need的用法

need的用法 重、难点 1. need的用法; 2. used to和 get/be used to的用法; 3.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句; 4.议论文的结构。 UNIT 25 Need的用法 P102 Need+ doing 主动形式表被动 相当于 need+ to be done Need +to do 表主动 EXE。3 P102 Used to 和be/get used to 的用法 ,,,, EXE. 5 P104 EXE.7 P105 UNIT 26 虚拟条件句的用法 ,,,, 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目几乎是四、六级必考的内容，也是各类英语考试中心 测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而 是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用 were)， 主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 1) If places ______ a like, there would be little need for geographers. A. being B. are C. be D. were 如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。(答案是D) 2) If I _____ the meaning of the word, I wouldn't have to look it up. A. know B. knew C. known D. knowing 如果我知道这个词的意义，就不必查词典了。(答案是B) 2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had，过去分词， 主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。 例:1995年6月四级第46题 We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him, A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephone D) had telephoned 本题是与过去时相反的虚拟句，从句中用过去完成式，主句中用would have done。本句相当于 if we had known his telephone number，we would have telephoned him。答案是A) would have telephoned。 3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式 第 1 页 共 11 页 或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。 例:1996年1月四级第44题 Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often. A. has to get B. had got C. were to get D. could have got 本句的意思是:“琼不想马上就工作，她认为要是找了工作，就不能经常探访她的朋友了”。 这 说明，琼目前没有工作。句中假设的情况在近期内并不会存在。该条件句应当用表示将来情况的虚拟语气。 条件从句的谓语用should或were to引出。 因此C. were to get 是本题答案。选项A. has to get是陈述语气的现在时，不能用于虚拟条件句中。选项B. had got是虚拟语气的过去时，不能表示将来时间。选项D. could have got不能用于虚拟语气的条件从句中。 (一) 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。(wish后的that 常省略) 1(表示现在或将来的愿望，从句用过去式。 例:1995年6月四级第45题 I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气， 即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案。 2(如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如: I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 (二) 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用 (should) +动词原形。 例:1996年1月四级第28题 It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night. A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play 全句意思是:“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request (请求)所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should，动词原形”。本句的主语从句 中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。 在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play 是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式， 同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。 (三)would rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语 动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用 在It's (high) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式。 例:1995年6月四级第43题 It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it's about time _____ ? A. we are going home B. if she leaves C. we went home D. if she had left 第 2 页 共 11 页 现在已经十六点钟了，难道你不认为该回家了吗,(答案是C) 虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用 一、虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后 的宾语从句基本相同) (一) 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如: ? He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 ? He acts as if he were / was a TV expert. 他做起事来好象是个电视专家。 (二) 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。 例:1992年四级试题 The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. A. hasn't watered B. didn't water C. hadn't bee watered D. wasn't watered 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。(答案是c) 二、 在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如: 例:1998年1月四级第38题 The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself. a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure 这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。(答案是a) 三、 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。 例:1993年6月四级第70题 Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice. A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是……多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生(事实上 不可能发生)与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是:“看我现在的处境多糟糕～要是 我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。 题中空格 处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。 EXE.4 P120 2. If only I ___________ differently, he might still be alive now. A. had behaved B. behaved C. have behaved D. behave I wish I __________ to the movie with you last night. A. went B. could go C. go D. could have gone 1. He suggested ______ to tomorrow's exhibition together. A. us to go B. we went C. we shall go 第 3 页 共 11 页 D. we go If he ______ drunk, he wouldn't have lost control of the car. A. wasn't B. weren't C. hasn't been D. hadn't been been 5. I would have gone to the concert, if I _____ time. A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had 动名词与动词不定式的用法 ,,,, 2. 动名词做宾语 1) 有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必 多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。 这些动词是:acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, can't help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。 