英语语法学习

英语语法学习 英语语法手册 【英语必看】《英语语法手》;全,学册 在语用英语语受语的语在～大家在语英语和准语各语考语语～语是把语语语放在首青学听写 位～语然～语语言重在语。但是～语不要忽语语法的作用～特语是学践 在语语和作中～他能助楚句子语～准住句子的要点～更写帮你清构确抓 能出语语而语美的语句。帮你写 以下语整理《英语语法手》全集～不需背语语语～只要下心语语一遍～就能你册静 有所收语, 宝宝你写更希望能把他语融在平语的语语作里. [英语语法手册]语于语语和句子成分 根据语的形式、意语及其在句中的功用语分语若干语～叫做语语。一句子由将个 各功用不同的部分所成～语些部分叫做句子成分。个构 学个学它拼它它一语～要的语音、法、意语～也要语的语语～更重要的是要了解和其他语的语系～及其在句中作什语句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中位国于语语)一句中的China语语语所的语语是名语～在句子中作主语。个属 语语(parts of speech) 英语的语通常分语十大语, 1,名语(noun～语语写n.)是人和事物的名～如称pen(语笔)～English(英语)～life(生活)。 2)代语(pronoun～语语写pron.)是用代替名语的语～如来we(我语)～his(他的)～all(全部)。 3)形容语(adjective～语语写adj.)用修语名语～如来great(语大的)～honest(语语的)～difficult(困语的)。 4)语数(numeral～语语写num.)是示"多少"和"第几"的语～如four(四)～eighteen(十八)～first(第一)～eighth(十八)～hundred(一百)。 5)语语(verb～语语写v)表示语作和语～如状write(写)～walk(行走)～think(想)。 6)副语(adverb～语语。写adv.)是修语语语、形容语和副语的语～如quickly(快)～often(语常)～very(很)。 7)冠语(article～语语写art.)语明名语所指的人或物的语～如a～an(一个)～the(语～那)。 8)介语(preposition～语语写prep.)表示名语(或代语)句子里其语的语系～如与它 from(从)～in(在…内)～between(在…之语)。 9)语语(conjunction～语语写conj.)是语接语、短语、句和句子的语～如从and(和)～because(因语)～if(假如)。 10)感语语(interjection～语语写int.)表示感情～如。oh(噢)～aha(哈啊)～hush(嘘)。 [注一]于前六语属(名、代、形、、语、副等语数)的语都有语语～叫做语语(notional word)。于后四语;冠、介、语、感等语,的语有语语～叫做语属没虚(form word)。 第1语 英语语法手册 [注二]不少语可以于语语～如属几个work(工作～语语和名语)～fast(快～形容语和副语)～since(自～语语和介语从)等。 句子成分(members of the sentence) 英语的句子由主语部分语语部分语成。具地语～主要有下列六语句子成分,与体 1)主语(subject)是句子所要语明的人或事物～是一句的主。如它体I study English(我语英语学)中的I。 2)语语语语(predicate verb)是语明主语的语作或语的～如它状I study English中的study。 3)表语(predicative)是放在语系语语之后表示主语的身分或特征的～如它I am a student(我是一生个学)中的student～Our classroom is clean(我语的室干语教很)中的clean。 4)语语(object)是表示及物语语语作的语象的～如它I study English中的English。介语后面的名语或代语～叫做介语的语语～如They don't work on Sunday(他语星期天不工作)中的Sunday～就是介语on的语语。 5)定语(attribute)是限定或修语名语或代语用的～如它He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜语喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。 6)语状(adverbial)是修语语语、形容语、副语用的～如它He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。 [注]语在句子中一律不能作语句子成分。虚 [英语语法手册]英语语法和句法 1.语法(morphology)语法究的语象是各语语的形式及其用法。研 英语语语的形式语化有,名语和代语的、格和性的形式语化～语语的人、语语、语数称 语、语等形式语化～以及形容语和副语比语等语的形式语化。气 2.句法(syntax)句法究的语象是句子各语成部分及其安排的语律。 研个 [英语语法手册]语语和句子成分的语系 在句子里～一定的句子成分由一定的语语任。语些句子成分通常由来担将哪 哪来担些语语任列述如下, 主语,名语和代语 Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我的首都。国(名语Beijing作主语) She is fond of sports.语好语。她运(代语She作主语) 语语语语,语语 My brother rides. his bicycle to work.我哥哥语自行语上班。(语语rides作语语语 语) 表语,名语、代语和形容语 His father is a doctor.他父语是生。个医(名语doctor作表语) The lesson is easy and Short.语语语又容易又短。(形容语easy和short作表语) That classroom is ours～那室是我语的。个教(代语ours作表语) 语语,名语和代语 2 英语语法手册 I love music.我语语音语。(名语music作语语) The medicine is good for her.语语语有效。她(代语her作语语) 定语,形容语 Li Hong is an excellent teacher.李语是一位好老语。(形容语excellent作定语) 状语,副语 Our monitor does well in English.我语班语英语得好。学(副语well作语状) 英语语法手册]短语、句和句子 从 短语(phrase)具有一定意语但不成句或句子的一语语～叫做短语。短语在句构从 子里可以语作语一句子成分。短语的语语多～但本语只用下列短语名,独个很几个称 a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜语在午语后语语)中的to read newspapers after lunch。 b)语名语短语(gerundial phrase)如, Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天在家里不呆利于健康)中的 staymg indoors all day。 c)分语短语(participial phrase)如, I saw many people walking along the lake(我看语语多人在湖语散步)中的 walking along the lake。 d)介语短语(prepositional phrase)如, He came by bus(他乘公共汽语来)中的by bus。 从句(clause)内达概个独含主语部分和语语部分～表一定的念～但不成语一立 句子的一语语～叫做句。句在句子里可以作语一句子成分～一从从个般由语语、语 系代语或语系副语所引语。 从状句在句中可用作主语、表语、语语、定语、语等句子成分～ a)主语句从(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要语的是语语一点)中的what I want to say。 b)表语句从(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(语是我要语的) 中的what I want to say。 c)语语句从(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我语完了我要语 的语)中的what I want to say。 d)定语句从(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(语就是我 要语的)中的I want to say。 e)语语句状从(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something～say it clearly(假如要语什语～就语语楚你清)中的if you want to say something。 句子(sentence)内含主语部分和语语部分～有比语完整的意语的一语语～叫做句子。 从构来句子语本身看～句子可分语, a)语语句(simple sentence)只有一主语部分和一语语部分～如,个个 The people's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中语人民共和于国 一九四九年成立。 第3语 英语语法手册 b)列句并(compound sentence)包括两个两个或以上的语语句～中语常由语语语接～如, Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.语姆的父语从很早干到语～但语得的语少。 c)语合句(complex sentence)内个个从含一或一以上的句～如, It's a long time since I saw you last.好久没你有看语了。 从来语语人语语的目的看～句子可分语, a)语述句(declarative sentence)用述一来叙件事～如, I saw him yesterday.昨天我看语他了。 b)疑语句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑语～如, Did you see him yesterday?昨你天语到他了语? c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示语求、命令等～如, Please come in.语语。来 d)感语句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各语情感～如, What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓啊子多好! [英语语法手册]语序(word order) 语序就是语或句子成分在句子中的排列语序。英语里的语和句子成分在句子里的位置比语固定。语句子成分和语在语述句中的一将虚般位置语例语明如下, 1)主语的位置 在语述句基本语的构最前面。如, We help each other.我语互相帮助。 2)语语语语的位置 在主语之后。如, We go to school every day.我语每天上。学 3)表语的位置 在语系语语之后。如, It's fine today.今天天好。气很 4)语语的位置 在及物语语或介语之后。如, I like this place.我喜语语地个方。(及物语语的语语的位置) There are many trees in this place.语地方有语多语。(介语的语语的位置) 5)定语的位置 语语作定语～一般放在被修语语的前面～短语和句作定语语放在从被修语语的后面。如, The school library has many books on agriculture.校语语语有语多语于语语的语。(many和on agriculture～都修语books～many在books的前面～on agriculture 语在的后面它) 6)语的位状状状置 修语形容语或副语的语放在被修语语之前～修语语语的语有的放在语语之前～有的放在语语之后。如语语有语语～语一状般语放在语语之后。如, The Summer Palace is very beautiful.语和园非常美语。(very语语～修语形状容语beautiful～放在beautiful之前) I know him well.我十分了解他。(well语语～修语语语状 know～放在know之后) The students often go on a picnic.语些生语常出学去野餐。 (often语语～修语语语状go～放在的前面它) 4 英语语法手册 We take exercise every day.我语每天都语。运(every day语语～修语语语状 take～在语语exercise之后) [注]语于以上所语各句子成分在句子里的位个置～语语第十六章各有语部分。 7)冠语的位置 冠语在名语之前。如, I met a friend at the bus-stop.我在公共汽语站遇到一位朋友。8)介语的位置 介语一般也放在名语或代语之前。如,There is a map of China on the wall.语上有一幅中地语。国9)语语的位置 语语一般放在同语的语、短语或句之语。如,从 They worked quickly and efficiently.他语工作速度快～效率高。He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.他尽管 六十多语了～仍和大家一语努力工作。 10)感语语的位置 感语语常放在句子最前面。如, Oh～it's you!啊你呀～是! [英语语法手册]语于英语名语 定语 什语是名语 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概称念的名的语～叫做名语。如,baby 语 儿time 语语 pencil 语 笔socialism 社会主语 air 空气 Shanghai 上海 语语 名语的语语 英语名语可分语大语,两 1)普通名语(common noun)普通名语是某一语人、某一语事物、某语物语或抽象 概称念的名。如, soldier 士兵 water 水 pupil 生 学health 健康 machine 机器 pleasure 快语 2)语有名语(proper noun)语有名语是语的人、语、地个体构称方、机或事物的名。 其中语语的第一个写字母必语大。如, Lei Feng 雷语 Karl Marx 语卡?语克思 London 语敦 China 中国 The Communist Party of China中国党共语 The Great Hall of the People人民大会堂 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs外交部 普通名语的语语 普通名语可语一步分语, 1)语名语(class noun)语名语表示人或事物于属某一语。如,tractor 拖拉机 panda 熊猫 第5语 英语语法手册 factory 工 厂teacher 语教 2)集名语体(collective noun)集名语是一些人或物的语。如,体称 class 语语～班 herd 语群 crowd 人群 army 语语 3)物语名语(material noun)物语名语表示物语或不具语定形和大确状个体小的的语物。如, steel 语 gram 粮食 fire 火 cotton 棉花 4)抽象名语(abstract noun)抽象名语表示语作、语、状概品语或其他抽象念。如, happiness 幸福 life 生活 work 工作 whiteness 白色 [注]名语又可分语可名语数(countable noun)不可名语与数(uncountable noun)。可名语有语、语之分～不可名语一数数数数数体般不分语和语。语名语和集名语一般是可的～数数数既抽象名语、物语名语和语有名语一般是不可的。有少名语可用作不可名语～又可用作可名语～但意语有所不同。如,数数 用作不可名语 用作可名语数数 glass 玻玻璃 璃杯 paper 语 语语～文件 tin 语 罐语 copper 语 语语 [英语语法手册]有语英语名语格的述 概 格(case)是名语或代语具有的形式及其语化～表示其语的语系。英语的名语有与它 三个格,主格(nominative case)、语语(objective case)和所有格(possessive case)。但英语的名语除所有格有形式的语化外～主格和语格都有形式语化。名语没在句中是主格或是语格～主要通语在句中的作用和位它来确置定。如, My brother always misplaces his schoolbag.我弟弟常常放他的语乱包。 (brother是主语～故语主格～schoolbag是misplaces的语语～故是语格) Every written sentence should begin with a capital letter.每个写语出语的来句子语语都要用大写字母。(sentence在句中作主语～故是主格～letter是介语with 的语语～故是语格) 表示有生命的语西的名语的所有格 表示有生命的语西的名语(人或语物)的末尾～加上's～成所有格～可放在即构另一名语之前～作定语用。如, John's friend语翰的朋友 Xiao Wang's notebook小王的语本笔 children's books儿童语物 my father's room我父语的房语 [英语语法手册]英语名语所有格所修语的名语的语语语系 与它 名语所有格在语语上可能是所修语的名语的主语～也可能是所修语的名语的语语它它。 1)名语所有格是所修语的名语的语语主语。如,它 6 英语语法手册 the Party's concern of the younger generation语党青年一代的语语 the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy士兵语语人的仇恨 2)名语所有格是所修语的名语的语语语语。如,它 the reactionary rule's overthrow反语语治的被推翻 the occupation of the city by the enemy语人语语城的占语 "of+名语所有格" 上面语的语所有格的形式可以语两来构合起～成"of'+所有格"形式～表示部分语念或感情色彩。语语所有格叫做重所有格。如,双 1)表示部分语念, a friend of my sister's (= one of my sister's friends)我妹妹的一个朋友～a picture of Mr. Wu's吴先生(具有的照片中)的一语照片(比语,a picture of Mr. Wu吴即吴先生本人的照片～照片上是先生的像)。 2)表示感情色彩, this lovely child of your aunt's语你个母的语可语的孩子 名语所有格所修语的语的省略 名语所有格所修语的语～如果前面已语提到～往往可以省略～以免重语。如, The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wang's.语本语典不是我的～是小王的。 名语所有格后面指地点等的名语～有的语语上可省去不用。如, I met him at the Johnson's (shop).我在语翰语商店遇语了他。 I went to my uncle's (house) yesterday.我昨天到我叔叔家去 [英语语法手册]英语冠语 冠语分不定冠语(indefinite article)和定冠语(definite article)语～一两般无句子重音。 1)不定冠语a～an a) a和an均用在语名语之前～表示数某一语人或事物中的"一个"～相当于语语的"一"～但不强语数目语念。 b) a用在语音之前～an用在元音之前。如,a notebook一语本～个笔a cigarette一支香烟～an old man一位老人～an English class一堂英语语。 字母u语作[ju:]语～由于第一音个[j]是语音～故前面用a～不用an。如,a useful book一本有用的语～a university一所大。学字母h如不语音～第一音个又是元音～前面用an而不用a～如an hour [ən'auə]一小语～an honest [ən' nist] person一语语的人。个 c) a和an在句中分语弱语作[E]和[En]。 2)定冠语the a)表示某一语人或事物中的"某一个"或"某一些"～相当于语语的"语"或"那"。 b)不语语名语或语名语～也不语可名语或不可名语～前面都可以用数数数数the。 c)在元音前语[Ti]～语音前语[TE]。如the evening [Ti5:vniN] (傍语)～the car [TEkB:] (汽语)～在元音字母u语[ju:]和半元音字母。y语[j]语～仍语[əTE]。如the unit [TE5ju:nit] (语位)～the yard [TEjB:d] (院子)。 第7语 英语语法手册 英语中不定冠语a (an)的用法 1)指一人、语物或一个属件事物于某一语。如, Xiao Xu's father is a miner.小徐的父语是语工。(而不是其他工语) Give me a ballpen , please.语语我一支语珠笔。(而不是语或其他语语笔) 2)指任何一人、语物或一个件事物。如, A steel worker makes steel.语语工人语语。(意任即个何一语语工人都语语) A triangle has three angles.三角形有三角个。(意任即个何一三角形都有三角个) 3)指某人或某物～但不具语明体何人或何物。如, He comes from a firm in Beijing.他自北京来某一家公司。 A young man wants to see you.有个青你年人要语。 A car stopped in front of the gate.一语汽语停在大语前。 4)不定冠语语可指"事物的语位"～如"每日"、"每斤"等。如, Butter is 4 yuan a kilo.黄油四元语一公斤。 He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.他行语速度语每小语十八英里。 The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guangzhou twice a year.中出国会广两口商品交易每年在州语行次。 The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day. 生叫他医一天吃三次语。 定冠语 the 的用法 1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如, This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.语是语迅曾语住语的房子。(以语于其他房子) The book on the desk is an English dictionary.语上的那本语是一本英语语桌 典。(特指上的那本语。注意名语桌book被 on the desk短语所限定。) Cairo is the capital of Egypt.语语是埃及的首都。 We plan to cut the wheat in these fields in three days' time.我语语划三天后割语些地的小麦。(特指语些地里的小麦) 2)指语语人语人与听彼此所熟悉的人或事物。如, Open the door, please.语语语。(双哪个方都知道指的是一语) The Manager is in his office.语理在他的语公室里。(双哪方都知道指的是个语理) Let's meet at the railway station.我语在火语站碰吧语语。(双方都知道指的是哪个一火语站) 3)语述上文提语的人或事物。如, Last week I read a story and a play. The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of university students.上周我语了一篇故事和一语本。那个学篇故事是语于第二次世界大语的～语本是语于大生生活的。 4)表示在世界上一独无二的事物～如 the sun太阳～the moon月亮～the earth地球～the sky天空～the world世界。 8 英语语法手册 5)定冠语the用于语可名语之前～表示数数某一语人或事物。如, The Chinese student of English is apt to make such mistakes.中英语国学的生容易学犯语语的语语。. The favourite fast food in the United States is the hamburger.美国最语人所语吃的快餐是语堡包。 The compass was invented in ancient China.古代中语明了指国南语。 演奏语器语～语器的名前也常用定冠语称the。如, At the Children's Palace～some children learn to play the piano～others learn to play the violin.在少年语里～有的小孩学学语语琴～有的拉小提琴。 [注一]语法语中的the verb(语语)和语植物语中的学the elephant(象)和the rose(玫瑰)等～都于语一语。属 [注二]"语是有用的语物"有下面三语语法～如, A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. 6)表示语语、党派的名语前必语用"the"。如the Chinese Communist Party中国党共语～the working class工人语语～the bourgeoisie语语语语～the Labour Party(英国)工党 7)定冠语语可与某些形容语语用～使形容语名语化～代表某一语人或物。如the poor语人～the rich富人～the wounded语语～the sick病号～the beautiful美语的事物。 8)在序数语、形容语最高语和表示方位的名语前～常用定冠语the。如, Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。 January is the first month of the year.元月是一年中的第一个份月。 The sun rises in the east.日出语方。 9)下面一些语法中语语上语用定冠语the。如, in the morning在早上或上午 in the afternoon在下午 in the evening在语上 to go to the theatre(cinema)到语院(语影院)去看语(语影) 语有名语前冠语的用法 语有名语前一般不用冠语～如Shanghai上海～Britain英～国Edgar Snow埃德加?斯语。但在下列语语几合中～却语常要用定冠语。 1)在江河、海洋、山脉称、群语的名前。如, the Yellow River黄河～the Baltic(Sea)波语的海～the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋～the Atlantic(Ocean)大西洋～the Xisha islands西沙群语～the Tianshan Mountains天山～the Himalayas 喜语拉雅山。 2)在含有普通名语的语有名语前。如, a)某些名前,国 第9语 英语语法手册 the People's Republic of China中语人民共和～国the United States of America美国(有些名不国并含有普通名语～但也用定冠语～如,the Philippines菲律语～the Sudan语丹。) b)某些机语语等语语名前,体称 the National People's Congress全人国会民代表大～the State Council语国院～the United Nations语合国 c)朝代、语代的名前,称 the Tang dynasty唐朝～the Warring States period语语代。国 3)在某些建筑物的名前。如,称 the National Art Gallery家美语语～国the Great Wall语城～the Peking Zoo北京语物～园the British Museum大英博物语。 4)在语语、语志、旅语等名前。如,称 the People's Daily《人民日语》～the Reader's Digest语者文摘～the Being Hotel北京语店。 5)在姓名语形式前～指一家人。如,数 The Lius have moved to Tianjin.家刘已语搬到天津去了～ The Greens came to China for a visit last year.格林一家去年来国中语语语。 抽象名语和物语名语前冠语的用法 1)抽象名语和物语名语表示一般念概语～前面通常不用冠语～但特指语～语语用定冠语。语比语, War is the continuation of politics.语是争政治的语语。 Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti - Japanese War. 我语语语在个争抗日语语期语语南北。 He is fond of music.他喜语音语。 Did you like the music of the film?你个喜语语影片的音语语? Science is making rapid progress in China.中国学科正在语速语展。 Physics is the science of matter and energy.物理是究物语和能学研量的科学。 China is rich in oil. 中国丰石油富。 The oil produced in Dagang is of first-rate quality.大港油田生语的石油语量是语等的。 2)抽象名语和物语名语如果具化～表示一具情或语作或体个体况某一语物语语～前面可用不定冠语。如, It is a great joy to live in New China.生活在新中国真幸福。 Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the enemy.刘胡语语语人民～痛恨语人。 Mao-tai is a famous Chinese liquor.茅台是一语中的名国酒。 She built a fire.生了她个火。 -Have a smoke? --No～thanks. I gave Up smoking long ago.10 英语语法手册 --抽支烟吧? --语语～我早戒烟了。 不用冠语的语合 1)语有名语、抽象名语和物语名语前～一般不用冠语。如, Canada加拿大～Japanese日语～love语～hatred恨～glass玻璃～water水。 2)名语前已有作定语用的 this～that～my～your～whose～some～any～no～each～every等代语语～不用冠 语。如, That is my cap.那是我的帽子。 I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至语都玩得痛快。 I want this book, not that one.我要语本语～不要那本语。 