation, but in th century we have to be accustomed to thinking while moving fast in driving or in our daily life. 20 2、Its intestinal yearning for the other side of the road world loses ground. A: The turtle’s desire to reach the other side of the road was spoiled when the cars ran over it and squashed its intestines. 3、They reveal a meanness and grossness in my nature which you would find contemptible. A: E.B White had to buy shoes and pay for the hotel room and food. Thoreau would probably consider it petty and vulgar to spend money on such unnecessary items and thus would probably look down upon the author. 问答 1、main idea: In the following essay, selected from White’s One Man’s Meat, written after a visit to Walden Pond where Thoreau had lived nearly a hundred years before, E.B. White shows his pious tribute to Thoreau, describes the natural scene on his way to Walden and makes a personal comment on modern society. 21 Unit 10 A Message to Intellectuals Text A 词汇 momentous: important be conductive to:导致 age-old clichés:陈词滥调 prudence:谨慎 to bring this home to men: make sth clear atavist:原始的 fateful: important implication:对…有影响 shoulder:承担 poignancy:惨痛经验 inflict:承担 beset: trouble apparatus:设备 banish: abolish 废除 banish: abolish antagonism:对立冲突 annihilation:灭绝 destination: purpose gruesome: terrible solemn:神圣的 formidable:巨大的 transcendent: supreme 卓越的 delusion:欺骗 take counsel with:磋商 induce:导致 sovereigntle:统治权 compelling:强制的 repercussion:影响 indispensable:不可缺少的 wanton:不负责任的 句子释义 1、Apply reason and produce to the solution of man’s problems instead of yielding to atavist and passions. A: To solve issues of man with reason and caution and try to avoid responding to them impulsively. 2、No doubt, the antagonism of economic interests within and among nations is largely responsible to a great extent for the dangerous and threatening condition in the world today. A: Undoubtedly, the hostility caused by competition of economic interests among nations inflicts the tense perilous state on the world today. 3、But in relations among separate states complete anarchy still prevails. A: However, complete anarchy is still popular among state’s relations. 4、The state has thus become a modern idol whose suggestive power few men are able escape. A: Under the influence of education on the possibilities of war, not only the mentality of the young, but also the mentality of the adults, falls into the trap of suggestive power of the state. 5、Clichés of yesterday will no longer do today, and will, no doubt, be hopelessly out of date tomorrow. A: People will abandon those overused ideas of the old days in the future. 问答 1、Does rational thinking suffice to solve the problem of our social life? Why? 22 No. Because by painful experience we have learnt that rational thinking does not suffice to solve the problems of our social life. Penetrating research and keen scientific work have often had tragic implications for mankind, producing, on the one hand, inventions which liberated man from exhausting physical labor, making his life easier and richer; but on the other hand, introducing a grave restlessness into his life, making him a slave to his technological environment, and-most catastrophic of all-creating the means for his own mass destruction. This, indeed, is a tragedy of overwhelming poignancy! 2、What’s the task and social aim of this Congress according to the speaker? In order to call on the intellectuals to unite together and threatening condition in the world, and maintain a peaceful coexistence of the nations of the world. 3、What influence does the state of anarchy have on mankind? All too frequently conflicts among nations are still being decided by-brutal power, by war. The unlimited desire for ever greater power seeks to become active and aggressive wherever and whenever the physical possibility offers itself. 4、How can mankind be saved from horrible weapons? Mankind can only gain protection against the danger of unimaginable destruction and wanton annihilation if a supranational organization has alone the authority to produce or possess these weapons. 翻译 1、By painful experience we have learnt that rational thinking does not suffice to solve the problems of our social life. Penetrating research and keen scientific work have often had tragic implications for mankind, producing, on the one hand, inventions which liberated man from exhausting physical labor, making his life easier and richer; but on the other hand, introducing a grave restlessness into his life, making him a slave to his technological environment, and-most catastrophic of all-creating the means for his own mass destruction. This, indeed, is a tragedy of overwhelming poignancy! T: 通过痛苦的经历我们懂得，理性思考不足以解决我们社会生活中的诸多问题。