例:1995年6月四级第42题 Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined 动词escape后接动名词，不能接不定式，所以先排除了B和C。全句的意思是:“每当马克违反交 通规则式，他常常企图逃避罚款”。fine是及物动词，在这里要用被动语态;而且，句子讲的是经 常性动作，应当用一般时态，因此，答案是D。 例:1998年6月四级第49题(同1997年12月四级第37题) People appreciate with him because he has a good sense of humor. A) to work B) to have worked C) working D) having working 全句的意思是:因为他很有幽默感，所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意，动名词动作与句子谓 语动作并无时间上的先后，必须用动名词一般时态。答案是C。 2) 凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都接动名词做宾语，因为 所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。 例:1998年6月四级第46题 He gives people the impression ____________ all his life abroad. A) of having spend B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spent 全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词，介词，动名词(短语) 的形式。答案是A。 也就是说，“名词+ of +动名词”结构表示特指的、具体的、单一的、所属 的机会或习惯，而名词接不定式形式只表示有某种机会或习惯，指客观现实。 3) 满足句型“it is +名词或形容词+动名词”和句型“动词+ it +形容词或名词+动名词”的形容 词和名词有:good, no good, nuisance, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。 第 4 页 共 11 页 例:Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?(你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗,) 4) 有些动词后既可加不定式，也可加动名词，但用法不同，意义也不同。注意remember, forget, stop, regret, go on, afford, attempt, try, 等单词的用法。 例如: afford (a) can (not) afford / be (not) able to afford + to do:经受得/不起，负担得/不起。后面一般加表示时间、金钱方面的内容。 例:We can't afford to buy this house because we won't make the ends meet.(我们买不起这房子，因为我们将入不敷出。) If I had remembered ________ the window, the thief would not have got in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed Your hair wants _________. You'd better have it done tomorrow. A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer 这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物;加不定式时， 表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。 forget, neglect, regret, remember 这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面加不定式时，表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略要做或应该做的事，总之是还没有做的事;而加动名词时，表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略所做的事，也就是已经发生了、已经做了的事。 例:1996年1月四级第40题 If I had remembered ________ the window, the thief would not have got in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed 本句的意思是:"我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了。"remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事，接不定式则表示记得要做某事。本句说的是:"记得把窗子关起来"。因此A)to close是答案。有些考生误选了C) to have closed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。至于选项B) closing，因为这里"关窗子"这件事"我"并没有做，所以是不对的。 例:1993年6月四级第61题 Mr. Johnson preferred _____ heavier work to do. A) to be given B) to be giving C) to have given D) having given prefer后面的动名词或动词不定式的动作主体就是句子的主语。动词give一般要有双宾语，而句子里并无give的间接宾语(给谁)，因此全句意思应是:“约翰逊先生宁可有(被给予)更重的活干”。可见，答案是A) to be given。 stop stop to do表示停止前文说的那件事，去做另一件事。 stop doing表示停止做正在做的一件事。 例:The professor asked us to stop to discuss.(教授让我们停下来，开始讨论。言外之意是，我们正在做的事不是讨论，而是，例如阅读一篇材料，然后教授让我们停止阅读，开始讨论。) The professor asked us to stop discussing.(教授让我们停止讨论。言外之意是我们正在做的事是讨论。) 从某种程度上说，stop 和continue的用法很相似。 第 5 页 共 11 页 EXE.13 P127 翻译技巧 ,,,, UNIT 27 学习与计算机和互联网相关的词汇 EXE。1 P135 复习现在分词与过去分词做定语的用法: P141 现在分词与过去分词做定语时，其作用相当与一个定语从句，两者的区别是:现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。例: there are often advertisements leading to other websites on the Internet. 互联网上常常有可以连接到其他网站的广告。 Just over 70% of people questioned for the survey said the net had become essential. 在接受调查的人中，超过70%的人说互联网已经成为生活中不可缺少的一部分。 Exe. 6 p142 Exe.7 P142 EXE.10 P145 学习委婉提问/礼貌提问的用法 P147 UNIT 28 复习被动语态的构成及他的不同形式; P155 1. 构成:主语 + be动词 + 动词过去分词 (+ by + 动作执行者)。应用到各时态和句型里的 形式如下(用于不同时态的用法和注意事项请参照"语法结构"中的相关内容): 1) 一般现在时:am/ is/ are done 例:1997年6月四级考试第50题 Once environmental damage __________, it takes many years for the system to recover. A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done 本句的意思是:“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词 有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do 的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。所以本题答案是D) is done。其它选项都是主动语 态，都是错误的。 2) 现在进行时:am/ is/ are being done 例:1996年1月四级第21题 The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed 题中develop 和perfect是并列关系，动词perfect只能做及物动词用，因此在本句中 应为被动语态，作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态。此外，句中时间状语now表 示谓语应是现在正在进行的动作。由此可见，答案是C) are being developed。全句意 思:“具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中”。 3) 现在完成时:have/ has been done 例:1997年1月四级第40题 第 6 页 共 11 页 Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging 本题主要考核谓语动词的时态和语态，全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物， 但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。Challenge 是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。 可见答案是C) have been challenged。选项A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是 主动语态，不可能是答案。选项B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句 内容不合。 4) 现在完成进行时:have/ has been being done Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. (你去哪儿了,我们一 直在找你。) 5) 一般将来时:will be done 例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to 答案是B. will be attended to。关键的一点是:attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动 词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被 动语态。 