3)季语、月份几称、星期等名前～一般不用冠语。如, Spring has come.春天了。来 Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季语。 Her little daughter was born in April 1987.的她儿小女于1987年4月出生。 We have mathematics on Monday.我语星期一有语。数学 [注]季语前有语也用冠语。如in the spring在春季。然也可以语当in spring。 4)语名语表示数某一语人或事物语～不用冠语。如, I don't approve of cousins marrying.我不语成表兄妹语婚。 Books are my best friends.语是我最好的朋友。 5)称呼语前面不用冠语～表示语语和语语(语语语语一般只由一人任担)的名语的前面也常不用冠语。如, What does this word mean, Father?语语是什语意个爸爸思～? Mrs. Johnson is director of the office.语翰语太太是语公室主任。 6)在某些固定语语里～名语之前常不用冠语。如, by air乘语机～at night夜语～in fact事语上～in danger在危语中～after school放后～学at home在家中～in town在城里～to go to school上学去～to go to bed去睡语～to go to class去上语～from door to door语语语～挨挨from morning till night从早到语。 7)三餐语的名前～常不用冠语。如,称 Have you had breakfast?吃你语早语了语? After lunch we usually have a nap.午语后我语一般都睡午语。 What did you have for supper?你语语吃什语了? [注]但指一特定的餐食语语语用定冠语～如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快～要不语就来凉了)。 8)球语语、运棋语游语等名语前不用冠语。如, My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜语打语语球。 Let's go and watch them play chess.语我语去看他语下棋去。 第11语 英语语法手册 9)语日、假日等名之前不用冠语。如,称 New Year's Day元旦 National Day语语国 May Day五一语语语 Children's Day儿童语 Christmas Day语语圣 10)语语和文章的语语常常省去冠语。如, Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京来信,首都棉语的语厂女》(文章语语～letter之前省去了不定冠语a。) Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板语使要求增加工语的语判陷于僵局。(语语语语～bosses前省去the～deadlock前省去a, pay increase talks前 省去the。) [英语语法手册]代语 定语 代语(pronoun)是代替名语的语, 代语在句子中的功用 a)和名语一语～可作主语、语语和表语。b)有些代语和形容语一语～可作定语。如, a) I am reading The Arabian Nights.我在语《天方夜语》。(作主语) This is John Smith speaking.(打语语用语)我是语翰?史密斯。(作主语) Can I help you?我能的帮你忙语?(作语语) That's all.我的语完了。(作表语) b)His father is an eye-doctor.他父语是个医眼科生。(作定语) All men are equal.所有的人都是平等的。(作定语) 3)格的语化 有些代语有格的语化～如 I 我(主格)～me我(语格)～Who语(主格)～whom语(语格)。某些代语有所有格～如whose语的～other's语人的～somebody's某人的～one's一人的。个 4)语语形式 有些代语有语和语形式。少代语的语形式和名语的语形式数数数数数数 的语化语语相同～如one-ones～other-others。其他如人代语、物主代语、自身代语称 和指示代语等～其语形式数与个此不同～语语语语。 5)有或有冠语 代语之前一没数般不用冠语～只有少例外。如,the other～the others～a few～a little等。 语语 英语有下列语代语,几 1)人代语称(personal pronoun) a)主格,I～he～she～it～we～you～they. b)语格,me～him～her～it～us～you～them. 2)物主代语(possessive pronoun), a)形容语性物主代语,my～his～her～its～our～your～their. b)名语性物主代语,mine～his～hers～its～ours～yours～theirs. 3)自身代语(self-pronoun),myself～yourself～himself～herself～itself～ourselves～yourselves～themselves ～oneself. 12 英语语法手册 4)相互代语(reciprocal pronoun),each other～one another. 5)指示代语(demonstrative pronoun), this～that～these～those～such～same. 6)疑语代语(interrogative pronoun),who～whom～whose～which～what. 7)语系代语(relative pronoun),who～whom～whose～which～that. 8)不定代语(indefinite pronoun), some～something～somebody～someone～any～anything～anybody～anyone～n o～nothing～nobody～no one～every～everything～everybody～everyone～each～much～many～little～ a little～few～a few～other～another～all～none～one～both～either～neither. 人代语语称概 表示"我'～、"你"、"他"、"我语"、"语你"、"他语"等的语～叫做人代语。称 人代语的用法称 1)人代语主格的用法称 a)作主语 I am a cook.(炊事语) We are cooks～ You are a teacher.(语教) You are teachers. He is a barber.(理语语) The yare barbers. She is a nurse.(语士)The yare nurses. It is a cart.(大语) They are carts. b)作表语 It's I .是我。 Oh～it's you. ～是。噢你 [注一]第一人语人语代语称数称I (我)永语要大。写(语上面例句) [注二]口语语语上不语it's I (he, she等)～而语It's me (him～her等)。 2)人代语语格的用法称 a)作及物语语的语语 The dog bit him.那只狗咬了他。 Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.我语的体教育老语昨天我语 游泳。 This is my new hat. Do you like it ?语是我的新帽子～喜语语你? b)作介语的语语 My brother often writes tome.我弟弟常语我写信。 They took good care of us.他语无微不至地照料我语。 3)人代语的其他用法 各人代语称称称数除按照自身的人、和格使用外～语有 下列一些特殊用法, a)语刊的语语和文章的作者～在语表语点语～常用we代替I (同语用our代替my)。如, We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.我 语相信中的国将会造船语有更大的语展。 第13语 英语语法手册 In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我语语语语是今年最好的影片。 b)用she代替家、来国城市、船舶、语机以及语物等～以表示语切和语语。如, That's the picture of the Dongfeng; she is a 10,000 - ton class ocean - going freighter.那是万吨号语洋语语语语的照片。 The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.那狗看语主人就语尾巴。 c)北有语可用代替来小孩(child)和语儿(baby)。如, The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩语到母语就笑了。 d) they可用代替一来般的人～特语在"they say"中。如, They say there's going to be another good harvest this year.人语语今年又是收个丰年。 物主代语语概 表示所有语系的代语叫做物主代语～也可叫做代语所有格。 物主代语的用法 1)形容语性物主代语用作定语 I love my work in the hospital.我喜语我在医院的工作。 How many students are there in his (her) class?他(她)班上有多少生学? There are many good teachers in our school.我语学校有语多好老语。 I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains. 我上星期六看了一语个影～名叫《平原游语语》。 2)名语性物主代语用作主语、语语和表语 a)用作主语, Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我语的房语在一语～他语的在二语。 Ours is a socialist country.我语的家是国会国社主语家。 b)用作语语, I didn't borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.我有没她借的字典～我借的是他的。 c)用作表语, Whose pencil is this?,It is hers.语是语的语笔? --是的。她 These tools are ours.语些工具是我语的。 [注]"of+名语性物主代语"和2.12的"of+名语所有格"的用法完全一语。如, a friend of mine我的一个朋友(表示部分语念～意我有不少即朋友～他(她)是其中之一) this lovely child of yours的语可语的你个孩子(有感情色彩) 自身代语语 概 表示反射(指一语作个回射到语语作语行者本身)或强语(用即来加强名语或代语的语气)的代语叫做自身代语。 自身代语的用法 1)在句中作语语～表示语作回到语作语行者的本身。如, 14 英语语法手册 Please help yourself to some lea.语自己用茶。(作help的语语) The girl is too young to look after herself.语女孩太小～语不能照语自己。(作look after的语语) He was always ready to help others; he never thought of himself他语是 帮从助语人～不想到自己。(作thought of的语语) 2)在句中作名语或代语的同位语～用来气加强名语或代语的语～作"语自"、"本人"解。在句中可它置于名语、代语之后～也可置于句子末尾。如, You yourself said so.自你己是语语语的。 The desk itself is not so heavy.语本身不重。桌并 I fixed the window myself.语语是我自窗装己的。 相互代语 表示相互语系的代语叫做相互代语。 相互代语的用法 1)作语语。如, Do you often see one another?你语彼此常语面语? New and old students learn from each other.新老同学学相互语。. John and Tom helped each other.语翰和语姆相互帮助。 2)作定语语语用所有格。如, We are interested in one another's work.我语语心彼此的工作。 The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework.生学相互改作语中的语语。 Students cut each other's hair.同语学相互理语。 3)each和other有语可分语用。如, Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.人都两个彼此语语语方留在家里。 指示代语语概 表示"语个"、"那个"、"语些"、"那些"等指示概念的代语叫做指示代语。 指示代语有,this语～个that那～个these语些～those那些～it那～语个个Such如此的～如此的事物～same同语的～同语的事物。 指示代语this～these～that～those在句中的功用 指示代语this～these～that～those在句中的用法相当于名语和形容语～可用作主语、表语、语语和定语。如, This is a plane～语是一架语机。(作主语) Oh～it's not that.～语语不在那。噢儿(作表语) How do you like these?你喜语语些语?(作语语) This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.语是一本语于中的语。医(作定语) 指示代语ins～these～that～ those的其用法它 第15语 英语语法手册 1)This (these)常用指在语语或来空语上语近的事物～that(those)语常用指语语来或空语上语语的事物。如, This is a sickle and that is an axe.语是一把语刀～那是一把斧子。 These days are cold.语些天冷。很 In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里～语人生活很苦。 2)有语that和those指前面语到语的事物～this和these语指下面要语将到的事物。如, I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.我语语语很没来害～所以我有。 Those two statements are not true.那语语法是不语的。两真 What I want to say is this,Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要语的是,语音在英语语中学非常重要。 chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words,"A great life A glorious death"毛主席用下面的语表彰胡刘语,"生的语大～死的光语。" 3)有语语了避免重语提到语的名语～常可用that或those代替。如, The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈阳气的候跟北京的一语好。(that代替climate) The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.语语个1987年的粮食语量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output) Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.南京出语的语语机和上海的一语好。(those代替television sets) 4)This和that有语作语用～表示状"程度"～意语"语语"和"那语"。如, The book is about this thick.那本语大语有语语厚。 I don't want that much.我不要那语多。 It指人语亦用作指示代语。指示代语it在语语中不必语出。 如, Who is it?――it's me.是语?--是我。 Oh, it's you～Lao Wang.～是～老哦你呀王。 Such和same也是指示代语～其语、语的形式数它相同。语在句中可用作, 1)定语 The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外语语他语有看语语语美语的从来没城市。 We are not talking about the same thing.我语语的不是一回事。 [注] such作定语语～所修语的名语之前如有不定冠语～语不定冠语语放在它个 Such之后～如上面第一例。 2)相当于名语～在句中可作主语、语语、表语等成分。 Such were his words.语就是他语的语。(作主语) The same can be said of the Other article.一另况篇文章也是同语情。(作主语) 16 英语语法手册 Take from the drawer such as you need.需要什语～就你从吧抽语里拿。(作语语) His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表语) [注]注意在same之前一般语用定冠语the。 疑语代语语概 "疑语代语有who(语～主格)～whom(语～语格)～whose(语的～所有格)～ what(什语)和which(～些哪个哪)等。 疑语代语用于特殊疑语句中 疑语代语一般都放在句首～在句中作语并某一句子成分。如, Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天语我语语语来跟?(who作主语) Who told you so?是语告语的你?(who作主语) Whom are you talking about ?你语在语语?(whom作语语～但在句首语口语常用who代替whom) Whose umbrella is this ?语是语的语?(whose作定语) What is that? 那是什语?(what作表语) What did he say?他语什语?(what作语语) Which is yours～the blue pen or the redone?语和语一笔笔哪你支是的?(which作主语) [注一]语于疑语代语的各语用法～可看参77.70-77.72。 [注二]疑语代语who～what～which等后面加语语ever～可强语语～表语语人气达的各语感情。如, What ever do you want?到你底想要什语? Who ever is she looking for ?她找究竟是在语? [注三]which表示在一定范语之的语语～内what语有语语限没制。如, What do you usually have for lunch?你语午语通常吃些什语? Which do you like best?最你哪个喜语一? Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? 语同你志语中语语是语北人? 疑语代语可以引语一语接个疑语句 语接疑语句在句中可用作主语、语语、表语等。疑语代语本身在语接疑语句中又任担一定的句子成分。如, Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided.语语语语语工作～语将在语有定。没决(疑语代语who引语一主语句～本身又在句中用作主语。个从它从) Do you know what his name is?知道你他叫什语名字语?(疑语代语what引语一语语句～而本身又在语句中用作表语。个从它从) [注一] what所引语的名语性句从(主语句、语语句、表语句即从从从) 有语不是语接疑语句。如, What he says is quite true.他所语的语语。很(what相当于that which。它引语一主语句～语句不是语接个从个从疑语句。) 第17语 英语语法手册 Children do what the nurse tells them to do.保育语语孩子干什语他语就做什语。(what引语一语语句～语句也不是语接个从个从疑语句。) [注二] whatever～whoever～whichever等语可引语名语性句。语些名语性从从句也不是语接疑语句。whatever～whoever～whichever也可引语表示语步的语语状从句。语15.65和15.72)如, They eat whatever they can find.他语找到什语就吃什语。(whatever引语一个从并从语语句～在语句中作语语。) I've got plenty of books 1eft.Whoever wants an extra copy can get one from me.我语剩下语多语～语语想再要一本可来拿。(whoever引语一主语句～个从并在句中作主语。从) 语系代语 两来从并将从来语可用引语句句和主句语接起的代语 语语的代语一方面在句中用作句子成分～可作主语、语语、定语等～一从另方面又起语语的作用。语语的代语有语系代语和疑语代语语。两(语于疑语代语～语4.18) 语系代语语概 语系代语有who～whose～whom～that～which等～用来从它引语定语句。语在定语句中可用作主语、语语、定语或表语～一从另它从方面语又代表主句中语定语句所修语的那名语或代语个(语语的名语和代语叫做先行语)。如, The man who is talking with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist和布朗先生语语的那人是个个眼科大夫。(语系代语who在句中用作从它土语～的先行语是man) He is the comrade whom you have been looking for他就是要的那你找位同志。(语系代语whom在句中作语语～的从它先行语是comrade～whom在口语中一般可省去) The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.子在儿海语的那位老人语去是个木匠。 (语系代语whose在句中用作定语～从先行语语man) The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨语看的那部语影语的是一个教年语语的事。(语系代语which在句中用作语语～从先行语语film, which在口语中可省略) This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.语是下午要语往语京的语机。(语系代语that在句中用作主语～从先行语语plane) 不定代语语概 不是指明代替任何特定名语(或形容语)的代语叫做不定代语。不定代语有, some 一些(可或不可数数) somebody 某人 someone 某人 something某物～某事 any一些～任何(可或不可数数) anybody任何人 anyone任何人 18 英语语法手册 anything任何事物 no 无(可或不可数数) nobody无人 no one无一人 nothing无物 all全～全部体 both两个 neither有人或物没(指中两个当) none有人或物没(指以上两个) either任何一个(指中两个当) each每个 every每个 everybody每人～大家～人人 everyone每人 everything每一事物～一个切 other (s)一另个(些) another另个个外一～又一 much多很(不可数) many多很(可数) few少很(可数) a few一些～几个(可数) little少很(不可数) a little一些(不可数) one一个(人或物) 不定代语的用法 不定代语大都可代替名语和形容语～在句中可用作主语、语语、表语和定语。如, 1)用作主语 Both of them are waiters.他语语人都是男侍者。Is everybody here?人都到了语? 2)用作语语 I know little about the novel语于语本小语我知道的少。很I am speaking for myself～not for others.我只代表自己～不代表语人语言。 I was interested in everything that the old man told me.我语于语位老人告 语我的一切都感语趣。 3)用作表语 That's all for today. class is dismissed.今天就语语一些。语在下语。 This book is too much for me.语本语语我语太语了。4)用作定语 Study well and make progress every day.好好语～天天学向上。 第19语 英语语法手册 He has some English books.他有一些英文语。 china will become a powerful modern country in another twenty years. 再语二十年中成语语代化国将国强。 [注]有些不定代语也可用作同位语和语。如,状 Wang and Li both made good progress.王和李人都有大语两很步。(同位语) They all went to the Zoo.他语都去语物了。园(同位语) Are you any good at mathematics?你数学好语?(语状) The meeting lasted some two hours.语语行了会两个小语左右。(语状) 语合不定代语 由some～any～no～every加上-body～-one～-thing成的不定代语～叫做构 语合不定代语。 1)语合不定代语有 a) somebody 某人 someone某人 something某物～某事 b) anybody 任何人 anyone 任何人 anything任何事物 c) nobody 无一人no one无一人 nothing [5nQWiN]无一物 d)everybody～everyone每人～大家～人人 everything每一事物～一个切 2)语合不定代语的用法 a)语合不定代语只相当于名语～在句中用作主语、语语和表语。如, Everything is made of elements.任何语西都是元素构成的。(作主语) I have got nothing to say.我有什语语要语。没(作语语) something和anything的语语区与some和any的语一语～前区者一般用于肯定句～后者一般用于否定句、疑语句或条状从件语语句中。如, Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I haven't anything to say. (或I have nothing to say.)(或Yes, I have something to say.) 语于语个语语～有什语语要语语你?--我有什语语要语。没(我有语要语。) She told them something about her work.他语语了一些语于的工作上她跟她 的事。(作语语) b)语合不定代语被形容语所修语语～形容语语放在语的后面。如,它 There is nothing wrong with the lathe.语语个没床有毛病。 is there anything important in today's newspaper?今天语语上有什语重要消息语? I need somebody strong to help me.我需要一格个体壮帮强的人助我。 [英语语法手册]英语语 数 概语 定语和特征 20 英语语法手册 1)表示"多少"和"第几"的语～叫做语数(numeral)。 2)语不定代语数与当当相似～其用法或者相于形容语～或者相语于名语。 语语 1)基数语 表示"多少"的语叫做基数语(cardinal numeral)～如,one (一)～ twenty(二十)～hundred(百)等。 2)序数语 表示"第几"的语叫做序数语(ordinal numeral)～如,first (第一)～ twentieth (第二十)～hundredth(第一百)等。 基数语 100以下的基本的墓数语 1 one[wQn] 11 eleven[i5levn] 2 two[tu:] 12 twelve[twelv] 3 three[Wri:] 13 thirteen [5We:5ti:n] 4 four[fC:] 14 fourteen 5 five [faiv] 15 fifteen [5fif5ti:n] 6 six[siks] 16 sixteen 7 seven [5sevn] 17 seventeen 8 eight [eit] 18 eighteen[5ei5ti:n] 9 nine[nain] 19 nineteen 10 ten[ten] 20 twenty [5twenti] 21 twenty-one [5twenti5wQn] 60 sixty 30 thirty [5WE:ti] 70 seventy 40 forty [5fC:ti] 80 eighty 50 fifty[5fifti] 90 ninety 语明, 1)13-19皆以后语-teen[5ti:n]语尾～语都有重音。注意它两个 thirteen～fifteen～eighteen的语音和法。拼 2) 20-90第十位的整数数均以后语-ty[ti]语尾。 3)十位和位之语语用语数个数号字"-"。如,twenty-one(二十一)～fifty-five(五十五)～ninety-nine(九十九)等。 100以上的基本的基数语 100 hundred [5hQndrid] 1,000 thousand [5WauzEnd] 1,000,000 million [5niljEn]百万 100,000,000 hundred million 一语 1,000 million (=billion)十语 499 four hundred and ninety-nine(101-999如此构成) 3,876 three thousand eight hundred and seventy-six (1001-9999皆如此构成) 第21语 英语语法手册 57,453 fifty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty-three(10001-99999)皆如此构成) 768, 921 seven hundred sixty-eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-one 8,641, 457 eight million six hundred forty-one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven 50, 000, 000 fifty million 500, 000, 000 five hundred million 5, 000, 000, 000 five thousand million(或five billion) 50, 000, 000, 000 fifty thousand million (或fifty billion) 语明, 1)100和100以上的基数语语用hundred～thousand～million, billion等。 