深入地研 究和敏捷的科学工作对人类常常具有悲剧性的含义。一方面，它产生了使人从筋疲力尽的体 力劳动中解放出来的发明;但另一方面，他给人的生活引入了严重的不安， 使人成为其技 术环境的奴隶，所有这些种最为灾难性的是—发明了人类自我大规模毁灭的手段。这实在是 难以忍受的悲剧～ 2、No doubt, the antagonism of economic interests within and among nations is largely responsible to a great extent for the dangerous and threatening condition in the world today. Man has not succeeded in developing political and economic forms of organization which would guarantee the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the world. He has not succeeded in building the kind of system which would eliminate the possibility of war and banish forever the murderous instruments of mass destruction. T: 无疑，国内以及国家之间经济利益的冲突在很大程度要对导致今日世界的危险局势和威 胁负责。人类在发展一个保证世界上民族之间和平共存的政治和经济组织形式方面还为成 23 功，在构建一个消除战争的可能性，永远禁止大规模毁灭的谋杀性装置的体系方面还为成功。 3、We must build spiritual and scientific bridges linking the nations of the world. We must overcome the horrible obstacles of national frontiers. T: 我们必须建筑联结各国之间的精神的和科学的桥梁。我们必须克服国家边界的可怕障碍。 4、In relations among separate states complete anarchy still prevails. T: 在不同国家之间，完全的无政府之一仍然流行。 5、All too frequently conflicts among nations are still being decided by-brutal power, by war. The unlimited desire for ever greater power seeks to become active and aggressive wherever and whenever the physical possibility offers itself. T: 国家之间常年不断的冲突仍然是诉诸于权利，诉诸于战争来解决的。无限制的贪求更大 权力的愿望，不论在何方，不论在何时，只有现实可能性能够提供，就试图变得积极和具有 进攻性。 6、Throughout the ages, this state of anarchy in international affairs has inflicted indescribable suffering and destruction upon mankind; again and again it has depraved the development of men, their souls and their well-being. For given time it has almost annihilated whole areas. T: 贯穿在历史上国际事务中的这种无政府状态让人类承受了不可言状的痛苦和毁灭。它一 次又一次地剥夺了人类及其心灵、福利的发展。在某些时候，它几乎毁灭了整个地区。 7、The power of every state over its citizens has grown steadily during the last few hundred years, no less in countries where the power of the state has been exercised wisely, than in those where it has been used for brutal tyranny. T: 每个国家对其居民的权力的控制，在过去的几百年里，已经稳步的增强了。在这点上， 权力被明智地运用的国家一点也不比残暴专制统治的国家差。 8、Clichés of yesterday will no longer do today, and will, no doubt, be hopeless out of date tomorrow. To bring this home to men all over the world is the most important and most fateful social function intellectuals have ever had to shoulder. T: 昨天的陈词滥调不再适合于今天，无疑也将在明天毫无希望地过时。让世界上所有的人 都认识到这一点，是知识分子肩上从未负担的最重要的和最重大的社会职责。 9、Let us hope that the abolition of the existing international anarchy will not need to be bought by a self-inflicted world catastrophe the dimensions of which none of us can possibly imagine. The time is terribly short. We must act now if we are to act at all. T: 让我们希望，废除现存国际间的无政府状态将不需要导致一个自作自受的世界灾难，这 场灾难的程度我们当中没有一个人能想象到。时间苦短，如果我们要行动，就必须现在行动。 Text B 24 Unit 11 Thinking as a Hobby Text A 词汇 namely: that is to say 也就是说 money: opinion delinquent:经常出错 flagged: languished 疲弱 incomprehensible: difficult to understand indignant: angry integrated: perfected reputation: fame 名声 clasp: clench 抓紧 portentous: strange 怪异 contemplated:沉思 in the flesh: in person depravity: evilness 堕落 inscrutable:难以了解 untorment: free of trouble 没有苦恼 aspirant:有抱负的人 exalted: excited vehemently: strongly 拼命地 hustle: drive 驱赶 amiability: kindness 友善 hideous: terrible irreverent:不勇敢 stagger: hobble 蹒跚而行 substitute: replacement 代替 be given to:总是 conversion: change high-minded:有意的 hallowed:被神圣化 detestation: dislike mused:思考 clairvoyance: insight 洞察力 rejoicing to: feel happy 陶醉 at length: in details reel remorselessly:无情地 impediment: hindrance 障碍物 solidarity: unity 团结性 mockery:嘲讽 outnumbered:在数量上被超过 aspired to: desired stampede: ran away 逃避 revered: respect conferred on:赋予 anguish:悲伤 menace: threat gregarious:群居的 atheist:无神论者 undeniable:不可 the third degree: mental or physical torture used to obtain information or a confession irom a prisoner 句子释义 1、Like someone born deaf, but bitterly determined to find out about sound I wanted my teaches to find out about thought. A: Those who are born deaf never hear any sound, so it is impossible for them to find out about sound no matter how hard they try. In much the same way, it was impossible for me to find out what thought was really like by observing my touched ways of thinking for they never taught me how think. 