6) 将来进行时:will be being done 例:This piece of music will be being played at the same time tomorrow, and you can't even get it right!(明天的这个时候就在演奏这首曲子了，而你居然还弹不对～) 7) 将来完成时:will have been done 例:I hope that everything I have told you __________ by the next lessen. A. have been forgotten B. will have been forgotten C. won't have been forgotten D. haven't been forgotten 答案是C. won't have been forgotten。因为表示“到……为止”的by后面接一个将来时间 the next lessen，要求用将来完成时;I have told you是everything的定语从句，也就是 “everything被忘记”，而不是“you忘记什么事情”，所以应该用被动语态。最后，根据 全句的意思:“我希望到下节课时，你们不会已经忘了我给你们讲授的所有知识。”， 本句应该用否定句。 8) 将来完成进行时:will have been being done 例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。) 9) 一般过去时:was/ were done 例:The window panes were broken.(窗玻璃都被打破了。) 10) 过去进行时:was/ were being done 例:While you were in London that year, the London Bridge ___________. A. was being repaired B. had been being repaired C. would be repaired D. was repaired 答案是A. was being repaired。因为时间状语从句表示的是一个具体的过去时间，所以 第 7 页 共 11 页 用过去进行时的被动语态。 11) 过去完成时:had been done 例:I was shocked to hear that your house ___________ into. A. was broken B. broke C. had been broken D had been broken 答案是D had been broken。首先break这个动作发生在was shocked之前，即过去的过 去。应该用过去完成时的被动语态。 12) 过去完成进行时:had been being done 例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。) 13) 过去将来时:would be done 例:The government promised that a new solution would be worked out within a week.(政 府承诺说一周之内就会提 出新的解决。) 14) 过去将来进行时:would be being done 例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府 承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将 来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。) 15) 过去将来完成时:would have been done 例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。 但是我错了。) 16) 过去将来完成进行时:would have been being done 例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年 了。) 17) 含有情态动词的被动语态:主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词 例:1997年6月第49题 As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ________. A) ought to be said B) must say C) have to be said D) need to say 本题主要考核句子结构。全句的意思是:“作为老师，我们关心的应该是学生说了什么， 而不是我们自认为学生应该说什么。”what we think和what is said一样，都是介词with 后面的由what引导的名词性从句。在前一个从句中，what是主语，is said是动词的被 动语态做谓语;在后面从句中，what也是主语，谓语同样也要用被动语态(注意we think 是插入成分，不是谓语，去掉we think的话不影响原句的正确性)，这样，with后面 的这两个宾语才能前后呼应。另外，根据句子前后的逻辑意思，我们应该选择答案A) ought to be said。虽然选项C) have to be said也是被动语态，但当what做主语时，谓 语动词要用单数has，而不是have。而且，have to be said(不得不说)的意思和全句 不合，不可能是本题的答案。B) must say 和D) need to say这两个选项的动词都是主 动语态，因此，都不是本题的答案。 第 8 页 共 11 页 3. 注意事项: 1) 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动 句。虽然语法上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺 或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的 依据。 例:At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm. 在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调 出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话 则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁(某个过路人,或肇事司机,)送的不 重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发 出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须罗嗦。这样，这段文章就重点 突出，条理清楚了。 2) 被动语态的谓语动词可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词。谓语是不及物动词时， 其后的介词与其形成不可分割的整体，也就是我们所谓的被动语态中的短语动词。注 意:切勿遗漏短语动词的介词～ 例:The sick boy must be attended to immediately.(这个生病的男孩必须被立即医治。) The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived.(消防队员赶来以前，大火就被扑灭 了。) 3) 主动结构中，若谓语动词是可以接双宾语的动词，则变成相应的被动语态时，一般将 间接(第一个)宾语作为主语。 1. All the machines _______ by the end of the following week. A. will be repaired B. were repaired C. will have been repaired D. would be repaired 2. They would tell how the African __________ on a ship to an American port. A. was brought B. could have been brought C. had been brought D. was to be brought 3. A computer _______ what to do. A. is told B. can tell C. must be told D. tells 4. There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ________ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit. A. is given B. gives 第 9 页 共 11 页 C. should be given D. must be given 5. The fashion show is so fascinating that he ____________ in admiration. A. loses B. is losing C. is lost D. has been losing 6. After the race __________ , the celebration began. A. had been won B. is won C. will be won D. has been won 7. The composition _________ any more. A. need not to be corrected B. doesn't need to be corrected C. doesn't need be corrected D. need not correct 8. The machine starts the second the button ___________. A. will be pressed B. was pressed C. presses D. is pressed 9. As far as I know, this _________ a satisfactory solution. A. is hardly considered B. has been considering C. is considering D. is hardly considering 10. You shouldn't do damage to this grassland. It's not your personal belongings. It ________ the state government. A. is belonged to B. belonged to C. belongs to D. is belonging to CCCCC ABDAC UNIT 29 To allow, to let, to make 的用法: P168 1( To allow 和 to let 都表示“允许”，to make表示“迫使、促使” … it lets you buy books in segments and … 第 10 页 共 11 页 2. to allow 使用带to 的动词不定式做宾语补足语，to let, to make 使用不带to的动词不定式做 宾语补足语。 动词 宾语 不定式做宾补 to allow sb/sth to do to let/make sb/sth do EXE.4 P168 All/ each/ every 的用法及区别 P171 EXE。9 P171 UNIT 30 REVIEW (略) 第 11 页 共 11 页