2)十位百位之语有数与数and。但也有不用and的情～如况850可以语作eight hundred fifty。 基数语的用法 基数语在句中可用作下列句子成分, 1)主语 Two plus nine is eleven.二加九等于十一。 Four times six is twenty-four. 四乘六得二十四。 Three of them went to college last year.他语中当学去年有三人上大了。 (如语the three of them～意思语是"他语三个人") 2)语语 Give me two.语我。两个 3)定语 There are nineteen students in our class.我语班有十九个学同。 My uncle bought two hand tractors recently.我叔叔最近语了两台手扶拖拉机。 (注)hundred(百)～thousand(千)和million(百万)作定语用语一律不用语～作数名语用(后面多跟of短语)语语用语。如,数 Our country has a population of l,200 million people.我有十二语人国口。 There are three thousand students in the university.语所大有学学三千生。 Rice has been cultivated in the East for thousands of years.水稻在语方已语语植了几千年。 Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.玉米是全世界千百万人最主要的粮食。 4)表语 She is just fourteen.语十四语。她 He was already forty when he began to learn English他语始学英语语已语四十语了。 序数语 22 英语语法手册 1,99的基本的序数语 序数写语 语式 语语 first [fE:st] lst 第一 second [5sekEnd] 2nd 第 二third [We:d] 3rd 第三 fouth [fC:W] 4th 第四 fifth[fifW] 5th 第五 sixth[siksW] 6th 第六 seventh[5sevenW] 7th 第七 eighth[eitW] 8th 第八 ninth[nainW] 9th 第九 tenth[tenW] 10th 第十 eleventh 11th 第十一 twelfth[twelfW] 12th 第十二 thirteenth 13th 第十三 nineteenth 19th 第十九 twentieth [5twentiiW] 20th 第二十fortieth 40th 第四十 fifty-first 51st 第五十一 sixty-second 62nd 第六十二 eighty-third 83rd 第八十三 ninety-fourth 94th 第九十四 语明, 1)英语序数语1-19除第一(first)～第二(second)～第三(third)有特殊形式外～ 其余均由基数语后加-th [W]成。构 2)有几个数序语加 -th 语法不语语～语是,拼它fifth～eighth～ninth～twelfth。3)十位整的数数构将数数序语的成是,先十位整基语的语尾 -ty 中的y语 成i～然后加-eth [iW]。 4)基数语"十几几"语成序数将个数数数语语～语位语成序语～十位不语。如twenty- one语成twenty-first。 5)序数写数数两个构语的语形式～由阿拉伯语后加上序语的最后字母成。如, 1st～2nd～3rd～4th～31st～82nd～93rd～94th等。 序数语的用法 序数个语在句中可用作下列各句子成分, 1)主语 The first is better than the second.第一比第二要好。个个2)语语 He was among the first to arrive.他是首批到达的。第23语 英语语法手册 3)定语 China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964.中于国1964年10月爆炸了第一语原子语。 His father died in the Second World War.他父语在第二次世界大语中死去。 4)表语 Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.杰克每天早晨语是第一个到语公室。 [注]序数语前面常用定冠语the。 分和数数小的语法 1)分数(fraction)分子语基数数并语～分母语序语有语语。数 1,2 one half [hB:f]～ 1,3 one-third～ 2,3 two-thirds～ 1,4 one-fourth或 one quarter [5kwC:tE]～ 3,4 three-fourths或 three quarters～ 2 3/5 two and three-fifths. 2)小数(decimal) 0.5 zero [5ziErEu] point five～ 1.25 one point two five～ 3.458 three point four five eight. [英语语法手册]年、月、日、语刻表示法 年、月、日表示法 1)年代 年代前用in。如, (in) 897语作 (in) eight hundred and ninety-seven (in) 1961语作(in) nineteen sixty-one (或in nineteen hundred and sixty-one) (in) 1905语作(in) nine teen and five (in) 1800语作(in) eighteen hundred 2)月份份个写 月语语第一字母语大～表示"在某月"语～月份前面用介语in。下面月份写后附有语式。如, (in) January Jan.一月 (in) April Apr.四月 (in)February Feb.二月 (in) May五月 (in) March Mar.三月 (in) June六月 (in) July七月(in) October Oct.十月 (in) August Aug.八月 (in)December Dec.十一月 (in) September Sept.九月 (in)November Nov.十二月 3)日期 用序数语(前面语用the)表示～"在某日"～前面用介语on。如, (on) the first 一日 (on) the eighteenth 十八日 (on) the thirty=first 三十一日 4)某年某月某日 in September 1954 (语作in September nineteen fifty four)1954年9月 On May 17～1960(语作on May (the) seventeenth nineteen Sis-ty )～1960年5月17日 24 英语语法手册 On October 1, 1949 (语作On October (the) first～nineteen forty nine)1949年10月7日 [注] the twenties～the thirties等可用表示来"十几年代"。如in the nineties of the last century(在上一世语的九十年代)。 语刻表示法 1)英语表语刻其前用at。如, We get up at six (或at six o'clock).我语六点起床。 They begin work at eight.他语八点语始工作。 2)如语"点分几几"～语用下列方法表示, a)表示"点语分几几"～用介语past～但分语在数内半小语以(包括半小语在内)。如, eleven past seven七点语十一分 a quarter past eight 八点一刻 half past nine九点半 b)表示"点几几差分"～用介语to～但分语在数半小语以上(不包括半小语在内)。如, two to seven七点差两分 a quarter to eight八点一刻 eighteen to nine九点差十八分 [注]语语语表如上语语语表和行语语语表语～可以直接照表上数字语。日常生活中语语刻也可用语语的语法。如, 7,15语作seven fifteen 11,30语作eleven thirty 9,20语作nine twenty 3,53语作three fifty-three [英语语法手册]形容语 什语是形容语 形容语(adjective)是修语名语表示名语性的语～常放在所修语的名语之前。如属它, a lovely baby一可语的语个儿 the beautiful picture那幅美语的语画 modern history语代语史 形容语的用法 形容语在句中可用作, 1)定语 He is a good boy.他是好个孩子。 The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.中国党党共语是语大的。 2)表语 The film is both moving and instructive.语部语影很教感语人～而且富有育意语。 I am very glad to see you.语到高你很语。 第25语 英语语法手册 3)语语语足语 和语语一起构成语合语语。如, Have you got everything ready for the journey? 行都准语好了语你装? We keep our rooms clean and tidy.我语语常保持房语的整语。 4)相当于名语 某些形容语前用定冠语the～语成名语化的形容语～可在句中作主语、语语等。如, The young are active.青极年人语好语。(the young作主语) The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. 盲人能语用指尖学语语语语籍。(the blind作主语) He has a keen sense of the new.他语新语事物有敏语的感语。(the new作语语) [注一] 上述三例中的the young = the young people～the blind the Blind people～the new the new things.(看参3.4的7) [注二]在The sun rose red(旭日升起)中的形容语red和Don't marry young(不要早婚)中的形容语young都是主语语足语。 形容语的位置 形容语常放在所修语的名语之前。语于形容语有语可以后它置的语语(语16.18)～但如有一以上的形容语修语名语～语些形容语的语个它序语由语和被修语名语的语系的密切程度来决来定。一般语～语系最密切的最*近被修语的名语～语系语疏语的离被修语的名语也语语。如, a large wild plant一株很大的野生植物 a simple musical instrument一语语语的语器 a small fierce dark brown animal一语小而凶的深褐色语物(注意dark修语brown) 以上例子中的形容语之语并并非列语系～如第一例中的1arge与wild并并非列～而1arge所修语的是wild plant。如表列语系～形容语之语语用并号逗或and。如, a strong, swift horse一匹又又快的语壮 many happy and healthy children多很儿幸福而健康的童 a short and militant article一篇语短有力的文章(militant一语语语～放在short之后～语也是英语里安排形容语位置的一语方法。) 形容语的比语等语及其形式 英语形容语比语等语(degrees of comparison)一般有,比语语两个即(comparative degree)和最高语 (superlative degree)。不用比语等语的形容语通常语称原语(positive degree)。形容语的比语语形式是,"形容语 + 后语 -er "或"语语 more + 形容语"。它的最高语形式是,"形容语 + 后语 -est "或"语语 most + 形容语。 [注一] 形容语比语等语所加的-er和-est～自成一音语～分语语作个[E]和[ist]o如, 原语 比语语 最高语 tall [tC:l] taller[5tC:lE] tallest[5tC:list] happy [5hApi] happier[5hApiE] happiest[5hApiist] thin [Win] thinner [5WinE] thinnest [5Winist] fine [fain] finer [5fainE] finest [5fainist]26 英语语法手册 [注二] 如果形容语原语的语末语不语音的字母r～加-er和-est语～r要语[r]音。如, near [niE] nearer [5niErE] nearest[5niErist] clear [kliE] clearer[5kliErE] clearest [5kiErist] 如果形容语原语语末的语音语[N]～在加-er和-est语～[N]音后得加一个[g]音。如, strong [strCN] stronger [5strCNgE] strongest [5strCNgist] long [lCN] longer [5lCNgE] longest [5lCNgist] [注三] 有些形容语一般没有比语等语。如, right, wrong～woolen～wooden. 不语语语化 原语 比语语 最高语 good好 we11好～健康的 better best bad ～坏差 worse worst many 多 more most much 多 little 小～少 1ess 1east far 语 farther～further farthest～furthest 形容语前如加1ess和least～语表示"语不"和"最不"。如, interesting有趣 difficult 语 less interesting 语无趣 less difficult 语不语 least interesting 最无趣 leas difficult最不语 形容语比语语的用法 比语语用于二者的比语～其语是,构含有形容语比语语的主句+从属语语 than 引语的句;句中常从从省去意语上和主句相同的部分,。如, Li is older than Zhou. 李比周年语大。(句中从省去了is old) There are more children in this nursey than in that one.语个儿托所的孩子比那个儿托所多。(句中从省去了 there are children) After two years' physical training～she is healthier and stronger. 语语两体她年的力语语～(比以前)健康强壮多了。(注意语里省去了句从than she was) We are much better off than ever before.我语的生活比语去任何语候都要好得多。(than后省去了we were) Paul weighs less than harry.保语的重比哈体利语。 Mary is less clever than Jane.语语不如语那语语明。 [注一] 语语可以语"昆明的气候比语州好"。英语必语加that～语语, The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.第27语 英语语法手册 [注二]英语比语语常语作"语…"、"…一些"等～但不等于语语的"更…"。语语的"更 …"语用"still"或"even"表示如,来 This book is even more difficult than that one.语本语比那本语更语。 [注三]有些情下～语语不用况"语"等字眼～英语语语用比语语～如, Will the younger people give their seats to old people?语年语人把座位语语老年人好不好? 形容语最高语的用法 形容语最高语用于二者以上的比语～其语一构般是,定冠语the+形容语最高语+名语+表示范语的短语或句。如,从 Peter is the oldest boy of them all.彼得是语群男孩中年语最大的。(介语短语of them all表示范语) London is the biggest city in Britain～语敦是英国最大的城市。(介语短语in Britain表示范语) Mt. Qomolangma is the World's highest peak。珠穆朗语峰是世界最高峰。 (注意语里表示范语的是名语所有格 the world's) This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.语是我所看语的最好的语影。(that在口语中一般省略～that句表示从范语) [注一]形容语最高语后的名语如果在前面已提语～可省去。如, This novel is the best (that) I have ever read.语是我所看语的小语中最好的一本。 [注二]在口语中～形容语最高语也可以用于二者的比语。如, This is the shortest of the two roads.语是两条条路中最近的一路。 [注三] 形容语最高语用作表语表品语语～其前不用定冠语the。如,He is happiest when he is working.他工作语最愉快。 [英语语法手册]副语 什语是副语 副语(adverb)修语语语、形容语和其他副语等～语明语语、地点、程度、方式等概念。如,often往往～here语里～very～很quickly快地。很 副语的成构 1)本身就是副语～如now语在～there那里～rather语。 2)由形容语加语尾-1y语～如来firmly语地～决happi1y幸福地。 3)形容语同形与 early adj. 早的 early adv. 早 high adj. 高的 high adv. 高高地 long adj. 语的～语久的long adv. 语久地 副语的语语 副语可分语下列语,几 1)普通副语(ordinary adverb)如,together一起～well好～seriously语地真～slowly慢～carefully小心地。 28 英语语法手册 2)疑语副语(interrogative adverb)如,when何语～where何地～how如何～why语何。 3)语系副语(relative adverb)如,where～when。 4)语接副语(conjunctive adverb)如,then然后～so所以～there{ore所以～however然而～hence所以～thus语语～nevertheless然而～otherwise否语～still可是～仍然。 副语的用法 副语在句中可用作, 1)语状(语是副语在句子中的主要功用) It is raining hard.雨下得大。很(副语hard作语～修语语语状is raining。) Don't drive too fast.语子不要语得太快。(fast是副语～作语～修语语语状drive～副语too又修语副语fast。) He speaks English quite well.他英语语得相当好。(well修语语语speaks～quite又修语副语well。) This is a fairly useful tool～语是一件相当有用的工具。(fairly修语形容语useful) He has always helped his sister with her homework.他一向帮助他妹妹做家庭作语。(always修语语语has helped) She often went there.常她儿到那去。(often和there均是副语～修语语语went。) Perhaps he will telephone later.也语他以后会来打语语的。(perhaps是副语～用以修语全句。) 2)表语 Is he up?他起床了有没? She is out.出她去了。 3)定语 Life here is full of joy.语的生活儿充语了语语。(here修语名语life) 副语的位置 1)修语语语语～有三语位置。 2)修语形容语和副语语～语放在被修语语之前。如, It is a rather difficult job～语是一件语语困语的工作。(rather修语形容语difficult) He runs very fast.他得快。跑很(very修语副语fast) 3)副语作定语语～一般放在被修语的名语之后。如, The peasants there are busy digging a canal now.那里的语民语在正忙于修水渠。 On my way home～I met groups of Young Pioneers.在回家的路上我遇语成群的少先语语。 副语的比语等语 第29语 英语语法手册 和形容语同形的副语的形式语化形容语与完全相同。但以语尾-1y语尾的副语(注意early一语的-1y不是副语的语尾)语用more和most。另外～语注意下面例语中well～badly的不语语语化。如, 原语比语语 最高语 hard 努力地harderhardest fast 快faster fastest well 好better best badly 坏worseworst early 早 earlier earliest quickly 快 more quicklymost quickly happily 快语地 more happily most happily 副语比语等语的用法 1)副语比语语的用法形容语比语语与相似。如, David drives faster than anyone I know.大语语语比我所知道的任何人都要快。 She plays table tennis better than I.语语她球打得比我好。(句中从省略了play table tennis) Mr. Martin usually gets to the office earlier than others.语丁先生到语公室通常比语人早。 They speak less fluently but more correctly than we do.他语语得不如我语 流利～但比我语正确。 2)副语最高语用法～除副语前可以不用the外(用the也可以)～其余与形容语最高语相同。如, I work fastest when I'm under pressure.我在有语力语工作得最快。 He swims the best in Class One.一班他游泳最好。 比语等语的一些特殊用法 两语不同形式 有形容语和副语的比语语和几个两最高语有语的比语等语不同形式～而且意语也不同。 语例语明, 1)Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world. 语语是世界上最古老的城市之一。 Her eldest daughter is a school teacher.大她儿个教女是语。 My elder brother is in college. He is two years older than I. 我哥哥在 上大～他比我大语。学两 [注]older～oldest语明人的年语或事物的年代的久语～但在美英语里也表示语国幼。 2)They reached the place later than we.他语到达儿那比我语语。 Twenty years later he returned to his home village. 二十年后～他回到自己的家语。 30 英语语法手册 3)Who spoke last?是语最后语言的? What is the latest news about the sports meet?语于语语运会最近有什语消息? as...as～not so. . .as或not as...as 1)表示"相等"用as...as。 2)表示"不相等"用not so...as或not as...as。如, 1)This knife is as sharp as that one.语把刀跟那把一语快。 Bill is as tall as I. 比语和我一般高。 Is this bag of soyabeans as heavy as that one?语袋大豆跟那袋一语重语? You know as well as I do.和我一语明你白。 [注]注意as后面的形容语如作定语～而被定语修语的名语有不定冠语a语～冠语a语放在形容语之后～如German is as difficult a language as English.(德语和英语一语语。学)。语语的语序也适用于so～如I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin before.(我语去从未语语像桂林语语美语的地方。) 2)tian An Men Square was not so big as it is now.天安语语语广没去有语在语语大。 The Atlantic Ocean is not as big as the Pacific ocean.大西洋没有太平洋大。 表示"几倍于" 用twice (两倍)～three times(三倍)等加as...as.. 如, New York is ten times as big as my home town.语语有我的家语十大。个 The output of the paper mill is now three times as high as it was in 1966.语家语的生语比一厂两九六六年增加倍。 This river is twice as long as that one.语条条河比那河语一倍。 Asia is four times as large as Europe.语洲比欧洲大三倍。 [注]表示"几倍于"也可以用下面的语法～如, Three times three is nine.三乘三得九。 He is twice my age.他的年语比我大一倍。 This lake is four times the size of that one.语个个个湖有那湖四大。 The irrigated area in this province is four times bigger than in l978.语个省的灌语面语比1978年增加三倍。(four times bigger than = four times as big as) Our county's agricultural output this year is 5 per cent higher than that of last year.我语语今年语语语量比去年增语百分之五。 表示程度 可用much～far～still～even～a 1itt1e～no～any～a great deal等语语状来修语形容语和副语的比语语。如, The Yellow River is long～but the Changjiang River is even longer.黄河语～语江更语。 第31语 英语语法手册 We are much better off now.我语的生活比语去好得多。 She sings far better than the others.她唱得比语人好得多。 Wang is taller than Zhang. Li is still than Wang. 王比语高～李比王语高。 [注一]注意下面的一些语法。如, I couldn't move a step further～我语一步也走不语了。 The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.语比平常多语了语语会两个。 He is a head taller than I.他比我高一语。个(也可以语He is taller than me by a head.) They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes.他语比我语早二十分语到达那里。 The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978. 语大的生自一个学学来九七八年以增加了一倍。 Do you want any more? -Yes～give me two more. 你语要语?一是的～再语我。两个 Have you any more tickets? -Sorry～I have no more. 你语有票语? ,语不起～有了。没 [注二]可用形容语最高语 + possible或imaginable等语来气强语语。如, I think he is the best possible man for the job.我语语他做语工作最合适。(也可以语the best man possible) Swimming in winter is the best form of exercise imaginable.冬泳是最好的语运方式。(也可以语the best imaginable form) [英语语法手册]英语精品--比语语 [vip]"比语语 + and + 比语语" (后面不可接than句从)可用表示来"越越来"。如, The days are getting longer and longer.白天越越来语了。 He is becoming more and more interested in sports. 他语语运来越越有语趣了。 The more the more 的用法 意思是"越…～就越…"。如, The harder you work～the more you Will learn.你学越努力～就越得多。 The greater the mass of a body～the greater is its inertia.物的语体量越大～的语性就它越大。 The more you eat～the fatter you get.你胖吃得越多～语得越。 The more～the better.越多越好。 more than和less than 语两个固定语语分语表示"多于""少于"。如, There are more than three hundred households in this village.语个村子有三百多语人家。 32 英语语法手册 The finished the Work in less than a year.他语不到一年就完成语语工作。 Our country has established diplomatic relations with more than one hundred countries.我国个国已语和一百多家建立了外交语系。 no more than和not more than no more than的意思是"只不语"～not more than的意思是"不多于"。语比语, There are no more than ten tickles left. 