2、Mr. Houghton thought with his neck. A: When Mr. Houghton wanted to express an opinion, his neck would bulge. In other words, the author did not think that Mr. Houghton was capable of thought because his building neck indicated an obstinate passion rather than logical thinking. 3、As most businessmen’s golf, as honest as most politician’s intentions or-to come near my own 25 preoccupation-as coherent as most books that get written. A: It (thought) is neither proficient, nor honest, nor coherent. 4、To find out the deficiencies of our elders bolsters the young ego but does not make for personal security. A: Finding out the weaken of our teachers, we young people really feel excited and confident about ourselves, but such a sense of self-importance is very dangerous for the young people in the future. 5、Young men, while willing to concede the chaining sordidness of marriage, were hesitant about abandoning the organizations which they hoped would give them a career. A: Young men were willing to admit that marriage had many problem, but they were reluctant to admit that organization such as the government or the army were bad insitutions, too, because they still expected to find jobs in such organizations. 问答 1、What are the characteristics of grade-three thinking according to William Golding? How does he illustrate them? It’s unconscious prejudice, ignorance, and hypocrisy. It is feeling, rather than thought. He illustrates the teachers in the grammar school. 2、What’s the limitation of grade-two thinking? How does he illustrate the dangers of grade-tow thinking? Grade-two thinking is the detection of contradictions. Grade-two thinking is a withdrawal, with eyes and ears open. For grade-two thinking destroys without having the power to create. Grade-two thinking could be dangerous. 3、In what way does grade-one thinking differ from that of grade two? What is truth? a very common grade-two thought, but one that is used always as the end of an argument instead of the beginning. There is still a higher grade of thought which say, ―What is truth?‖ and sets out to find it. 4、What is the significance of the three statuettes in the essay? What do they symbolize to the headmaster and William Golding respectively? Venus of Milo was just busy being beautiful. The leopard was Nature, and he was being natural. Rodin’s Thinker was an image of pure thought and not miserable. 翻译 1、Like someone born deaf, but bitterly determined to find out about sound, I watched my teachers to find out about thought. T: 就像某些人天生耳聋却痛苦的决定感知声音，我观察我的老师们试图理解“思考”。 2、Mr. Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life, sexless and full of duty. 26 T: 豪特先生喜欢做格调很高的无性的、充满责任的健康生活的滔滔不绝的演讲。 3、Man is a gregarious animal, and enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill. T: 人是一种群居的动物，喜欢像牛在山坡上用同一种方式啃草一样，获得赞同。 4、To find out the deficiencies of our elders bolsters the young ego but does not make for personal security. T: 知道此类年长者的不足和年轻人的字符对个人的安全感也无什么弥补。 Text B run: average type, group, or category 27 Unit 12 Does Human Nature Change? Text A 词汇 engrained:根深的 transmitted:流传的 emulation: competition 竞争 plasticity: adaptable ability 可塑性 chancy: careful plane: level manifestation:表现形式 outdo:超越 imperative:强制性的 divert: distract 转移 welf-acoredited:人人都相信的 offhand: without preparation 毫无准备 rest: base deadlock: dilemma 僵局 inertia:惰性 be susceptible of: be subject to 容易… dislocation: disorder bear upon:对…产生影响 cohabitation:同居 cumulative:积累的 constituent: component 组成 innate: inborn 固有的 pugnacity:好斗 aesthetic:审美的 enlisted: included palatable:美味的 dogmatize:说教 come home to: become more clear canalized:疏导 premium:报酬 sweeping: complete endow:赋予 modify:改变 extreme:最高的 manifest:展现 句子释义 1、Recognition of the fact that there are some tendencies so integral a part of human mature that the latter would not be human nature if they changed. A: We should be well aware that there are some particular predispositions which are essential in human nature and will remain unchanged. If such predispositions change, human nature will no longer be complete. 2、According to him it was not simply the desire to be a master that was engrained in human nature. There were persons who were born with such an inherently slavish nature that it did violence to human nature to set them free. A: According to Aristotle, slavery existed because some people were born with the desire to be slave master and other people were born with the desire to be slaves. Both the desires to be masters and to be slaves were human nature. Setting the slaves free would damage such human nature. 