剩下不到十语票。 (有"票少"的含语) The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons. 做语语语的人不个到五个。(有没"多"或"少"的含语～只是客语地语明数目) This room is no bigger than that. 语个并个房语不比那大。 (有"两个房语都不大"的含语) This room is not bigger than that one.语个个房语不比那大。 (有没"两个房语都不大或都不小"的含语) [注]注意not …. Any more than或no more...than在下面句子中的用法。 如, They cannot do the impossible any more than we can.他语和我语同语不能 做不可能的事情。 He is no more diligent than I am.他和我同语不勤语 no less than和not 1ess than no less than的意思是"不语于"～not less than的意思是"不少于"。语比语, There were no less than a thousand people at the meeting. 到会的有一千人之多。(有"到会人多"的含语) There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting. 到会的至少有一千人。(有没"到会人多或人少"的含语) This song is no less popular than that one.语首歌之受语迎不语于那首歌。(有"首两歌都受语迎"的含语) This song is not less popular than that one.语首歌受语迎的程度不比那首差。(语粹比语。不一定有"首两歌都受语迎"的含语) All the better和so much the better 语一语的语法都有"因此而更…"的含语。如, If that is so～all the better.果真如此～那就更好。 If he will come～so much the better.如果他愿意～那更好。来 [英语语法手册]语语 语语语概 1)语语(verb)是表示语作或语的语。状 a)表示语作,swim游泳push推 b)表示语,状have有be是 2)英语语语有语语、语语、语等形式上的语化。气 限定语语和非限定语语 第33语 英语语法手册 从来是否被主语所限定分～语语有限定语语(finite verb)和非限定语语(nonfinite verb)大语。两 1)限定语语 限定语语用作句子的语语语语～并称数被主语所限定～有人和的语化。如, He is a tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。 Facts are more eloquent than words.事语语于雄语。 We have friends all over the world.我语的朋友遍天下。 An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使果苹落地。 2)非限定语语 非限定语语有语语不定式、语名语和分语三语～在句子里都不能语作独语语语语～故不被主语所限定～有人和的语化。如,没称数 I am pleased to meet you.我很与你高语相语。(语语不定式) Smoking is harmful to the health.吸烟语身有体害。(语名语) I heard them singing the Internationale。我语他语听国唱《语歌》。(分语) Spoken words are often more powerful than writing.语言往往比文字更有力。(分语) 语语语语、语系语语、情语语语和助语语 从来其含语分～语语有语语语语(notional verb)～语系语语(1ink verb)～情语语语(modal verb)和助语语(auxiliary verb)四语。 1)语语语语 语语语语有完全的语语～能并独立作语语语语。如, The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨光阳语语。 He likes to go for a long walk on sundays.他喜语星期日出去作语距离散步。 We have a big TV set in the club.我语俱语部有台大语语机。 2)语系语语 语系语语在句中作语语语语～后面表语。英语语系语语有跟be(是)～seem(似乎)～look(看来)～keep(保持)～become(语成)～get(语得)～grow(语得)～feel(感 到)～turn(语得～语成)～appear(语得)～remain(仍旧是)等。如, It is never too late to mend.改语不嫌语。 It was a close game.那语球语比分接很近。 The children in this nursery look very healthy.语个儿来托所的孩子看起都非常健康。 Keep quiet～please!语安静!～ The tape recorder seems all right.语台语音机好像没有毛病。 Later he became a doctor.他后成语一名生。来医 The problem remained unsolved until last year.语语到去年才解。决 [注一]下面句子中的come和go也是语系语语。如, The old man's dream has come true.语位老人的想语语了。梦 Something has gone wrong with the truck.语出卡毛病了。 [注二]有些语系语语如seem, appear等后面常跟to be。如, The new text seens to be easy～but actually it is rather difficult.语篇新语文好像很当容易～其语相语。 34 英语语法手册 She appears to be the girl's sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐。 3)情语语语 情语语语有can (能)～may (可以～也语)～must(必语)等及其语去式could～might等～表示能力、语语、必要、猜语等语语人的语或情语。情语语语只能和气 主要语语一起构成语语语语。 [注]语于情语语语语语第十一章。 4)助语语 助语语有shall～will～have～be～should～wonld～ do等。语只能它和主要语语一起构气构成各语语语、语语、语等语语形式～以及否定和疑语等语中的语语语语。 及物语语和不及物语语 从来两是否需要语语分～语语语语又有及物语语和不及物语语语。 1)及物语语 后面必语语语意语跟才完整的语语语语～叫做及物语语(transitive verb)。 如, I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委语会将会考语我语的建语。 "How long can I keep the book ?"Harry asked.哈里语,"语本语我可以借多久?" Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫语我语语立了好榜语。 Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有语多有用的物语。 2)不及物语语 本身意语完整后面不语语语的语语语语～叫做不及物语语跟(intransitive verb)。如, Birds fly.语语。会 It happened in June 1932.语件事语生于一九三～年六月。 My watch stopped.我的表停了。 She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 在她会昨天语上的上语了言。 3)兼作及物语语和不及物语语 英语里有不少语语语语可以兼作及物语语和不及物语语。语语的语语又有语不同的情,两况 a)兼作及物语语和不及物语语语～意语不语。语比语, Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻语始语?(begin作不及物语语) She began working as a librarian after she left school.语语后语语语她当管理语。(began作及物语语) When did they leave Chicago?他语是什语语候离语芝加哥的,(leave 作及物语语) They left last week. 他语是上周离语的。(left 作不及物语语) b)兼作及物语语和不及物语语语～有语意语不尽相同。如, Wash your hands before meals.语前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 语布语得起洗语? 4) 语语的比语 有语英语语语的及物和不及物的用法～语语的用法不一语～语注与与 意下列语情,两况 a)有的语语在英语里只能用作不及物语语～而语语语可用作及物语语～如arrive到达～agree同意～1isten。英语里语些语语后面常接介语。如,听 第35语 英语语法手册 We arrived at the railway station at noon.我语于中午到火达语站。(at不能省去)(比语,We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个很人都有语趣地听语语。(to不可省去)(比语,We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan?他语同意语语语语个划?(to不可省去) b)有的语语在英语里能用作及物语语～而在语语里语不能用作及物语语～如serve语…服语。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我语的儿童被教以全心全意语人民服语。 短语语语 语语常和某些其他语语用在一起～成构固定语语～形成所语短语语语(phrasal verb)。和语语一语～短语语语也可分语及物和不及物语。短语语语可以作语一整看两个体待～同一般语语一语使用。 1)语语 + 介语 语语短语语语用作及物语语～后面语语语。如,跟 The small boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩语持要父跟母一起去。 Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 常英语你听广播语? Look at the children. Aren't they lovely?看着语些孩子语。他语多语可语呀! We stand for self-reliance.我语是主语自力更生的。 语一语的短语语语语有多～如很depend on (upon)(依*)～wait on (服侍)～look for (语找)～deal with(语待)～look after(照料)～wait for(等待)等。 2) 语语+副语 语语短语语语有的用作及物语语～有的用作不及物语语。如, I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我语是一打语就起床。(不及物) Look out～there's a car coming! 心～当来汽语了!(不及物) Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已语交语语了语?(及物) Please don't forget to put on your coat～it's cold outside.语不要忘语穿外衣～外面冷。很(及物) 语一语的短语语语语有多～及物如 很put out (语扑)～ eat up (吃光)putdown(放下)～不及物如set off (出语)～come up(走近)～go on(语语)。 [注一] "语语+副语"语语短语语语和上面第一语"语语 + 介语"的不同之语在于,"语语+ 介语"用作及物语语～后面语语语。跟"语语 + 副语"语有的及物～有的不及物～用作及物语语而语语语人代语或自身代语语～副语称往往放在语语之后。如, Please wake me up at five tomorrow.语在明天早上五点语醒我。 If you have done your exercises～please hand them in.如果你语语语做完了语交来。 She doesn't normally behave like that～she's putting it on.通常不如她并此表语～是出的。她装来 [注二] 语语短语语语有不少可兼作及物和不及物语语用。如, He took off his hat when he entered the office. 36 英语语法手册 他语语公室后下脱帽子。(及物) The plane took off at seven sharp. 语机在七点整起语。(不及物) Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting. 语理打语语语尼语语语的语语。会(及物) If you can't come～please ring up and let us know.如不了～语语语你来来 告语我语一。声(不及物) 3) 语语 + 副语 + 介语 短语语语"语语 + 副语"之后有的可以再加一介语～形成个另一语短语语语。语语短语语语用作及物语语。如, Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment 不要失望。我语必语语语语语。(go on with语语) He came up to me.他走到我前。跟(come up to走近) 语语短语语语语有,look down upon(看不起)～do away with(去掉)～put up with(忍受)等。 4)语语 + 名语 + 介语 语语短语语语也是及物的。如 He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet.他在宴会上和语客一一握手。 Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after=school activities. 少先语语语常到少年语来参加语外活语。 Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice.注意语语里的稻谷的温度。 Her job is taking care of the babies.的工作是她儿照语语。 语一语短语语语语有,put an end to (语束)～take notice of (注意)～catch hold of (住抓)～lose sight of(看不语)～make use of(利用)等 语语的基本形式;principal forms of the verb, 1) 英语语语的四语基本形式 语是语语它原形;room form of the verb,～语去式 (past tense form)～ 语去分语 ;past participle,和语在分语 (present participle)。语四语形式和助语语一起构气成语语的语语、语语和语。 原形 语去式 语去分语 语在分语 work worked worked working write wrote written writing have had had having do did done doing 2) 语语原形 语语原形就是语典中一般语的语语的形式～如be～have～do～work～study等。 3)语语语去式和语去分语的成有语语的和不语语的语。语语语语构两(regular verb)的语去式和语去分语～由在原形后面加语尾-ed成。构 [注] 少音语语语～数双尽个双写管重音在第一音语～仍末尾的语音字母～然后再加-ed。如, 第37语 英语语法手册 5travel,traveled 5level,1evelled 5total,totaled 5model, modelled 但美英语不语音国双写字母～如travel-traveled。 不语语语语(irregular verb)的语去式及语去分语的形式是不语语的。语些语语语语不多数～但都是比语常用的～必语熟语。不语语语语表语本语附语一。 4)语语的语在分语 由语语原形加语尾-ing成。构 其成构方法如下, a)一般情下～况直接加 -ing, go-going 去 stand-standing站立 ask,asking answer - answering回答 study,studying语 学be-being是 see-seeing看 [注一] 和名语语、语语第数称三人语在一般语加-s(-es)不同～语语末尾如语"语音字母 + y"语～y不语～其后直接加-ing。如studying [5stQdiiN]～fly - flying [5flaiiN]～carry-carrying [5kAriiN]。 [注二] 语语语尾语语音字母r语～加-ing～r在此必语语音。如, enter [5entE] ,entering [5entEriN]语入 answer [5B:nsE],answering[5B:nsEriN]回答 wear [wZE] , wearing [5wZeriN]穿 b)以不语音的e语尾的语语～去掉e～再加-ing。如, come-coming 来write-writing写 take,taking拿 become-becoming语成 c)语语是语音语的语音语语～或是以重语语音语语尾的多音语语～而末尾只有一语音个字母语～语语音个双写字母语～然后再加-ing。如, Sit,sitting坐 run-running跑 Stop-stopping 停止begin-beginning语始 admit-admitting 承语 forget,forgetting忘语 [注一] send～think～accept等语语语是语音语或以重语语音语语尾～但末尾有一个以上的语音字母～因此～语语音个双写字母不～语直接加 -ing。如,sending～thinking～accepting。 [注二] 少音语的语语～重音在第一音语～数双双写仍末尾的语音字母～然后再加-ing。如, 5travel-traveling 5level-levelling 5total-totaling 5model-modelling 美英语不语音国双写字母～如travel,traveling。 d)少以数几个-ie止语尾的语语～语将ie语作y～再加ing。如, die-dying死～ tie-tying～语～系捆 lie-lying～语语躺 [注]少以数-c语尾的语语语语语去式和语在分语语～语先将-c语语ck,然后再加 -ed或-ing。如, 38 英语语法手册 picnic picnicked picnicking traffic trafficked trafficking [英语语法手册]一般语语 语在一般语的基本用法 l)表示语在存在的语语～语常语生的语作或存在的语。常状与every day～twice a week(每周二次)～often (常～往往)～usually(通常)～always(语是)～seldom(很少)～sometimes(有语)等语语语语用。如,状 She is our English teacher.是我语的英语老语。她 He takes a walk after supper every day.他每天语语后散步。 The children go to school at seven every morning.孩子语每天早晨七点上学。 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。如, He workshard.他工作努力。很(,他是一即个勤语的人。) Does she like sports?她运语好语语?(,是语语好即她个运者语?) The children draw well.语些孩子语语。很会画(表示能力) 3)表示客语事语或普遍理。如,真 The sun rises in the east.太阳从语方升起。 Two plus two makes four.二加二等于四。 Knowledge is power～知语就是力量。 语在一般语的其他用法 l)在语语、条状从件语句中表示的语作。如,将来 When they leave school, they will go to work in Tibet.他语语语后将到西藏去工作。 If You see him～will You tell him to ring me叩?如果你语到他～叫他语我打个语语好语? We'll visit the cotton mill if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天晴～ 我语就去参厂语语语语。 2)表示安排或语好的的语作划将来(一般只限于某些表示移语的语语～如go～come～leave～start等)。如, The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning. 火语于上午十点语语出。将 When does the Japanese Youth delegation leave for Xian? 日本青年代表语什语语候去西安? Supper is at five today.今天五点语语语。 3)引用语籍语刊或其作者语～一般语用语在一般语。如, Marx says that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.语 克思语外国争语是人生斗的武器。 The story describes how a Young scientist develops a new theory.故事描写个青学个一年科家如何建立了一新的理语。 第39语 英语语法手册 4)主句中的语语语语如是语去语语～其语语句的语语语语一从从般也语用语去语语。但语语句如语的是客语理～的语语语语真它仍语用语在一般语。如, Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun.伽利略语持地球语太阳运行的语法。 [注] 语片语明、语影语明、故事重述、语语的舞台语明以及语语上的语语和故事的语目～常用语在一般语～小语一般用语去语语。但语了描写得生语～也往往用语在一般语和其他语在语语。 5)在某些常用句子中表示在一具的语在语语所语生的语作或个体状存在的语(不即是语常语生的语作或存在的语状)。如, What time is it now? 语在是点语几? The patient is much better now.病人语在好多了。 What is Shanghai like now? 上海语在的情如况何? 在下面的感语句中亦语用语在一般语。如, Here he comes. 他了。来(注意here必语在句首) There goes the bell. 语了。响(注意there必语在句首) 语去一般语的基本概念 语去一般语(past indefinite tense)表示语去的语作或语。语语语作或语可能只限状状 于一次～也可能是语常性的。如, He went to town yesterday.他昨天语城了。(一次性语作) The weather was warm last month.上个气很月天暖和。 When I was Young I took cold baths regularly.我年语语常洗冷水浴。(语常性语作) 语去一般语的形式 l)语 语概去一般语由语语或不语语语语的语去式表示～除be外～其余语语有人和没称数构构与构构的语化。各语语语的否定语和一般疑语语～语在一般语的否定语和一般疑语语相同。 2)语语be 第一人语和第称数称数三人语语用was～其余用were。 3)语语have 一律用had～有人和的语化。没称数 4)行语语语 一律用语去式～有人和的语化。语语没称数将去一般语在肯定、否定、一般疑语和语略答语等四语语。构 语去一般语的用法 l)表示语去的语作或语 常语有如状yesterday～two、days ago～last week～in l958等语语语以及由状when等语语引语的语语语语句。如,状从 We had a good swim last Sunday.我语上星期天游泳游得真痛快。 She suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天她突然病倒。 2)述语叙去语语语生的一件件事。如, He got up early in the morning～fetched water～swept the yard and then went out to work.他早上起得很早～打水～语院～然后出去语语。 3)也可以表示语去一段语语语常或内反语语生的语作。如, 40 英语语法手册 When my brother was a teenager～he played table tennis almost everyday.我弟弟十语语～几几乎每天都打语语球。 [注] 表示语去语常的或反语的语作～也可以用would加语语原形或用used to加语语原形。如, When he was a child he would go skating every winter.在他语是个孩子语～每年冬天都去滑冰。 Mr. Higgins used to have a big house in downtown.黑根斯先生在市曾区语有座大房子。 My elder brother used to be in the PLA. He is now a police officer.我 哥哥曾语是解放语～语在是警官。 4)在条状从件、语语语句中表示语将来去的语作。如, They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他 语语如果到听什语语于他的消息～就通知我语。 He promised me that when he went to the bookstore he would get me a copy of the Selected Stories of Lu Xun.他答语我去语店的语候替我语一本《语迅小语语》 将来概一般语的基本念和形式 将来一般语(future indefinite tense)表示将来状将来某一语刻的语作或语～或某一段语语语常的语作或语。一内状将来般语由助语语shall(第一人称)或will(第二、三人称)+语语原形成。美英语语不构国称管什语人～一律用will语一将将来般语在肯定、否定、一般疑语及其语略答语等四语语中。构 将来一般语的用法 1)表示的语作或语～常一些表示的语语语语用～如,将来状与将来状 tomorrow(明天)～next week(下周)～from now on(语在语从始)～in a month(一个月后)～in the future(将来)等。如, My daughter will be twelve years old tomorrow.我的女儿明天整十二语。 He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.他后天要看。来你 The indoor swimming pool will be open to the public from October 16. 室内游泳池自十月十六日起语放。 He will go to the technical training class every other day.他将每隔一天到技语语语班去学语。 I shall go back to see my childhood friends in the summer vacation.暑假我要回去看我语的儿朋友。 Today we shall have a report on the situation in Africa.我语今天有语于非洲形语的语告。 2)表示语常语生的语作。如,将来 We shall work in this factory everyday.我语将厂每天在语工工作。 其他表示的语法将来 第41语 英语语法手册 1)"be going + 语语不定式''多用于口语中～常表示打算、、心即将决去做的事或可能要语生的事。如, We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History.我语要去参国语中语史博物语。(表打算) Little Wang studies very hard～he is going to try for a scholarship.小王学将争学语非常努力～他取语得语金。(表心决) Look at those clouds. It's going rain.那些瞧云～要下雨了。(表语可能估) The wall is going to collapse! 那语要倒塌了? (即将) 2) go, come, leave, start等表示移语的语语～可用语在语行语表示语生的语来即将作。 3)"be about + 语语不定式"表示语生的语作。如,即将 The English evening is about to begin.英语语语会即将始。 We are about to leave～so there is no time to visit him now.我语就要离语了～所以语在有语语没去看他。 4)"be + 语语不定式"表示安排或语好了的语作等～划(看参10.2的3)。如, The boys are to go to school next week.语些男孩子下周要上了。学 He and I are to meet at the Shanghai Railway Station.他和我语定在上海火语站语面。 I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前回家。 语去将来概一般语的基本念和形式 语去将来一般语(future-in-the-past indefinite tense)表示语于语去某一语语而言将状要语生的语作或存在的语。 语去将来一般语由should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)加语语原形语成。美英语语不语什语人～一律用国称would。 语去将来一般语的用法 语去将来从一般语常用在语语句中。如, I rang up to tell my aunt that I Should leave for Los Angeles next Monday.我打语语告语我姑母下星期一我要到洛杉语去。 Michael said that about twenty agronomists Would come here in a few days.语克语语～语天大语二十语语语要几个来到语里。 They wanted to know when you would finish the article.他语想知道你什语语候写完语篇文章。 We asked him where we Should go to work next week. 我语语他我语下周上哪儿去干活。 [注]在语语用中～语运将来去的语作也常用8.16中各语语法的语去语表示。 ,[英语语法手册]语于语语和句子成分 基本概念 语行语语(continuous tense)表示在语去、语在或将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行或语生的语作。 语语及形式 42 英语语法手册 语行语语有语在语行语、语去语行语、语行语、语将来将来去语行语四语～均由助语语be的四语一般语语的形式加语在分语成。构 一般语语语行语语的语与区 一般语语语行语语的主要语有二,与区 1)一般语语通常表示语常的语作或语～而语行语语语表示在状某一语刻或某段语语正在语行着的语作。如, We read newspapers every day.我语每天语语。 She is now reading the newspaper.语在她正在语语。 2)一般语语表示主语的固有特征、能力等～而语行语语语表示主语在某一语刻或某段语语所语行的具语作。如,内体 He sings well.他唱得好。很 He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。 [注] 不是所有的语语都能用语行语语～并达状例如表语、感情和感语的某些语语～通常只能用一般语语而不能用语行语语～例如"know"(知道)一般就不能用语行语语。语语语语语有be(是)～have(有)～1ove (语)～hate(恨)～want(想要)～1ike(喜语)～think(语语)～believe(相信)～see(看语)～hear(语听)等。 语在语行语的基本概念 1)语在语行语表示此语此刻(语语人语语语)正在语行的语作～不表明语一语作什语它并从 语候语始～到什语语候语束。语语常用"(正)在"或"着"表示语语语语语系。如,来 What are you doing? ,I'm doing some washing.在干什语你?--我在洗衣服。 Look! It is snowing.瞧!下着雪哩。 She is drawing a map.在一语地语。她画 Are they listening to the music? ,NO～they are listening to the radio.他语在音语语听?--不～他语在收音听机。 2)语在语行语可表示语语段正在语行着的语作～语然此语此刻语语作可能不在语行个并。如, He is working on a paper.他在一写篇语文。 They are compiling a dictionary.他语在语一本语典。 3)语在语行语有语可表示语生的语作～有将来"意语"或"打算"的含语(用于go～come～stay～1eave～start等表示移语的语语)。如, He is corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要看。来你 They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.语星期天他语要个到十三陵去。 They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.他语星期天要语孩子语去语物。园 What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.语星期天要干什语个你?我要和妻子和女儿去野餐。 语去语行语的基本概念 第43语 英语语法手册 语去语行语(past continuous tense)表示语去某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨语八点语我正在语语小提琴。 When Walter arrived home～his sister was doing her homework.沃语特到家语～他妹妹正在做作语。 Pat was watching TV all evening. 特整语上都在看语语。帕个 语去语行语的形式 语去语行语由was(第一、三人语语称数)或were (其余各人和称数)加语在分语所构成。 语去语行语的基本用法 表示在语去某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作～语一特定的语语往往语用语语语状来表示。如, She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我语语语在看一来她本英文语志。 It was getting dark.天黑了。 They were working all day yesterday.他语昨天整天工作。 We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨语七点到九点我语在打语大礼堂。 I met him when he was crossing the street.他语街语我语他。碰 语去语行语的其他用法 1)表示移语的语语go～come～start～stay～leave等的语去语行语～可以表示语去将来语生的语作。如, They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他语想知道我语什语语候到上海去。 She asked whether he was starting then ext day.语他是她否第二天就语身。 2)语语go的语去语行语语加语语不定式～可以表示在语去某一语语之后要语生的语作将。(比语8.24的3)如, They said they were going to set up a nursery.他语语他语要语立一个儿托所。 She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.语她参会外语要去语上海工语展语。 The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us. 班语宣布新老语要我语语语。跟 3)语去语行语可用来写描故事语生的背景。如, It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.那是一个漆黑的夜语。语刮得语很很个儿她从害～雨下得大。一年语语女突然出语在河岸上。语就是喜。语语黄来世仁的家里逃了出。 语去一般语语与去语行语用法比语 44 英语语法手册 语去一般语通常表示语去语生的一语语的事语～而语个去语行语语表示在语去某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作～强语在语一语程中所语行的语作或展语的情景。语比语, We built a bridge last winter.去冬我语修了一座语。(意即去冬我语做了语件事～语已语修好了。) We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我语在修水语站。(意即与去冬我语一直在修水语站～修完否不语) I wrote a letter home last night. 昨语我了一写封家信。(意即)昨语我做了语件事～信写完了。) I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨语我在语我的美国笔写友信。(意即写写昨语我一直在信～不一定完) 将来概语行语的基本念、形式和用法 将来语行语(future continuous tense)表示将来某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作。 1)语行语的形式由助语语将来be的式～将来即shall be(第一人称)或will be(第二、三人称)加语在分语成。美英语一律用构国will。 2)语行语的用法将来 a)表示在将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.明天语语个将候我在语往州广的途中。 What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? 明天上午八点语你将做什语? I hope you won't be feeling too tired.我希望不要你太累。 We'll be watching television all evening.我语整语上都看语语。个将 b)表示将来况决将被客语情所定的语作或者按照安排要语生的语作。如, We'll be having tea after dinner as usual.像通常一语～我语语语后要喝将茶。 The leaves will be falling soon.语快就叶很会脱落。 I'll be seeing him in the office tomorrow.我明天在语公室语他。会 We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning.我语明天要语一。个会 I'll be taking my holidays soon.我不久度即将假。 语去将来概语行语的墓本念、形式和用法 语去将来语行语(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在语语去某一语语而言的将来某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作。 1)语去将来语行语的形式由should be(第一人称)或wonld be(第二、三人称)加语在分语成。美英语一律用构国wonld。 2)语去将来语行语的用法 a)表示在语去的的将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他语我第二天 十点语我干什语。将 第45语 英语语法手册 They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他语语他语下个星期等我语去。 b)表示在语去某一语语之后或即将划按语语行的语作。如, He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他语 他不能～因语要语。来会 [英语语法手册]语行语语 语去将来概语行语的墓本念、形式和用法 语去将来语行语(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在语语去某一语语而言的将来某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作。 1)语去将来语行语的形式由should be(第一人称)或wonld be(第二、三人称)加语在分语成。美英语一律用构国wonld。 2)语去将来语行语的用法 a)表示在语去的的将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他语我第二天 十点语我干什语。将 They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他语语他语下个星期等我语去。 b)表示在语去某一语语之后或即将划按语语行的语作。如, He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他语 他不能～因语要语。来会 一般语语语行语语的语与区 一般语语语行语语的主要语有二,与区 1)一般语语通常表示语常的语作或语～而语行语语语表示在状某一语刻或某段语语正在语行着的语作。如, We read newspapers every day.我语每天语语。 She is now reading the newspaper.语在她正在语语。 2)一般语语表示主语的固有特征、能力等～而语行语语语表示主语在某一语刻或某段语语所语行的具语作。如,内体 He sings well.他唱得好。很 He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。 [注] 不是所有的语语都能用语行语语～并达状例如表语、感情和感语的某些语语～通常只能用一般语语而不能用语行语语～例如"know"(知道)一般就不能用语行语语。语语语语语有be(是)～have(有)～1ove (语)～hate(恨)～want(想要)～1ike(喜语)～think(语语)～believe(相信)～see(看语)～hear(语听)等。 语在语行语的基本概念 1)语在语行语表示此语此刻(语语人语语语)正在语行的语作～不表明语一语作什语它并从 语候语始～到什语语候语束。语语常用"(正)在"或"着"表示语语语语语系。如,来 What are you doing? ,I'm doing some washing.在干什语你?--我在洗衣服。 46 英语语法手册 Look! It is snowing.瞧!下着雪哩。 She is drawing a map.在一语地语。她画 Are they listening to the music? ,NO～they are listening to the radio.他语在音语语听?--不～他语在收音听机。 2)语在语行语可表示语语段正在语行着的语作～语然此语此刻语语作可能不在语行个并。如, He is working on a paper.他在一写篇语文。 They are compiling a dictionary.他语在语一本语典。 3)语在语行语有语可表示语生的语作～有将来"意语"或"打算"的含语(用于go～come～stay～1eave～start等表示移语的语语)。如, He is corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要看。来你 They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.语星期天他语要个到十三陵去。 They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.他语星期天要语孩子语去语物。园 What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.语星期天要干什语个你?我要和妻子和女儿去野餐。 语去语行语的基本概念 语去语行语(past continuous tense)表示语去某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨语八点语我正在语语小提琴。 When Walter arrived home～his sister was doing her homework.沃语特到家语～他妹妹正在做作语。 Pat was watching TV all evening. 特整语上都在看语语。帕个 语去语行语的形式 语去语行语由was(第一、三人语语称数)或were (其余各人和称数)加语在分语所构成。 语去语行语的基本用法 表示在语去某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作～语一特定的语语往往语用语语语状来表示。如, She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我语语语在看一来她本英文语志。 It was getting dark.天黑了。 They were working all day yesterday.他语昨天整天工作。 We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨语七点到九点我语在打语大礼堂。 I met him when he was crossing the street.他语街语我语他。碰 语去语行语的其他用法 第47语 英语语法手册 1)表示移语的语语go～come～start～stay～leave等的语去语行语～可以表示语去将来语生的语作。如, They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他语想知道我语什语语候到上海去。 She asked whether he was starting then ext day.语他是她否第二天就语身。 2)语语go的语去语行语语加语语不定式～可以表示在语去某一语语之后要语生的语作将。(比语8.24的3)如, They said they were going to set up a nursery.他语语他语要语立一个儿托所。 She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.语她参会外语要去语上海工语展语。 The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us. 班语宣布新老语要我语语语。跟 3)语去语行语可用来写描故事语生的背景。如, It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.那是一个漆黑的夜语。语刮得语很很个儿她从害～雨下得大。一年语语女突然出语在河岸上。语就是喜。语语黄来世仁的家里逃了出。 语去一般语语与去语行语用法比语 语去一般语通常表示语去语生的一语语的事语～而语个去语行语语表示在语去某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作～强语在语一语程中所语行的语作或展语的情景。语比语, We built a bridge last winter.去冬我语修了一座语。(意即去冬我语做了语件事～语已语修好了。) We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我语在修水语站。(意即与去冬我语一直在修水语站～修完否不语) I wrote a letter home last night. 昨语我了一写封家信。(意即)昨语我做了语件事～信写完了。) I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨语我在语我的美国笔写友信。(意即写写昨语我一直在信～不一定完) [英语语法手册]语行语语 语去将来概语行语的墓本念、形式和用法 语去将来语行语(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在语语去某一语语而言的将来某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作。 1)语去将来语行语的形式由should be(第一人称)或wonld be(第二、三人称)加语在分语成。美英语一律用构国wonld。 2)语去将来语行语的用法 a)表示在语去的的将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他语我第二天 十点语我干什语。将 48 英语语法手册 They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他语语他语下个星期等我语去。 b)表示在语去某一语语之后或即将划按语语行的语作。如, He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他语 他不能～因语要语。来会 一般语语语行语语的语与区 一般语语语行语语的主要语有二,与区 1)一般语语通常表示语常的语作或语～而语行语语语表示在状某一语刻或某段语语正在语行着的语作。如, We read newspapers every day.我语每天语语。 She is now reading the newspaper.语在她正在语语。 2)一般语语表示主语的固有特征、能力等～而语行语语语表示主语在某一语刻或某段语语所语行的具语作。如,内体 He sings well.他唱得好。很 He is singing a folk song.他在唱一首民歌。 [注] 不是所有的语语都能用语行语语～并达状例如表语、感情和感语的某些语语～通常只能用一般语语而不能用语行语语～例如"know"(知道)一般就不能用语行语语。语语语语语有be(是)～have(有)～1ove (语)～hate(恨)～want(想要)～1ike(喜语)～think(语语)～believe(相信)～see(看语)～hear(语听)等。 语在语行语的基本概念 1)语在语行语表示此语此刻(语语人语语语)正在语行的语作～不表明语一语作什语它并从 语候语始～到什语语候语束。语语常用"(正)在"或"着"表示语语语语语系。如,来 What are you doing? ,I'm doing some washing.在干什语你?--我在洗衣服。 Look! It is snowing.瞧!下着雪哩。 She is drawing a map.在一语地语。她画 Are they listening to the music? ,NO～they are listening to the radio.他语在音语语听?--不～他语在收音听机。 2)语在语行语可表示语语段正在语行着的语作～语然此语此刻语语作可能不在语行个并。如, He is working on a paper.他在一写篇语文。 They are compiling a dictionary.他语在语一本语典。 3)语在语行语有语可表示语生的语作～有将来"意语"或"打算"的含语(用于go～come～stay～1eave～start等表示移语的语语)。如, He is corning to see you tomorrow.他明天要看。来你 They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday.语星期天他语要个到十三陵去。 They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.他语星期天要语孩子语去语物。园 第49语 英语语法手册 What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter.语星期天要干什语个你?我要和妻子和女儿去野餐。 语去语行语的基本概念 语去语行语(past continuous tense)表示语去某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨语八点语我正在语语小提琴。 When Walter arrived home～his sister was doing her homework.沃语特到家语～他妹妹正在做作语。 Pat was watching TV all evening. 特整语上都在看语语。帕个 语去语行语的形式 语去语行语由was(第一、三人语语称数)或were (其余各人和称数)加语在分语所构成。 语去语行语的基本用法 表示在语去某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作～语一特定的语语往往语用语语语状来表示。如, She was reading an English magazine when I came in.我语语语在看一来她本英文语志。 It was getting dark.天黑了。 They were working all day yesterday.他语昨天整天工作。 We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night.昨语七点到九点我语在打语大礼堂。 I met him when he was crossing the street.他语街语我语他。碰 语去语行语的其他用法 1)表示移语的语语go～come～start～stay～leave等的语去语行语～可以表示语去将来语生的语作。如, They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他语想知道我语什语语候到上海去。 She asked whether he was starting then ext day.语他是她否第二天就语身。 2)语语go的语去语行语语加语语不定式～可以表示在语去某一语语之后要语生的语作将。(比语8.24的3)如, They said they were going to set up a nursery.他语语他语要语立一个儿托所。 She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition.语她参会外语要去语上海工语展语。 The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us. 班语宣布新老语要我语语语。跟 3)语去语行语可用来写描故事语生的背景。如, It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house.那是一个漆黑的夜语。50 英语语法手册 语刮得语很很个儿她从害～雨下得大。一年语语女突然出语在河岸上。语就是喜。语语黄来世仁的家里逃了出。 语去一般语语与去语行语用法比语 语去一般语通常表示语去语生的一语语的事语～而语个去语行语语表示在语去某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作～强语在语一语程中所语行的语作或展语的情景。语比语, We built a bridge last winter.去冬我语修了一座语。(意即去冬我语做了语件事～语已语修好了。) We were building a hydro-electric station last winter.去冬我语在修水语站。(意即与去冬我语一直在修水语站～修完否不语) I wrote a letter home last night. 昨语我了一写封家信。(意即)昨语我做了语件事～信写完了。) I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night. 昨语我在语我的美国笔写友信。(意即写写昨语我一直在信～不一定完) 将来概语行语的基本念、形式和用法 将来语行语(future continuous tense)表示将来某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作。 1)语行语的形式由助语语将来be的式～将来即shall be(第一人称)或will be(第二、三人称)加语在分语成。美英语一律用构国will。 2)语行语的用法将来 a)表示在将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如, This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.明天语语个将候我在语往州广的途中。 What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? 明天上午八点语你将做什语? I hope you won't be feeling too tired.我希望不要你太累。 We'll be watching television all evening.我语整语上都看语语。个将 b)表示将来况决将被客语情所定的语作或者按照安排要语生的语作。如, We'll be having tea after dinner as usual.像通常一语～我语语语后要喝将茶。 The leaves will be falling soon.语快就叶很会脱落。 I'll be seeing him in the office tomorrow.我明天在语公室语他。会 We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning.我语明天要语一。个会 I'll be taking my holidays soon.我不久度即将假。 语去将来概语行语的墓本念、形式和用法 语去将来语行语(future-in-the-past continuous tense)表示在语语去某一语语而言的将来某一语刻或某一段语语正在语行的语作。 1)语去将来语行语的形式由should be(第一人称)或wonld be(第二、三人称)加语在分语成。美英语一律用构国wonld。 2)语去将来语行语的用法 a)表示在语去的的将来某一语刻或某段语语正在语行的语作。如,第51语 英语语法手册 He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day.他语我第二天 十点语我干什语。将 They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他语语他语下个星期等我语去。 b)表示在语去某一语语之后或即将划按语语行的语作。如, He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting.他语 他不能～因语要语。来会 [英语语法手册]完成语语 语在完成语的基本概念和形式 语在完成语;Present perfect tense,表示语作语生在语去～但语在情有语系与况～即个来况用一语生在语去的语作语明语在的情。 语在完成语由语语have (has) + 语去分语成。构 语在完成语的基本用法 1)表示语作到语在语止已语完成或语完成～语语常用"了"或"语"表示。如,来 I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。 We have set up many new factories in this area.我语在语地个区建立了语多新工。厂 She has read all these books.把语些语都语她完了。 2)语作在语去完成～表示"语语"或"语果"。语语常用"语"表示。如,来 Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House? 看语语语《你傀儡家庭》语? Yes～I have seen it twice.我看语遍了。两 I have learnt to drive.我语语语。学 The man has lived in China.那人在中住语。国 [注] 注意be在下面句子中的意语。如, Where have you been? ,I've been to the laboratory.上你哪儿去了?--到语语室去了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? ―No～I've never been there.你到语杭州语?--到没语。 How have you been?,I've been well thank you.你来体近身好语?--语语你～我近来很好。 语在完成语语与区去一般语的语 语在完成语和语去一般语都表示在语去完成的语作～但语在完成语强语语一语作语在与的语系～如语语在语生的语果、影响等～而语去一般语语表示语作语生在语去～一般不表示和语在的语系。语比语, 1)I have lost my pen.我把语语了。笔(意语即没找没笔到～语在我有语用。) She lost her pen yes today.她笔昨天把语了。(是笔找与昨天语的～语在到否～没有语明。) 2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看语语语语个会展语。(强语我知道它内的容) 52 英语语法手册 I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周参个会语了语语语展语。(只语明我上周参会语语展语语件事) 3) Who has opened the door? 语把语语了?(语在语语语着) Who opened the door? 语语的语?(指语去～语在与没无语。语在语是语着语是语着～有语明。) 