3、The time may be far off when will cease to fulfill their need for combat by destroying each other and when they will manifest it in common and combined efforts against the forces that are enemies of all men equally. A: It might be impossible for men to stop killing each other and united in their efforts against forces that threaten all human beings. 4、Hence the ultimate failure of pacifist appeals to the kindly elements of native human nature 28 when they are separated from intelligent consideration of the social and economic forces at work. A: Pacifists are doomed to failure if they rely on the good parts of human nature for world peace without considering the social and economic forces that will influence human nature. 5、Whatever represses and distorts the processes of education that might bring about a change in human dispositions with, the minimum of waste puts a premium upon the forces that bring society to a state of deadlock, and there by encourages the use of violence as a means of social change. A: Education might be able to produce a change in human nature with the least waste, yet some forces might repress and distort such an education process. Such disruptive forces would stop social development and encourage the use of violence as a means of social change. 问答 1、What parts of human nature does he consider unchangeable? What parts are changeable? Needs for food and drink and for moving about. Pugnacity and fear are native elements of human nature. 2、What accounts for the fact that changes in institutions are often tough to bring about? It is for these reasons that I say that those who hold that proposals for social change, even of rather a profound character, are impossible and utopian because of the fixity of human nature confuse the resistance to change that comes from acquired habits with that which comes from original human nature. 3、How does Dewey, who devoted much of his life to education, analyze the relationship between education and the changeability of human nature? If human nature is unchangeable, then there is no such thing as education and all our efforts to education are doomed to failure. 翻译 1、I have come to the conclusion that those who give different answers to the question I have asked in the title of this article are talking about different things. This statement in itself, however, is too easy a way out of the problem to be satisfactory. For there is a real problem, and so far as the question is a practical one instead of an academic one, I think the proper answer is that human nature does change. T: 对于我在这篇文章标题里所提出的问题给与不同答案的那些人，我不得不认为他们正在 讨论不同的事。然而这种陈述本身，是一种轻易摆脱问题的方式而不能令人满意。因为它确 实是一个问题，只要这问题是一个实践问题而不是学术，我认为正确答案是人性变化了。 2、I do not think it can be shown that the innate needs of men have changed since man became man or that there is any evidence that will change as man is on the earth. T: 我并不认为这能说明，人自从变成人他们的天生需求已发生，或能证明只要人类在地球 上将一直变化。 3、Whether my particular examples are well chosen or not matter so much as does recognition of the fact there are some tendencies so integral a part of human nature that the latter would not be 29 human nature if they changed. T: 不管我的这些特殊例子是精选的还不是这不重要。有许多已被我们认为事实了:有一些 特性是人性的必要部分而保持不变，假如他变化，那后者将不是完整人性。 4、Where we are likely to go wrong, after the fact is recognized that there is something unchangeable in the structure of human nature, is the inference we draw from it. We suppose that the manifestation of these needs is also unalterable. We suppose that the manifestations we have got used to are as natural and as unalterable as are the needs from which they spring. T: 人性的结构某些是不可改变的这个事实被承认后，我们那儿可能犯错误了，是我们从中 得出的结论。我们认为这些需求所表现的东西也不改变。我们认为我们所习惯的这些表现就 像他们天生的需求一样天生的和不可改变的。 5、They assertion that human nature cannot be changed is heard when social changes are urged as reforms and improvements of existing conditions. T: 当社会改变被推进时，如改变和改进现有的条件，就会听到人性不可改变的论断。 6、Nevertheless, there are few social changes that can be opposed on the ground that they are contrary to human nature itself. T: 然而，有一些社会变化可以给予和人性相背离而被反对。 7、War does not exist because man has combative instincts, but social condition and forces have led, almost forced, these ―instincts‖ into this channel. T: 战争的存在不是由于人的好斗本性，而是社会条件和力量导致，甚至是逼迫这些本能进 入这种战争途径。 8、There are a large number of other channels in which the need for combat has been satified, and there are other channels not yet discovered or explored into which it could be led with equal satisfaction. T: 有一些需要斗争的地方通过大量其他渠道满足了，也有其他一些尚未发现或有待开发的 渠道能够使之比较满意解决。 9、The time may be far off when men will cease to fulfill their need for combat by destroying each other and when they will manifest it in common and combined efforts against the forces that are enemies of all men equally. T: 对于让人们停止互相杀害，团结他们的力量来反对威胁所有人类力量是不可能的。 10、We send nurses and physicians to the battlefield and provide hospital facilities as ―naturally‖ as we charge bayonets and discharge machine guns. T: 我们一方面派送护士和医生到战场，提供医疗设施，同时我们使用刺刀，射出机枪也是 一样自然。 11、An even more burning issue emerges when any fundamental change in economic institutions and relations is proposed. T: 当在经济体制和关系方面任何基本改革被提出时，一个更为棘手的问题就会出现。 30 12、Law is one of the most conservation of human institutions; yet through the cumulative effect of legislation and judicial decision it changes, sometimes at a slow rate, sometimes rapidly. T: 法则是人类机制最保守之一，然而通过法则和司法规定累积作用它变化了，有时候慢， 有时候快。 13、It is for these reasons that I say that those who hold proposals for social change, even of rather a profound character, are impossible and utopian because of the fixity of human nature confuse the resistance to change that comes from acquired habits with that which comes from original human nature. T: 人性的固定性混淆了改变由原始人性而形成的习惯的抵制。因此我说那些社会改革的提 议即使是意义深远的特征，也是不可能和乌托邦的。 14、If human nature is unchangeable, then there is no such thing as education and all our efforts to education are doomed to failure. T: 假如人性是不可改变的，就不会有像教育这样的事，而且我们所有去教育的努力注定失 败。 15、The existence of almost every conceivable kind of social institution at some time and place in the history of the world is evidence of the plasticity of human nature. T: 在世界历史上任何时间地点几乎每一个可信服得到社会体制的存在都是人性可塑性的证 明。 16、When our sciences of human nature and human relations are anything like as developed as are our sciences of physical nature, their chief concern will be with the problem of how human nature is most effectively modified. T: 当我们的人性和人性关系和科学家像我们的自然科学家发展一样，他们首要关心的将是 怎样使人性最有效的调整问题。 Text B 31 Unit 13 The Business of a Biographer Text A 词汇 live: acuter 真实 bolstering: supporting 支持 laborious:累人的 margin: possibility libraries handy:便利的 filing:归档 remimscent:回忆的 kudos: honor and glory trudge:和…一起走 following: tracing 跟踪 ascertained: find out 使…确定 authentic: real on loot: on foot 徒步 startle: surprise cordially:真诚地 portioned: divide obsession:困扰 unvarnished: plain anachronism:时代误差 brooding:想(不开心的事) sparingly: economically 节约地 pop up:突然出现 be apt to: be inclined to 总是 affiliation:关系 speculation:猜想 bustle:活跃 mar: destroy efface: rubout 消除 patently: obviously 明显的 immersion:投入 vexation: troubles sanguine: passionate trifled:被玩弄 phlegmatic: calm obliterated:逐步消除 choleric: bad-tempered combed:搜查 melancholic: subject to melancholy tempted:诱惑 impudent: insolent 鲁莽的 consistent:一致的 take stock: examine in review visualize:使看得见 confided:吐露心声 converse:谈话 句子释义 1、I was aware it would be due not alone to the manner of presentation but to the manner of research. A: I realized it would be up to not only the way to express the facts, but also the way to dig into them. 2、This copying in libraries, this eventful choice of incident is half the biographical battle, perhaps more than half. A: Half of the success of a biographer depends on the laborious copy of the original materials and the resultant choice among those incidents that happened. 3、I aim not to startle with new material but to persuade with old, and I shall use a narrative from because for me it is the most persuasive. A: I intend not to shock others with new material, but to convince others with old materials. Thus for me, a narrative form will best help me achieve a convincing effect. 4、Whatever, did not stand as illustration of Adams’s character or Adams’s part in forming the 32 American states, must be thrown out. A: Those plots that could not well exemplify Adams’s personality or Adams’s role in forming the USA must be discarded. 5、Academic historians, accustomed to write only in the critical form, are slow to recognize the difficulties of the straight narrative method. 问答 1、According to author, what aim does a biographer should reach on the basis of the original facts, And what elements does this depend on? All doubts fled. I had chosen my hero—or more exactly, he had chosen me. I knew by now the basic facts of Adams’s life; it would be for me as biographer to make the facts live. Should this high aim be achieved, I was aware it would be due not alone to the manner of presentation but to the manner of research. 2、From the essay, do you know what goals the author wants to achieve through reading and research? All my reading, all my research will be directed toward two goals: the understanding of John Adams’s character, and the understanding of how it felt to be a citizen of the Eighteenth Century. 