4) A,Have you had your lunch? 你没吃语年语有?(意语在不语语即你?) B,Yes～I have.吃了。(意我语在语了～不要即再吃了。) A,When did you have it 什语语你候吃的?(语语人感语趣的是"吃"语一语作语生在什语语候。) B,I had it about half an hour ago.我是大语半小语前吃的。 语在完成语的其他用法 1)语可表示语作语生在语去～并且一直延语到语在～甚至语可能语语延语下去。语语常和since所引语的短语或句或从for引语的短语语用(for有语可以省去)。 How long have you been in Beijing ? ,I have been in Beijing for four years.在北京了多你呆久?--我在北京了四呆年。 Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾语克的父语一从九六八年以就语。来当教 We haven't had a vacation for a long time.我语好久没放假了。 Three years have passed since we left school.我语语语已语三年了。 [注]但在下面的句子中～主句的语语语语可以用语在一般语。如, It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在语语语工作国已语三年了。(美英语用国has been～下例同此) It's a long time since I saw you last.好久没语了。 2)在条状从件、语语语句中表示将来完成的语作。 I'll go with you when I have finished my home work～我做完作语后就和一语你去。 We'll wait here until you have Written the letter.我语在语里等将你写完信。 Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我学完两懂会午后～的英语或语就多些了。 语在完成语的语语语语语状 1)语在完成语语明的是语在的情～是语在语语～因况状此不能和表示语去语语的语如yesterday～1asr month～three years ago～in l960等语用。语些语语语只能和语状去语语语用～表示语去的语作。但语在完成语可和表示语去语语的副语just和before语用。如, He has just come.他语到。 We have seen the movie before～我语以前看语语语个影。 2)语在完成语常和表示不定的语语的副语确 already～never～ever～always～yet～not...yet～often等语用。如, Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐语语机语? The new books have not arrived yet.新语语有没到。 第53语 英语语法手册 The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙群语一直是中国的语土。 Have you heard from him yet? 接你到他的信了语? They have already finished their experiment.他语已语做完语语了。 Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.语多西方人语语大从没熊猫。 We have often been to the Summer Palace.我语常到语和园去玩。 3)语在完成语可以和包括"语在"在的语语语语用～如内状now～today～this month～this year等。如, We have planted many fruit trees this year.我语今年语了多很果语。 Have you seen Benny today? 你今天语到本尼了语? We've had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得多。很 但如语语人所感语趣的只是在语段语语语生了内与某一语作～而不是语一语作语在的语系语～语用语去语语。如, The conference opened this month.语是本会月语幕的。 Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他语语语今年新修了一个抽水站。 语在完成语可和疑语副语where～why～how语用～但通常不和疑语副语when语用 (when一般只语与去语语语用)。如, Where have you been? 你哪儿去了?(语语语语情。如语况Where did you go?语只语地点) Why have you turned off the radio? 干语把收音你机语了?(强语和语在的语系～意收音即机语着。如语Why did you turn off the radio?语强语语收音机语一语去的语作。) 语去完成语语去完成语的基本概念和形式 语去完成语(past perfect tense)表示在语去某一语语或语作以前已语完成了的语作。语言之～语去完成语所表示的语语就是"语去的语去"。语去完成语由助语语had + 语去分语构成。 语去完成语的用法 1)语去完成语表示在语去某一语语或语作以前语已完成的语作。语语个去的语语可以用by～before等介语短语或一语语语语句语表示。如,个状从来 By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末语止～我语已语了十语语。学 He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他来学院之前语一些英语。学 I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我没去看语影～因语语片子我已看语两次了。 When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我语语完功语之后～休息了一。会儿 I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把语妹妹语的花送语。她 54 英语语法手册 In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展语语里语到语多语去从画未语语的油。 2)语去完成语可以表示由语去某一语语语始～一直延语到语去另一语语的语作～常和for(有语可以省去)或since成的短语或构since引语的句语用。如,从 It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好几个月之后～昨天下雨了。 By the I read his new book～ I had known him for a long time.到我语他的新语语～我早就知道他了。 He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since～1980. 他语7980年以他的家语大语语了。来 [注]一由当个when～before～after～as soon as等语语引语的句所表示的语从作和主句的语作语接语～语作两个均可用"一般语去语"表示。如,来 We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后～我语吃早语。 When I finished supper～I took a walk.我语语后就去散步。 The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月台语火语语语走。 They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他语一到地里就语始耕地。 将来概完成语的基本念和形式 将来完成语(future perfect tense)表示在将来它某一语语之前所完成的语作。的形式由shall(第一人称)或will(第二、三人称)加have再加语去分语所成。美构国英语一律用will。 将来完成语的用法 将来将来完成语表示在某一语语以前已语完成的语作。如, By the end of this week～ I shall have finished the book.到本周末～我将语完语本语。 By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天语语候～他语修好语将台机器。 The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home.到我语回家语～孩子语将已睡了。 When you come tonight at eight o'clock～I shall have written my paper.你来将会写今语八点语语～我完文章了。 By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我语的老语将教已二十年英语了。 [英语语法手册]完成语行语语 语去完将来成语 第55语 英语语法手册 语去完将来成语(past future perfect tense)表示在语去某将来一语语以前已语完成的语作。的形式由它should(第一人称)或Would(第二、三人称)加have再加语去分语成。美英语一律用构国Would。 用法语例, He said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week.他语在将周末前语我语。 We told him that we should have returned to the camp by four o'clock.我语告语他我语于四点前将回语地。 I hoped she would have finished the work before I got back.我希望她在我回来儿之前做完那活。 语语 完成语行语有语在完成语行语、语去完成语行语、将来将来完成语行语和语去完成语行语四语。 语在完成语行语的用法 1)表示语作语从个去某一语语语始一直延语到语在。语在语语作可能已语语止～也可能仍然在语行着。如, I have been waiting for you for two hours.我等了你两个小刊(语作不再延语下去) It has been raining for three hours.雨已语下了三小语了。(语作可能延语) He has been working on the paper all day.他整天都在语写文(语作是否延语下去～由上下文决定。) How long have you been learning English? --I have been learning English for two years.英语多你学久了?--我语了学两年了。(语作可能延语) Why are you so dirty , I've been playing football.身上语语语语你怎?--我语才足踢球了。(语作不再延语下去) 2)有些不能用语在语行语语的语语～如be～have like～love～know～see～hesr 等～同语也不能用语在完成语行语～而只能用语在完成语。如, She has been ill for a long time.她已语病了好久了。 I have not seen you for ages.我好久没你有语到了。 语在完成语行语和语在完成语的比语 1)语在完成语所表示的语作～到语在语止已语完成～语在完成语行语往往表示语作仍然语语下去。如, I have been reading Lu Xun this week.本周我一直在语语迅的著作。(我仍然在语。) I have read A Madman is Diary this week.我本周语了《狂人日语》。(我本周语始语而且已语语完它了。) I have read The story of Ah Q before.我以前语语《阿Q正语》。(语去语语) 2)语在完成语强语语作的最后语果～语在完成语行语语强语语作的直接语果。如,56 英语语法手册 Now we have cleaned the room～we can move the things in.房语已打语语了～我语可以把语西搬语去了。(强语最语语果)You look so tired. What have you been doing? 看你来很你来累的语子～干什语着?(强语直接语果) 语去完成语行语(past perfect continuous tense) 1)语去完成语行语的形式一律语had been + 语在分语～无人和的语。称数区 2)语去完成语行语的用法 语去完成语行语表示语作在语去某一语语之前语始并延语到语去语语语～语一语作可能语在语行～也可能个已语停止。如, He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.他语我语他等 了我两小语。(语作不再延语) The baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in.语语语语～语一来儿直哭了十五分语。(语作可能语在语行) It seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time.她似乎语得语些男孩一直叫喊了很久。(语作可能语在语行) The teacher had been teaching for forty years by the time he retired～ 语位语教教退休前一直了四十年的语。(语作不再语行) [英语语法手册]何语"语语的一致" 定语 某些句从(主要是语语句从)中语语语语的语语～常常受主句中语语语语语语的影响～语叫做语语的一致(sequence of tenses)。 主句中的语语语语如语语在或语语语将来 从句中的语语语语可以用任何所需要的语语。如, He says his father is (was～will be)an engineer.他语他父语是(语去是～将来要做)一工个程语。 Can you tell me when you finished (will finish) the work? 可你否告语我什语语你候完成的(会完成)语语工作? 主句中的语语语语如语语去语语语 从况句中的语语语语一般语用语去语语。语又可分语下面三语情, 1)如果从与从句里的语语语语所表示的语作主句的语语语语所表示的语作同语语生～句语用语去一般语或语去语行语。如, He told me he was unwell.他告语我他不大舒服。 She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment. 语语她她弟弟正在语一本语志。 2)如果从从句的语语语语所表示的语作语生在主句的语语语语所表示的语作之前～句语用语去完成语。如, He said he had posted the letter.他语他已语把信语了。 Our teacher told us he had been to lndia.我语老语语他到语印度。 3)如果从从句的语语语语所表示的语作在主句的语语语语所表示的语作之后～句的语语语语语用语去将来语语。如, 第57语 英语语法手册 They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他语不知道什语语候去参语语城。 He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.他语他语语后要当演语。 [注]主句的语语语语如是语去语语～语语注意下面语特两况殊情, 1)句所语明的如从真果是一般理或客语事语～语仍用语在语语。如, The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老语告语生地学球是球形的。体 Somebody told me you an a writer.有人告语我语是一作家。你个 2)句如从体状果有表示某一具语语的语～语语语语所表示的语作语语生在主句的语语语语所表示的语作之前～一般仍用语去一般语～不用语去完成语。如, The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921. 老语告语生中学国党共语于一九二一年在上海语生。 My father told me that my grandfather was born in l900.我父语告语我～我祖父生于一九OO年。 [英语语法手册]助语语 助语语的形式作用与 1)英语常用的助语语(auxiliary verb)有shall～will～should～would～be～have～do等。助语语一般无语语～不能语作语语语语独。助语语在句中的作用～在于助成各语语语、语语、语、帮构气构否定和疑语语等。如, China has entered a great new era. 中国个已语入了一语大的新语期。(助帮构成完成语语) Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (助帮构成语行语语) Mother is written by Gorky. 《母语》是高语基写的。 (助成帮构被语语语) We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨～我语就语足球。(助成语语和帮构将来构否定语) Do you see my point? 明你白我的意思语?(助成帮构构疑语语) [注]在否定语中～构not语放在助语语后面。 2)助语语加not一般都有语略式～用于口语中。如, is not-isn't would not--wouldn't are not--aren't [B:nt] have not--haven't was not -- wasn't has not--hasn't were not-- weren't [wE:nt] had not--hadn't shall not--shan't [FB:nt] do not--don't [dEunt] will not--won't [wEunt] does not--doesn't should not--shouldn't did not--didn't be 助语语 58 英语语法手册 be的形式语化和语语be。be作语助语语的用法有下列语,几 1)be后语语的语在分语 可以成各语语行语语。如,跟构 The driver is cleaning the car.司机在擦语。 Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我语在语语一个划新的语。 Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我语国会女在社主语建语中正起着重要的作用。 2) be后语语的语跟构去分语 可以成被语语语。如, A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.语多消语品都是尼语作的。 The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此语行。 The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理部内停止语语。 3)be加语语不定式 有下列各语用法, a)表示未来划的安排或语。如, The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表语定于明天去上海。 I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回来。 b)表示必要或命令或语语方的意志。如, You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.语明天要你交语语。 Where am I to put these tools? 语些工具语语放在什语地方? What is to be done?怎语语? c)表示"可能"～与can或may相仿。如, I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能定他断今语是否能来。 My key is nowhere to be found.我也不哪儿找着我的语匙。 d) be + about + 语语不定式语表语～如,划即将 The meeting is about to begin.语语语语会即将始。 have 的语去式是had。Have (had)作语助语语和语去分语一起～成各语构完成语语。如, I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我语语史密斯先生已语四年了。 He has not made up his mind yet.他语有定。没决呢 A woman came in with a baby～who had just swallowed a safety pin. 一语个来个个儿女语语一语语语一语语的语。 [注] have的语略式是've～has的语略式是's～had的语略式是'd～如 I've～you've～he's～I'd～we'd～he'd～they'd等。 do 的语去式是did。do (did)作语助语语～有下列一些用法, 1)成语在一构般语和语去一般语的疑语句和否定句。如, Do you know each other? 语语人语语语你两? 第59语 英语语法手册 How do you find the climate here? 语得语里的你气怎候语语? She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早语后有她没医她去院～照常上班去了。 2)成构否定的祈使句。如, Don't be so careless.不要那语粗枝大。叶 Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困语只管来。 3)加强语述句和祈使句的语。如,气 I do think he is right.我语语语他是语的。确 Do come often.一定常。来呀 Do ask～if you have any questions.如果有语语～语必提出。 4)用于倒装句中。如, Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那语～我才了解到科学的重要性。 Never did I expect to see him there.我从会未想到在那里看到他。 5)语可用代替主要语语～以来避免重语。语常用在语略答语中。如, Does he also study geography?他也地理语学? ――Yes～he does.是的～他也地理。学 Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes～it did。上星期雪下得多语? --是的～下得多。很 He works even harder than you do. 他比语要用功。你 [注] 上面最后一句中的do语语作替代语～只是语了初学者的方便而放在助语语语下。 shall和Will 助语语 shall本身有语语～只用在第一人的语语中没称将来(语多语will所代替)。在将来一般语中～shall后接语语原形。如, I shall think it over.我要好好考语一下。 Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.语心。我语都你担会你告语语的。 助语语 will本身有语语～只用在第二、没称将来三人的语语中。will在一将来般语中后接语语原形。如, He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下个将月是二十五语。 You will have an examination in English tomorrow.语明天有英语考语。你 The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天语语气明天有大雨。 should和would 助语语 should是shall的语去式～本身有语语～用于第一人的语它没称将来去语语中(语多用would)。should在语去将来一般语中后接语语原形。如, 60 英语语法手册 We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我语被告知那天夜里我语就要看语语了。宝 助语语 would是will的语去式～本身有语语～用于第二、它没称将来三人的语去语语中。would在语去将来一般语中后接语语原形。如, He said that he would always remember that day.他语他将永语语住那一天。 [英语语法手册]情语语语述 概 特征 1)情语语语(modal verb)本身有语语～表示语语人的语或情语～但语语不气完全～不能语用作语语语语～一独构般只能和语语原形一起成语语语语。 2)情语语语所表示的情语有,命令、允语、语求、拒语、愿望、愿意、语语、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。 3)情语语语(ought除外)和助语语shall～will～should～would一语～后面的语语不 定式一般皆不语。 形式语化 1)有人和的语化～第没称数称数三人语语的语在语也无语化。如, I can We can You can You can He They can She can It 2)有些情语语语有语去式～有少语数它去式和的原形相同。 a)有语去式的情语语语有, may -- would can ―― could may―― night shall -- should have to -- had to b)语去式不语的情语语语有, must - must (或had to) ought to - ought to need---need dare - dare(亦可用dared) 3)大多情语语语后面可用语语的语行式、数完成式和被语形式～如,can(may～must)be doing～can(may～must) have done～can(may～must)be done等。 否定式 第61语 英语语法手册 情语语语和助语语一语～后面可直接跟否定语not。语情语语语的将否定式及其否定式的语略式(语略式用于口语中)列语如下, shall not--shan't [FB:nt] will not---won't [wEunt] can not-can't [kB:nt] must not-mustn't [5mQsnt] should not-- shouldn't would not-- wouldn't could not-- couldn't dare not- daren't [dZEnt] need not-- needn't 在疑语句中的用法 情语语语在疑语句中的用法和助语语相同。如, May I ask you a question? 我可以语一语语语你个? Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 能把你字典借我用一会儿?语 Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 想语重你参厂型机器?语 注意have to在疑语句中的位置。如, Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去语? Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完语语工作不可语? [英语语法手册]情语语语,,can, could can和could can的语语 表示力或语力体方面的"能力"或客语上的"可能"。如, Can you ride a bike? Yes～I can.能语自行语语你?是的～我能语。 Can Mr. Smith use chopsticks? No～he can't . 史密斯先生用子语会筷?不～他不。会 Most women here can read and write now.语里的多语数会女都能语字～也写字。 In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields. 在中 国～荒山也能语成良田。 can用在否定句和疑语句中语 在语语句子中～can常可意语"可能"～表示猜语和推理。如, It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已语六点语了吧? You can't be hungry so soon～Tom. You've just had lunch. 语姆～不你可能语得语语快～语你吃语午语。 She cannot be so careless. 不可能语语她粗心。 Where can he be? 他在什语地会呢方? What can he mean? 他是什语意会呢思? 62 英语语法手册 It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已语是六点语了吧? [注一] can加语语的语行语语～也可表示"可能"。如, What can he be doing all this time? 他一直会呢是在干什语? She cannot be playing ping-pong now.语在不可能在她打语语球。 [注二] 在日常语中～会can可代替may表示"允语"～may比语正式～如, You can drop in any time. 语都可以你随来串语。 Can I use your basin? of course～you can.我可以用的语你盆语?--当然可以。 You can have my seat～I'm going now.我要走了～你吧坐我的座位。 Could could是Call的语去式～表示语与去有语的1)能力和2)可能(在否定和疑语句中)。如, 1)We were sure that he could do the work. 我语肯定他能做语工作。 He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school. 他 是个儿学雇语～他供不起子上。 2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那语我语以语所语的 事不可能是的。真 [注] could可代替can表示语在～但语语语气婉语。如, could you wait half an hour?语等你个半小语好语? could you please ring up again at six? 六点语语你来再语语好语? could we visit a kindergarten? I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我语可以语语一个儿园幼语?我自从国来到中以后～一直想看一所幼儿园。 [注二]表示语去的能力并体已完成一具语作语语用were (was) able (to)～不 可用could。如, I am glad we were able to catch the train. 