3、In the second year of research, during the process of cross-filing, what types of work ―I‖ need to do? Meanwhile committing to memory as many facts as I could, in the hope they would pop up at the needed moment. Research about people, research about ideas, research about things. 4、How did the author get preparations for the writing of physical scenes? He paid personal place. 5、How many literary forms did the modern biography offer the author? Which one does the author prefer? For the actual writing of my tale, modern biography offered two literary forms: the critical and the narrative. 翻译 1、In this process of research, I employ no helpers, no apprentices, no Ph. D. students to do my reading for me, nor even the subsequent filing and cross-filing of notes. T: 在调查的过程中，我没有雇请任何的帮手，没有见习生，也没有博士生来帮助我做阅读 工作，甚至随后的填写巩固中哦我也没让他们的帮忙。 2、There were times indeed, when I almost wept with vexation, putting broken manuscripts, faded newspaper columns from me on the library table, or turning them face down against temptation. T: 确实有好几次，因为不得不舍弃一些材料，我几乎苦恼到流泪，我不得不把那些破损的 手抄稿和发黄的旧报纸从我身边拿开到放到图书馆的桌子上，或者把它们翻过来放着，来抵 挡它们对我的诱惑。 33 Text B gabby: tending to talk excessively; garrulous cantankerous: ill-natured; quarrelsome finca: a rural property, especially a large farm or ranch, in Spanish America tequila: an alcoholic liquor distilled from the fermented juice of the Gentral American century plant Agave tequilana. shucks off: takes off fore and aft: from the bow of a ship to the stern trauma: serious injury or shock to the body, as from violence or an accident ruminative: inclined to meditate; thoughtful 34 Unit 14 Man Against Darkness Text A 词汇 tottering: collapsing 摇摇欲坠 bleak: hopeless resurrect: revive 重新恢复 lulling: coax 哄骗 brink: edge suppressing: with hold 压制 virtuously: morally nourish reminiscence: memory 回忆 in conjunction with: together with ardent: pious 虔诚的 sham: fake 虚假 resignedly: obediently 顺从地 halo:光圈 stark: cruel 严酷的 induce:导致 striving for:努力争取 kindly: undermined:破坏 句子释义 1、The religious basis of our ideals has been undermined, and the superstructure of ideals is plainly tottering. A: Since people are getting skeptical of religious, they could no longer comfortably pursuer their ideal life according to religion doctrines. The ideologies and social institutions is losing its foundation and hence is about to collapse. 2、They have that kind of unconscious dishonesty which consists in lulling oneself with opiates and dreams. A: Those people (who wish to bring back Christian doctrines) are losing contact with the true universe devoid of anything spiritual. They are therefore dishonest in the sense that their beliefis out of touch with the reality, but they are not consciously dishonest because they do not realize the disconnection. To such people, Christian doctrines, or any religious doctrines for that matter, function like pain killers or halluctionating drugs that will give them temporary comfort in this dismal world. 3、Yet we stand on the brink, dreading the icy plunge. A: We know that the universe is non-spiritual and indifferent, but we are afraid to accept such a fact. Literally it means we stands at the edge of the waters and dare not jump into it for fear of the cold. Here it is a metaphor with the water referring to the nonspiritual universe and the plunge referring to the act of facing the truth. 问答 1、With the death of religion, what would happen to human civilization? Why? No civilization can live without ideals, or to put it in another way, without a firm faith in moral ideals. The religious basis of our ideals has been undermined, and the superstructure of ideals is plainly tottering. 2、What is the remedy, which, as suggested by the author, might save our civilization, Perhaps be revived by means of good philosophical education. 35 3、What are the two points that human beings must face up to before their civilization is resurrected? We have to do is to face the truth and learn to live it. 4、Why do the illusions by which men have lived seem to be of two kinds? First, there is what one may perhaps call the Great Illusion—I mean the religious illusion that the universe is moral and good, that it follow a wise and noble plan, that it is gradually generating some supreme value, that goodness is bound to triumph in it. Secondly, there is a whole host of minor illusions on which human happiness nourishes itself. 5、main idea: Stace asserts that the universe is of no spirituality or value although human civilization has in the past developed with the great illusion that universe is moral and good according to some religious doctrines. Without the foundation of religion, the whole civilization, as the author suggests, might perhaps be revived by means of good philosophical education. 翻译 1、There is plenty of evidence that human happiness is almost wholly based upon illusions of one kind or another. T: 有许多证据可以证明，人类的幸福来源于一种或其他各种幻想。 Text B off and reel: in a continuous succession 36 Unit 15 Fashions in Love Text A 词汇 fire art:艺术 analogous: similar 类似的 compromise: settlement reached by concessions on such each other fiat: order 命令 postulate:规定了 attribute… to:把…归因于 multifarious: various congenitally:天生的 hazard:冒险 disposed: inclination 有…倾向 perceptible: recognizable 察觉 dubiously:可疑地 vogue: fashion shattered: destroyed recrudescence: reoccurrence 再发生 grudgingly: unwillingly 勉强地 amorous:多情的 conceded to:和…一致 inchoate:萌芽阶段 divine ludicrously:滑稽的 strenuous: requiring great efforts 不屈的努力 intractable:困难的 conform to:承认，让步 upbringing:教育 infallibly: always unsurpassed:卓越的 palpable: obvious 明显的 petrified:僵硬的 reverted to: return 回归到 句子释义 1、Not only men’s feelings and instincts, but also their intellectual and imaginative power, were in the remotest times precisely what they are now. A: No matter what ages they are in, men’s feelings, instincts, intellectual and imaginative powers remained just the same. 2、But every epoch treats it in a different manner. A: But people of different times show it and deal with it differently. 3、Promoted it from the rank of a disease to that of the only true and natural from of love. A: Transformed the unhealthy love to a genuine, healthy love. 4、And love infallibly becomes cold and unimpassioned when it is too lightly made. A: No doubt love becomes an instinct without passion and warmth when it is so easy to get. 问答 1、The author remarks that human nature does not change, why does he say so? History is too short for any changes to be perceptible. Not only men’s feelings and instincts, but also their intellectual and imaginative powers, were in the remotest times precisely what they are now. 2、According to this article, what are the two conceptions of love which oppose each other today? One is the conception evolved by the nineteenth century out of the ideals of Christianity on the one hand and romanticism on the other. The other is that still rather inchoate and negative 37 conception which contemporary youth is in process of forming out of the materials provided by modern psychology. 翻译 1、Human nature does not change, or, at any rate, history is too short for any changes to be perceptible. T: 人类的天性不会改变，或者，无论如何，对于任何变化而言，人类的历史太短了，以至 于没有感受得到。 Text B archrival: main rival, somebody’s main or most dangerous rival weak-kneed: easily persuaded or intimidated the low blow: an informal phrase from boxing, where it is prohibited to strike the opponent anywhere other than on the upper body or head (Here it means unfair attack.) below the belt: unfairly on edge: in an irritated or nervous state harp on: repeat or stress something in a way that becomes tiresome 38 Unit 16 English Manners Text A 词汇 continence: self-control 自制力 distasteful:最讨厌的 decorum:个人礼仪 miscellaneous: various 各种各样的 demesne:庄园 horticulture:养鱼学 without:屋外 apt: keep within:屋内 hive:积累 deck: decorate 装潢 attrition:忏悔 taproot: key 关键 inexorable:残酷的 be wont to:过去常常 dote:溺爱 till: cultivate 开垦 stifle:镇压 grievance: complains 抱怨 confer:授予 exude:慢慢渗出 reside in:属于 varnishes:擦亮 consolidate:巩固 in lieu of: in place of 代替 discern:辨认 intrenched:根深的 antiquity:古人 indecorum:不合时宜 instinct:本能 take air:传开 wont:习惯的 congruity: fitness 适合 bon-mot: clever and fit remark vaporing: boasting 吹牛 句子释义 1、Domesticity is the taproot which enables the nation to branch wide and high. A: Emphasis on the importance of home is a central element in the English character, and such an element enables the British Empire to grow and expand around it. 2、Every Englishman is an embryonic chancellor. A: Englishman has the potential to be a judge in that he always looks for previous examples for guidance. In other words, he does not like innovations. 3、Confidence was a plant of slow growth. A: Confidence develops very slowly. 4、A seashell should be the crest of English, not only because it represents a power built on the waves, but also the hard finish of the men. A: England should use a seashell on its emblem not only because a seashell could symbolize the sea power that the Englishmen relied on in the building of the British Empire, but also because a hard seashell could symbolize the stiff and refined manners of the Englishmen. 