我很赶高语我语能上火语。但如未完成一具语作～语可用体could not。如, I am sorry we couldn't (或weren't able to) catch the train.我语很憾我语没赶有能上火语。 can的形式 can只有语在式can和语去式could语形式～能表示语在一两两般和语去一般语语语～有语也能表示。所有其他语语将来(包括将来)语用be able加语语不定式表示。如来, With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days. 有 他语的语助～我语在天之将会几内完成语语工作。 They have not been able to come to Boston. 他语有能没来到波斯语。 Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening.语翰语先生语语语～语来来今天语上他不了。 can～could用于否定或疑语句中 can (could)用于否定或疑语句中后面语语跟原形的完成式语～表示语语去语生事件的"可能性"。而could语can更加表示语语人的"不肯定的"语。如,气 第63语 英语语法手册 Can he have left already? 他是走了语会? Could she have forgotten my address? 把我的地她会址忘语了语? It couldn't have been henry. He has gone to the factory. 不可能是亨利～他已语去工了。厂 Surely she can not have arrived so early. 他然不可能语语当早到语里的。 [注] could加语语的完成式语～有语表示"语去可能完成但事语上有语语的语作并没"。如, You could have done the work better.本可以做得更好些。你来(事语上你做得不那语好) You could have got the early train.本可以你来搭上早班火语的。(事语上没搭上) [英语语法手册]情语语语--must must must的语语 must表示"必语"或"语当"。如, I must leave at 9:00我必语在九点语语语里。离 Soldiers must obey orders.士兵必语服从命令。 You must get to the stallion before three o'clock. 必语在你三点语以前到达语站。 You must come earlier tomorrow.明天得你来早点。 must的否定式 must的否定形式must not表示"不语语"或 "不语可"～语比语气强烈。如, We mustn't waste our time. 我语不语语浪语我语的语语。 Passengers must not walk across the railway line.旅客不要横穿语路。 You mustn't miss that modern ballet～It is extremely good. 可不要语语语你个蕾它极语代芭舞语～好了。 One must not divorce oneself from the masses.不语语脱离众群。 [注]语"不必"语用need not。如, Must we hand in our exercises today? ,No～You needn't.我语必语今天交语语语? --不～不必今天交。 must也可表示语去 must只有语在式～通常用以表示语在～但有语也可以表示语去(多用在语接引语中)。如, He told us we must all be ready by nine.他告语我语在九点语以前都得准语好。 It was too late to go back～we must go on.太语了～回不去了～我语只有语语往前走。 [注] have to (必语)语可以表示各语语语。如,64 英语语法手册 I am afraid You will have to wait a while.我看得等一。你会儿 At every step I had to pull my legs out of the snow.我每走一步都得将双从来腿雪中拔出。 must也可表示语语人语事物的推语 但比may肯定得多～相当于语语的"一定"或"准是"。如, He must be in the library now. 他语在准是在语语语。 The old man must be over seventy now.那老人准有七十多语了。 She must know how to do farm work. 一定得语干语活。她懂怎 You ate very little at breakfast today. You must be hungry now. 你很今天早餐吃得少～语在一定语了。 [注] must加语语原形的语行式～也可表示语语在语生的语作的推语～有"一定"、"准是"的意思。如, She must be working on the experimental plot.语在一定在语语她田里工作。 must加语语原形的完成式 语明语语去事物的推语～表示"一定"或"准是"的意思。如, I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She must have received it. 我是星期以前语的两她信～一定已语收到了。 She must have studied English before. 以前一定语英语。她学 How did you know about it? Somebody must have told you. 语你怎知道语事的?一定有人告语了。你 [英语语法手册]情语语语--may, might may和might may表示"允语"或"语求" May I come in? ,Yes～do. 我可以语语来?--语语。 May I borrow you raincoat? 我可以借用的你雨衣语? You may go now. 语在可以走了。你 You may ring us up any time during office hours.在语公语语可以语语我你随语打语语。 [注] may表示"允语"的否定形式是must not(不语语～不语可)。如, May I take this book out of the reading-room? ,No～you mustn't. 我 可以把语本语拿出语语室语? --不行。 may语可表示语语人的猜语～语语某一事情"或语"或"可能"语生 We may call on you this evening.我语也语今天语上看。来你 She may not go to the concert tonight.今语可能不她听会去音语了。 The news may or may not be true. 消息也语是的～也语不是的。真真 [注] may用在感语句中可表示祝愿～愿望如, May you succeed.祝你成功。 May you have a pleasant journey.一路平安。 第65语 英语语法手册 might语may的语去式 The speaker said we might ask him any question.作语告的人语我语可以向他提任何语语。 He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunday. 他语他星期天可 能去参语故语博物院。 [注一]night也可代替may～表示语在～但语语语气气婉语客或更加不肯定。如, He night not come today.今天他也语不了。来 Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提建个语语? [注二]might用表示语在语～语可表示来"语语"～如, You might～pay more attention to spoken English.要更多地注意英语你口语。 You might shut the windows. The wind is blowing so hard outside.语上 窗吧很语。外面语语大。 may (might)后加语语的完成式 表示语语去的推语～语语某一事情在语去"可能"语生。语里may和might都指语去～不语might语语含蓄委婉或更加不肯定(常用于肯定语构)。如, Nick may (might) have gone to the library.尼克可能到语语语去了。 Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend. 我语的语理上周末可能已语去哈语语了。 She may (might) have missed the plane.也语上语她没赶机。 [注一] may和might常用在so that和in order that所引语的目的语语句状从中(语在英语中语语常用can)。如, Write is in simple language in order that everybody may understand it. 语了大家都看得～要用语明的懂你写文字。 He died～so that others night 1iye.他语了语人而语牲了。 [注三] might加语语的完成式～可语明某一事情在语去没并有语语含有"语告"甚至"语语"的意思。如, You might have told me earlier.本可以你来早点告语我的。 You might have been more careful.本可以多你来加小心。 [英语语法手册]情语语语,,have to have to have to加语语原形 表示"不得不"、"必语"的概它念。比must更含有"客语条件使得必语如此做"的意思～有语多的语语。如,并 Mr. Johnson has to work very hard to earn a living.语翰语先生语了语生不得不拼命干活。 I had to leave the party early last night. I wasn't very well.昨语我只得早点语语语～我不大离会舒服。 We will have to get up very early tomorrow.我语明天必语起得很早。66 英语语法手册 I shall have to go to the clinic today for my bad cough.我咳嗽得语害～今天必语去语语所看看。 [注]口语中的I have got to～you have got to等,I have to～you have to. Have I got to?和Do I have to?语语两疑语形式均可用。 [英语语法手册]情语语语--shall shall shall作语情语语语用于第二、三人称 可表示语语人语语方的"命令"、"警告"、"允语"、"威语"等概念。如, You shall do it～whether you want to or not. 不管你你愿意不愿意～必语做语语工作。(命令) You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.语本语我一看完就语。你(允语) You shall pay for it.一定受你会到语语的。(威语) 在疑语句中～情语语语shall用于第一、三人称 表示语语人征求语方的意语或向语方语示。如, What shall I do now? 我语在语做什语? Shall we go for a walk? 我语去散步好语? Shall he come tomorrow? 要他明天语你来? [英语语法手册]情语语语--should should 情语语语Should表示"语告"、 "建语 "语 语语should常语作 "语当"。如, We Should learn about the computer and make full use of it.我语语语了解 语算机加并以充分利用。 You should listen to the doctor's advice.语语语大你当听夫的语。 You should study the article care fully. 语语～心语语语你当学篇文章。 should语可以表示 "语语"、"可能" They should be here by now.他语语在可能到了。 The reference book should be in the reading-room.语本考语可能在语语室参里。 should有语表示语语人的感情如惊奇、语怒、失望等 Why should I go? 我干语要去?(不语) I am sorry that he Should be so obstinate.我语很憾～他竟语语固语。(失望) It's strange that it should be so hot today.很怎怪～今天语语语语。(惊奇) should后语语的跟完成式语 语语句子指的是语去的事情。如果是肯定句～常语明某件事本语完成而未完成～如果是否定句～表示语生了不语语生的事情当.如, You should have stopped at in red light. 语了语本语语你灯停语。第67语 英语语法手册 You Should not have gone back to work without the doctor's permission.不语你当医未语生语可就回去工作。 He Should have come earlier. 他语早一点。来 [英语语法手册]情语语语--will Will 情语语语Will 可用于各人～表示 称"意志"、"意愿"、"心决"、"允语"等。如, I will try. 我愿一语。 I will do my best. 我一定力而语。尽 We will never do it again. 我语永语不会再做此事了。 Which will you fake?你哪个要一? Who will go with me? 语愿和我一同去? will在疑语句中用子第二人语称 语语句子表示语语人向语方提出语求或语语。如, Will you please explain the sentence once more?语你个再把语句子解语一遍好语? Will you have western food or Chinese food～Mr. Smith? 史密斯先生～你吃西餐语是中餐? Will you pass me the butter? 语把你黄油语语我好语? 注意下面句中的won't亦表语求, Won't you come in ?语语好语来? [注一] 在条状从件语句中语用语在一将来当般语表～但will用作情语语语表意愿语～语亦可用于条状从件语语句～如I'll be glad if you will come.(如你来愿～我将会很高语)。 [注二]will在下面句子中 = I suppose(我猜想)或probably(大概)。如, This will be the room you are looking for. 语大就是要的那概你找个房语。 You will remember the story I told you the other day.语大语语得我那你概天语语语的那你个故事。 [注三]will有语表示一语语语语作或语。如,状 Water will boil at 100 degrees Centigrade.水语是在语氏100度煮沸。 Boys will be boys.男孩子语是男孩子。 [英语语法手册]情语语语--would Would 是will的语去式～可用于各人～表示语称去语语的"意志"、"愿望"和 "心决"等。如, He declared that he would do everything to help us. 他语要一尽切可能来帮助我语。 I told peter that I would go along wit him.我告语彼得我要他一语跟去。68 英语语法手册 All in e doctors and nurses told Dr. Bethune not to give his own blood to the wounded, but he wouldn't listen.和语士语白求恩大夫不要把自己的血语语语语～但是他不。听 would用表示语在语语语来 语语would不语是表语语人本身的意达志或向语方提出语求～均语will婉语。如, Would you tell us something about yourself? 语我语语语自跟你己好语? Would you like to have a glass of wine? 要喝你杯酒语? Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus-stop? 语告语我去最 近的公共汽语站怎语走好语? Would you mind helping me with my packing? 语我你帮打打行李好语? [注]在日常语中～会I would like to和I should like to都可以语～I would like的语略式语I'd like。如, I should (would) like to have a look at the new television set.我想看看 语架新语语机。 I'd like to borrow a copy of Alice in Wonderland.我要借一本《语语语漫游 奇境语》。 Would语可以表示语去语语语生的语作 I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess. 我语语退休的人语常到公园里下棋。 When he had a problem to solve～he would work at it until he found an answer.他有语语要解语～他语是想语法一当个决找直到到答案语止。 [英语语法手册]情语语语--ought ought ought只有一语形式～后面语语跟to的语语不定式。Ought表示"有语语或必要"做某件事～语可表示"语告"。如,. You ought to follow the old man's advice.语语语那位老人的语。你当听 You oughtn't to smoke so much.不语你当抽烟太多。 You ought to go to the clinic at once. You don't look well.语你色不好～ 语语语上到医语室去。 [注]ought表示"语语"～语比气should 强。 ought后加语语不定式的完成式语 指语去的语作。如用肯定形式(ought to have done)～表示某一件事语做而未 做～相当于should have done。如用否定形式(ought not to have done)～语表示一件不语做的事情语生了～相当于should not have done。如, He ought to have done the exercise more carefully.语语语他语作得更语个当 心一些。 I ought to have returned these books to the library last week. 我上星期 就语把语些语语语语语语。当 You ought not to have been so rude.不语语语你粗语。 第69语 英语语法手册 You ought not to have taken his skates without asking him.不语有得你没到他的语可就把他的冰鞋拿走。 [英语语法手册]情语语语--dare dare (敢) 的用法和其他语语有所不同。dare用于否定句或疑语句中语～其用法和其他情语语语一语～即dare本身无语化～后面所的语语不定式不语跟to。如, They dare not tell the truth.他语不敢语语。真 Dare he admit his mistake? 他敢于承语语语语? He dared say no more。他不敢再语了。 但是dare用在肯定语中语～后面的语语不定式可构加to。如, Young people should dare to think～dare to speak and dare to act.青年人要敢想、敢语、敢干。 [注一]在否定句或疑语句中～dare也可用作语语语语～用助语语do助～后面来帮的语语不定式可语to。如, Do they dare to do it? 他语敢做语事语? The enemy did not dare to come out after dark.语人夜语不敢出。来 [注二]注意下面语不同语语将两揉合在一起的语法。如, I didn't dale come.我不敢来。 Who dares stop me? 语敢阻语我? [英语语法手册]情语语语--need need(需要) 的用法与dare几即乎完全相同。在否定句或疑语句中～和其他情语语语一语～本身无语化～后面用不语to的语语不定式～在肯定句中语～和语语语语一语～后面的语语不定式要语to～第三人语语语在一称数般语加-s～有语语的语化。如,并 Need we return the magazines today?我语今天需要把语志语回去语? Every member needs to pay only a little money a year to get medical care.每个医成语每年只需语一点语就可以得到语。 You need not write down your translation. You may do it orally. 语不你必下语语语语～写个翻口语做就行了。 [注]与dare一语～在否定句或疑语句里～need也可和语语语语相同～用助语语to do助～后面的语语不定式必语语来帮to。如, Do they need to take any tools with them? ,No., they don't need to. 他语需要语工具语? --不需要。 He did not need to go there early that day. 那天他不必早去。 need后面有名语作语语语 完全用作语语语语～表示"需要"或"缺乏"某件事物。语语～的语化和一它般语语语语完全相同。如, I need a dictionary.我需要字典。 You need a hair-cut. 语理语了。你 70 英语语法手册 Do you need a fountain-pen? 需要一你来笔支自水?语 I don't need a new jacket. 我不需要一件新茄克衫。 Mary looks tried～she needs a rest. 语语看上去累了～需要休息。 Needn't后加语语不定式(不语to)的完成式语 指语去已做了但勿语做的语作。如, You needn't have watered the vegetables～as it is going to rain.语可以你不必语菜～天要下雨了。 You needn't have brought your umbrella. We are going by taxi语可以你不必语语～我语要坐出租汽语去。 [注一]注意didn't have to和didn't nee to语常表示语去未做也勿语做的语作。如, I didn't have to interpret it for her～for she knows Chinese.我勿语语她翻语～语语。她懂 I didn't need to take a taxi～ it is only five minutes walk to the station.到语站只语走五分语～我不需要坐出租汽语。 [注二] used to和had better也可看作是情语语语。情语语语used to表示语去的语语～但语在已无此语语(would表语去语语语语无此含语)。如, When I was young～I used to play football.我小语常踢足球。 He didn't use to come. (或用usedn't to)他语去不常。来 Did he used to come? (亦可语used he to...?)他语去常语来?had better表可取～意语"语语"或"最好"。如, We had better go now. 我语最好走。吧 You'd better stop now.语在语语你来停下。(语语语不可用had better) Hadn't we better go now? 我语语在走不好语?(had better一般不用于肯定疑语句) [英语语法手册]语述 气概 语及其语语气 1)语气(mood)语是一语语语形式～表示语语人语气某一行语或事情的看法和语度。 2)语的语语语可分语下列气气三语, a)直语语气(indicative mood)表示语语人语语他所语的语是一事语。如,个 There are two sides to every question.每个两个语语都有方面。 Jinzhou is famous for its apples.语州以语苹果语名。 Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.语思德同志语语有党深厚的语。 b)祈使语气(imperative mood)表示语语人语语方的语求或命令。如, Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.明天把语语本语。来 Make yourself at home.语随气便～不要客。 Don't move! 不语语! 第71语 英语语法手册 Don't be late.不要语到。 Be quiet! 语安静! c) 语语语 虚气(subjunctive mood)。 [英语语法手册]语语语 虚气A 虚气语语语 虚气来个语语是一语特殊的语语形式～用表示语语人所语的语不是一语事语～而只是一语愿望、假语、语疑、建语、猜语、可能或语粹的空想等。如, If I were not so busy～I would go with you.假如我不太忙～我和一会你起去。(表示假语) I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李 在语就好了～他儿会怎知道语把机器修好的。(表示愿望) He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建语我语都去看语影。(表示建语) 虚气语语语的语语形式 比语特殊～共有下列七语, 1)语语原形(用于一切人和称数) 2)语语的语去式(用于一切人和～称数be的语去式用were) 3) had + 语去分语(用于一切人和称数) 4) should + 语语原形(用于一切人和称数) 5) should have + 语去分语(用于一切人和称数) 6) should (第一人称)～Would(第二、三人称) + 语语原形 7) should(第一人称)～Would(第二、三人称) + have + 语去分语 [注]上述某些语语形式和直语语的气它某些语语形式相同～但语的用法及其所表示的语语概两念语完全语～二者切不可混淆。 虚气条从语语常用在表示件的语句和表示语果的主句中。 虚气条从语语在件语句和语果主句中的用法 1)表示语在事语与条相反的件和语果～,如, If I Were you～ I should go and see the dentist at once. 假如我是的你语～我语上会医去看牙科生。 If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. 假如有没引力～我语就不能行走。 If they had time～they would study Italian too. 假如他语有语语的语～他语也 会学意大利语的。 If She knew German～She would read Marx and Engels in the original 假如她懂她会德语～就语语克思和恩格斯的原著了。 He would tell me if he knew～ but he does not～know anything about it. 假如他知道的语～他会告语我的～但是他一点也不知道。 2)表示语与条去事语相反的件和语果。如, If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如 果我早知道你来会你要～我去语站接的。 72 英语语法手册 If you had come a few minutes earlier～you would have met him.要是 你来几你早分语的语～就语到他了。 If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great progress.要是语自她她会己要求不语格～就不有语语大的语步。 If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned. 假如语 孩子掉到冰窑会里～他定淹死了。 3)表示事语可能与将来条与条相反的件和语果。其用法和表示语在事语相反的件和语果相同。如, If it Were Sunday tomorrow～my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天～我弟弟去会园冰北海公滑的。 If you dropped the glass～it would break.如你将来它会杯子掉下～就打碎的。 What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? ,It Would bum.我若把语放在火上语语会怎?--语就语会着。 [注]在表示事语可能与将来条从相反的件句中～亦可用were to + 语语原形(比语正式～常用于语面中体)和should + 语语原形。如, If you were to come tomorrow～I might have time to see you.如你果明天的语～我或语有语语语。来会你 If I were to see her tomorrow～I would tell her about your decisions. 我明天如语到她你决她～就把的定告语。 If it should rain tomorrow～what would we do?明天万一下雨～我语语语怎? If you should meet George～tell him I want to see him.如语你到语治～告语他我要语他。 [英语语法手册]语语语 虚气B 不用if的条从构件句语 在语中～笔条从件句有语可以不用语语小而把were～had或should移至主语之前。但如句有从没were～had或should～语一般不能语语做。如, Should he come～tell him to ring me up.他要是了～语他语我来个打语语。 Were I in your position～I would go.如果我语于的地位～我就你去。 Had they not helped us～our experiment would have failed. 如果没有他语的助～我语的语语是帮会失语的。 [注]有语语虚条条从来件不用件句而用介语短语、语语不定式等语表示。如, without contradiction nothing would exist. 有没没矛盾就有世界。 We could not have done the work well without your help.要是有的没你帮助～我语不可能做好语工作。 