5、Not the Trial by Jury, but the dinner, is the capital institution. A: Dinner invitation is one of the most important social conventions in England. It is even important than law. 39 问答 1、Why does the author say that Englishmen will not arrive at any desperate revolution? Because they have as much energy as much continence of character as they ever had. 2、Why does an Englishman love his house and his family? Because the climate of his family is harmony. He likes to stay with families. 3、Englishmen are known for being conservative. Find in this essay at least three examples that illustrate such a characteristic. They are positive, methodical, cleanly, and formal, loving routine and conventional ways; loving truth and religion, to be sure, but inexorable on points of form. Hither he brings all that is rare and costly, and with the national tendency to sit fast in the same spot for many generations, it comes to be, in the course of time, a museum of heirlooms, gifts, and trophies of the adventures and exploits of the family. They keep their old customs, costumes, and pomps, their wig and mace, scepter and crown. 翻译 1、As soon as they have rid themselves of some grievance, and settled the better practice, they make haste to fix it as a finality, and never wish to hear of alteration more. T: 一旦他们解决了他们的某些不满，并且永远都不希望听到有关于此的任何决定。 2、Every Englishman is an embryonic chancellor; his instinct is to search for a precedent. T: 每个英国人都是天生的司法官:他的天性是遵循先例。 Text B 40 课文大意 1、The author argues that imaginative teaching and learning are the primacy task of universities, which may enlighten those of us who are more practically minds. (University and Their Function) 2、First because I do not believe in this distinction and secondly because I am puzzled whenever I proceed. (The Problem of Happiness) 3、In this essay, he was Robert Frost’s ―Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening‖ to illustrate how a poem makes meaning. Reading his essay may not enable us ―to live into poetry,‖ but hopefully it will help us understand a poem better. (How Does a Poem Mean?) 4、Viewing the true sate of women in modern society from a fresh angle, the author tries to convince us that the true emancipation of women means that someday, men and women will make a free choice to say home or go to work without being affected by the social climate. (Women) 5、M. Kadi debunks the openness and diversity in cyberspace because, with limited time, money and energy, the average individual can only be localized to the topics he/ she is familiar with and contact those with whom he/ she shares similar views and experiences instead of reaching out to any unfamiliar topics or any other people of quite different ways of living. (Welcome to Cyberia) 6、The essay, selected from White’s One Man’s Meat, written after a visit to Walden Pond where Thoreau had lived nearly a hundred years before, E.B. White shows his pious tribute to Thoreau, describes the natural scene on his way to Walden and makes a personal comment on modern society. (Walden) 7、In order to call on the intellectuals to unite together as an organization to take possible precautions against war, ease the dangerous and threatening condition in the world and maintain a peaceful coexistence of the nations of world. (A Message to Intellectuals) 8、Dewey offers his answer in no ambiguous terms. Arguing from the practical side, the author illustrates his argument with eloquent examples in well-structure analyses in the essay. (Does Human Nature Change?) 9、The writer aims to exemplify what a biographer should do what kind of literary form of biography is preferable, and what principles he needs to abide by. (The Business of a Biographer) 10、Stace asserts that the universe is of no spirituality or value although human civilization has in the past developed with the great illusion that the universe is moral and good according, to some religious doctrines. Without the foundation of religion, the whole civilization, as the author suggests, might perhaps be revived by means of good philosophical education. (Man Against Darkness) 41 修辞 Parallelism:排比 Pun:双关 Antithesis:对比 Transferred Epithet:移情修饰 A rhetorical question:修辞问句 Alliteration:头韵 Understatement:间接肯定法(双重否定) Jargons:行话 Euphemism:委婉语 Synecdoche:提喻法 Analogy:类比 Parenthesis:插入法 Hyperbole:夸张 Periphrasis:迂说 Oxymoron:矛盾修辞法 Allusion:暗喻 42