It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.到语和园去游泳～倒是好主意。个 第73语 英语语法手册 All this would have been impossible ten years ago.语一切在十年前是不可能有的。 [英语语法手册]语语语 虚气C 虚气语语语和情语语语 虚构语语语(不语句或主句从)常可用情语语语的语去式～即could～might～wou1d 等加不语to的语语不定式或不语to的语语不定式完成式～作语语语语。语些情语语语来除表示语语虚构独外～本身语有语立的意思。如, If I were you～I Would go.我如果是～我就你愿意去。 If he were here～he might agree with you.假如他在语里～他可能同意会你。 I Would help you if I could. 假如我能语的语～我一定助。帮你 If it had not been for their help～we could not have succeeded. 如果没有他语的助～我语是不可能成功的。帮 [英语语法手册]语语语 虚气D 有语条从件句中的语作和语果主句中的语作所语生的语语不一致 语语～语语的形式语根据所表示的语语它加以语整。如, If he had followed the doctor's advice～he Would be quite all right now.他语若是生的语～语在就当听医会痊愈了。(句语明语从去～主句语明语在) If I were you～I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是～我你会去看语语了。(句的语语从包括语在～主句语明语去) If you hadn't helped me～I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假若有助我～我不可能你没帮按语完成工作～可能语在语在干。很哩(句语从 明语去～主句语明语去和语在) 用直语语表示气条件和语果 在语代英语里～多用直语语表示气条气条件和语果。直语语的件和语果所表示的往往是事语。如不是事语～其可能性也语语语语要大。如,虚气 If it rains tomorrow～we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的语～我语就不出去。 The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你静会安地坐着～狗是不咬你的。 If the train leaves at eight thirty～there is no time to lose. 火语如果是八点半语～我语得语语语了。抓 If the rain stops～I'll go for a swim.要是雨停了～我就去游泳。 [英语语法手册]语语语 虚气E 省去从虚构句或主句的语语语 虚构从语语中的语句或主句有语形式上可以省略～但意语上却仍存在。74 英语语法手册 1)省去了条从虚构件句的语语语。如, That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或语似条件) You might stay here forever.可以你呆永语在语里。(省去了if you wanted语或语似条件) I would not have done it.我是不做那会件事的。(省去了if were you或语似条件) [注]语语中虚构从并找省去的句有语不容易语出。如, Who would have thought of it ? 语想会呢到是语语的? 2)省去了语果主句的语语语虚构(常用以表示愿望)。如, If he were here!假如他在语里语多好啊! If I had never married.如果我从未语婚就好了。 语语语也常用构if only语语。如, If only I could help you! 假如我能助～那语是多好帮你啊! If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年语十语语多好啊! If you would only try harder!你如再努力一语就好了。(only亦可置于would等助语语之后) [注]有语if only只表条件～不表愿望。如, If only I had known earlier～I'd have sent you a telegram.我只要知道得早一点～就会你拍语语语了。 [英语语法手册]语语语 虚气F 虚气语语语的其他用法 虚气从语语用在主语语句中 在It is natural(necessary～strange～important) that...语语句型里～that所引语的主语句中的语语语语常用从should加语语原形。如, It is quite natural that he should think so.他语语想是自然的事。很 It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪～他有通没知我语就走掉了。 It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必语语上解语决个语语。 It is important that we should speak politely. 我语语语要有礼很貌～语是重要的。 It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism. 语当与语行批语自我批语。 虚气从语语用在语语语句中 下列语语语句语用语语语,两从虚气 1)在语语wish后的语语句从(常常省去语语that)～表示不可语语的愿望。句中的从语语如用语去式～语表示语在事语与相反(如下面第一、二例句)～如用语去完成式～语表示语与去事语相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如, 第75语 英语语法手册 I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是语行语。个 I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是会操作语架机器语有多好啊! (= I'm sorry I don't know.) I wish he hadn't gone.他要是走语多好没!(= I'm sorry he has gone.) We wish you had come to our New Year's party.我语希望真你来参加我语的新年语语。会(= but you did not) 语语wish如果是语去式～后面语语句的语语的语语语形式不语～从虚气仍用语去式或语去完成式。如, She wished she knew how to play golf. 但她会愿打高语夫球。 (和语去事语相反) I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不语语忘事语多好～那我就不不会听会去音语。(和语去的语去的事语相反) [注]有语在语语句中可用从would或might加语语原形～表示有可能语语的愿望。如,. I wish he～might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。 He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。 I wish you would be quiet.我希望安一些。你静 2)语语demand(要求)～suggest(建语)～order (命令)～insist(语持)～propose(建语)等后面的语语句～用从should(用于所有的人称)加语语原形表示语来虚语。如,气 I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建语今语语。个会 The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提语我语语语语语语。个 Most students insist that they should have more English classes. 多同数学语持要多上英语语。 [注]语语语构往往可不用should～尤其在美～只用语语国原形(用于所有的人称)。如上面三例只用hold～discuss和have～不用should hold～should discuss和 should have。又如, I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建语语行新的语语。 I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提语把语语语语上个付表决。 虚气状从语语用在语语句中 由as if或as though所引语的句表示比语或状浯从从方式语～句中的语语语语常用语语语。语语形式用语语的语虚气去式(be用were)或had + 语去分语。如, My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child. 我母语照料语个儿孤像自己孩子一语。 You speak as if you had really been there.语得好你你真像的到语那里似的。 注意下面句中的as if句用作表语。如,从 76 英语语法手册 It looks as if it might rain～天好像要下雨似的。 [注]语语lest和in case所引语的语句中的语语语语状从虚气亦用语语语。例语15.33和 15.30 虚气从语语用在定语语句中 It is time (that)…句型中的定语句里的语语语语常用语表示～语语形从虚浯气将来 式用语语的语去式,意思是"语干某件事了～语语已语有些语了"。如, It is time we left.我语语走了。 It is time we went to bed.我语语睡语了, It is time we summed up our results.我语语语语我语的成语了。 虚气语语语用在语语句中 下面是语语用在语语句中语常语的语情语～虚气两况皆表祝愿。如, 1)语语原形1ive用在Long live…中。如, Long live the Communist Party of China! 中国党共语万语! Long live the people! 人民万语! (1ive在此也是语语语的一语语语形式～不可虚气改语lives) 2)May用在句子语语(多用在正式的文体中)。如, May good luck be yours.祝你语利。 May you be happy.祝你快语。 May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就! [英语语法手册]非限定语语 A 非限定语语 语语、意语和特征 1)非限定语语(verbal)有语语不定式、语名语和分语三语。 2)非限定语语和限定语语的基本语区 a)限定语语在句子中可以语作语语语语～独独非限定语语在句中语不能语作语语语语。b)限定语语的形式要主语的人和一与称数致～而非限定语语的形式语不受主语的 人和的限称数制。如, He likes to sing 它他喜语唱歌。 They like to sing. 他语喜语唱歌。 限定语语like受主语人和的限称数与制～的形式主语一致。第一句语likes～第 二句语like。非限定语语sing语不受语语限制～的形式不主语而它随改语。The man walking in front was carrying a flag. 走在前面的人打着一面旗子。 The men walking in front were carrying flags. 走在前面的人语都打着旗子。 第77语 英语语法手册 限定语语be受主语的人和的限称数它与制～的形式语主语一致。第一句语was～第二句语were.非限定语语walking语不受主语的限制～的形式不主语而它随改语。 3)非限定语语的重性双 a)非限定语语有语语的特征, (a)如果非限定语语是及物语语～语有语语。 (b)非限定语语可以由语语修语。状来 (c)非限定语语仍有语语和语语的语化。 b)非限定语语语有一些非语语的特征它当相于名 语、形容语等～在句子里可以作语些语语所能用作的句子成分。 非限定语语重性语双例, He promised to do it tonight.他答语今天语上做。(非限定语语to do的语语性语表语在有语语它"和语状tonight的它它非语语性语表语在用作promised的语语。) I am sorry to have disturbed you.我打语了～语不你起。(to have disturbed是语语不定式to disturb的完成式～语明非限定语语有语语上的语化～语也是非限定语语的语语性语。) I saw many people spreading manure in the fields.我看语语多人在地里施肥。(非限定语语spreading是语在分语～有语语它manure和语 状in the fields。) There is no time to be lost.必语语语语。抓(to be lost是语语不定式to lose的被语式～语明非限定语语有语语上的语化语也是非限定语语的语语性语。) 4)非限定语语短语语有语语或语的状非限定语语 语语～语称非限定语语短语。如, I have no time to finish that long novel this week.我本周没有语语语完那本语篇小语。(不定式短语) Forgetting the past means betrayal.忘语语去就意味着背叛。(语名语短语) Members wishing to see the play are requested to notify Li Min be fore Saturday.愿意看语的语语在星期六以前通会知李敏。 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 B 语语不定式 意语、形式和特征 1)基本概念和形式语语不定式(infinitive)是一语非限定语语～由不定式符号to加语语原形所成。语语不定式有语语的特征～同语也有名语、形容语和副语的特征。构 2)语语不定式的语语特征 a)如果语语不定式是及物的～语有语语。如, He wants to study Japanese.他想语学日语。(语语不定式to study后面有语语Japanese) b)语语不定式可以被状语修语。如, The rain continued to fall heavily.雨语语下得大。很(语语不定式to fall后面有语状heavily) 语语不定式加语语或语语成语语不定式短语～如上二状构例中的to study Japanese和to fall heavily。 78 英语语法手册 3)语语不定式的非语语特征 用法语语不定式具有名语、形容语和副语的特征～所以在句子中可用作主语、它 表语、语语、定语和语。状 1)主语 To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危语的。 To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他语语是一件非常愉快的事。 To die for the people is a glorious death! 语人民而死～语死犹语。 语语不定式短语作主语语～往往放在语语语语的后面～而在句首用引语"作语法上的主语。上述句可两即改语, It is a great pleasure to talk with him. It is a glorious death to die for the people. 注意也常用"It is+形容语+语语不定式短语"语语的句型, It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必语语一语语语语个学程的语。划 It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it. 小只要你学国并花语语下功夫～好一语外语语不语。 It's just impossible to see that and not weep.看语那语情景而不哭是根本不可能的。(注意weep之前省去了to～以免重语) 2)表语 Her wish is to become an astronaut.的她愿望是成语一名宇航语。 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我语的语是在划两内周完成语语工作。 His only desire was to be useful to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一语个国家有用的人。 3)语语有些及物语语常用语语不定式作语语。语些语语有want(想要)～wish(想望)～ like(喜语)～decide(定决)～help(助帮)～pledge(保语)～begin(语始)～forget(忘语)～learn(语学)～ask(要求)等等。语语不定式一般不作介语的语语。如, He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做个山村教语。 Do you like to watch football matches? 喜语看你足球语语? Learn to walk before you run.先学学跑走后。 We decided to make changes in our plan.我语定把语做些修决划改。 语语不定式也可以用作来某些形容语的语语。语些形容语通常只有ready(准语好～愿意)～eager(急于)～anxious(急于)等～但语了语上的学方便～也可以包括able(能语)～sure(一定)～glad(高语)～sorry(语语)～afraid(怕)～free(意随)～pleased(高语)～determined(心决)～willing(愿意)等。如, He is sure to succeed.他肯定成功。会 How do you do? I'm glad to meet you. 好你?语到高你很语。第79语 英语语法手册 The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.语些男孩子和女孩子渴望学会冰滑。 4)定语语语不定式作定语语～语放在被修语的名语或代语之后。如, He is always the first one to get up.他语是第一个起床。 I have a few words to say on this question。语于语语语我有句语要语。个几 They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他语正在语语保语高语量的语法。 After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum～millet and corn.明语一语～清正是播语高梁、谷子和玉米的语语。 5)语语语不定式作语语～一状状它般放在所修语的语语之后。 a)表示目的 He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京语。学 He went to Paris to learn French.他去巴黎学法文。 [注一]强语语语不定式所表示的目的语～语语不定式可语语in order to (语了)或so as to(以便)加语语原形。如, We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我语语常听广听播～以便加强力语语。 In order to learn acupuncture～she practiced on herself every day.语了学语语灸～她每天在自己身上语语。(注意in order to可放在句首) We must have good soil so as to grow roses.语玫瑰花要有好的土壤。 [注二]语语不定式可以放在句首～使其所表示的目的更加明语突出。如, To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.要成语好的教语一定要有好的教学方法。 To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves.语了保语祖国～我语必语自强不息。 [注三] 注意有些用作句子独立成分的语语语～如to begin with(首先)～to conclude(最后)～to be sure(然当)～to tell you the truth(老语语语你)等。 b)表示语果 My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到语眼看到我的小女儿出生。 A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.几年后他回到家里～语语故语的面貌大大地改语了。 [注一] 有语可以用too...to(太…而不能)语表示构来"语果语不到"。如, He is too young to join the army.他太年语了～不能语。参 It was too cold～to go out last night.昨语太冷～无法出去。 [注二] 语语不定式和only语用语～常表示未语料到的语果。如, I went to see him only to find him out.我去看他～不料他出去了。 I hurried to the post office～only to find it was closed.我匆赶忙到语局～不料已语语语了。 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 C 80 英语语法手册 含有语语不定式的语合语语 语语不定式可用作语合语语中的语语浯构足语。可有语语语合语语语的语语有get(语)～ask(语求)～order(命令)～persuade(语服)～advise(语告)～like(喜语)～want(想要)～tell(叫)～know(知道)help(助帮)～call on(号召～语求)～等等。如, He got someone to repair the door.他语人修理语。 I persuaded my brother to change his mind.我语服我弟弟改语了主意。 The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫语他好好休息。 在某些及物语语的语合语语中～语语不定式语省掉too语些语语有,make(使)～let(语)～see(语)～ watch(望)～hear(听)～have(使)～feel(语得)等。语语help后不定式的to可以省掉～也可以保留。如, Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古语今用～洋语中用。 He let me go home.他语我回家。 We must have someone repair the refrigerator.我语必语叫人修语来冰箱。 I heard him speak in the next room.我听到池在隔壁房语里语语。 Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes.语语正帮蓓蒂刷鞋子。 [注一]上述句子语成被语语语语～语语不定式的to仍语保留。如 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 D 语语不定式的否定语构 语语不定式的否定语由在不定式构号符to之前加上not而成。如, He decided not to go home.他定不决回家。 The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice.语教学警告生不要在薄冰冰上滑。 I told him not to open the door.我叫他不要语语。 疑语语 + 语语不定式 疑语代语who～what～which和疑语副语when～where～how等后加语语不定式～构成一语特殊的语语不定式短语～可在句子中作主语、语语、表语等成分。如, When to start has not been decided.何语语身尚决未定。(作主语) They told her where to find her little brother.他语告语她哪找她到里的小弟弟。(作语语) The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise.老语生如教学何做语语。(作语语) He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation.他语如 何提高英语语音想得多。很(作介语的语语) 语语不定式语合语构"for + 名语(或代语语格) + 语语不定式" 在语语语中的构for本身无意语。名语(或代语语格)形式上是for的语语～但在语语上可以语是语语不定式的主语。语语不定式语合语在句子里可作下列成分,构 1)主语 第81语 英语语法手册 For us to learn foreign languages is important.语学来外语语我语语是重要的。 在句中～for us在语语上是to learn foreign languages的主语。语语语作主语语构～和语语的语语不定式语一语～一构来并般都用引语语代表放在句首～"for + 名语 (或代语语格) + 不定式"语放在句末。如, It is important for us to learn foreign languages. It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我语必语相互学语。 2)表语 It is for you to decide.语得由定。你决 3)语语 Can you arrange for a car to take us there?你能安排一语汽语送我语到那里去语? 4)定语 There is a lo to work for us to do.有多工作要我语很去做。 5)语状 The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop.警察吹哨要那语大几语停下。来(作目的语状) [英语语法手册]非限定语语 E 语语不定式一般式所表示的语语语系 1)语语不定式一般式表示的语作语语语语表示的语作同语语生。如,与 I saw him go out.我看语他出去了。(saw与go out语作同语语生两个) Would you help me put things in order before we leave?在我语语之前离～你帮我整理一下语西好语?(would help和put同语语生) 2)但在多情下～语语不定式一很况般式表示的语作语生在语语语语表示的语作之后～如, I hope to see you again.我希望再语到你。(to see语语作语生在个hope之后) The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.语男孩语他想做一个学科家。(to be在wanted之后) 语语不定式的语语形式 语语不定式通常有三语语语形式～语以write语例, 一般式to write语行式to be writing 完成式 to have written 语语不定式完成式的用法 语语不定式完成式表示的语作语生在限定语语表示的语作之前。如, I am sorry to have kept you waiting.语不起～叫你久等了。(to have kept语生在am所表示的语语之前) She seems to have read the book before.好她像看语语本语。(to have read语生在seems所表示的语语之前) The battery appears to have run down.语语语池好像已语用完了。(to have run down语生在appears所表示的语语之前) 82 英语语法手册 但在下面句子中～语语不定式表示"语作有没完成", We were to have met at ten.我语本是语定十点语语面的。来(语果未语面) 语语不定式语行式的用法 语语不定式语行式表示语作正在语行～语语语语表示的语作同语语生。如,与 He see ms to be recovering.他看在来康语。 When he came in～I happened to be lying on the bed～reading. 他语来的语候～我碰躺巧正在床上看语。 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 E 语语不定式的被语语语 语语不定式有语两被语语语形式, 一般式to be written 完成式to have been written 例, The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.下-步要做的事是把土运走。 No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成语害。 分裂不定式 有语在不定式符号"to"和语语原形之语插个入一副语～语语语象叫做分裂不定式(split infinitive)。插与入语语不定式的副语～语语上往往不定式语语语在一起。如, He likes to half close his eyes.他喜语半语着眼睛。 Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries.我语的目的是语一步加强两国之语的友好语系。 At first he wasn't interested in bookkeeping～but later he began to actually like it.起初他语语工作有语会没来它来趣～但到后倒喜语起了 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 F 语名语 意语、形式和特征 1)语名语(gerund)语非限定语语的一语～由语语原形加语尾-ing成～语在分语同形构与～语名语有语语和名语的特征。 2)语名语的语语特征, a)语名语可以有语语。如, I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那台机器了。 b)语名语可以用语语修语。如,状来 They have started working in the apple-orchard.他语已语语始在苹园果里语语了。 语名语加语语或语成语名语短语～如上语状构两例中的 repairing that machine和working in the apple-orchard。第83语 英语语法手册 3)语名语的名语特征 在句中可作主语、语语等。如, Getting up early is a good habit.起早是好语语。个(语名语getting up作主语) The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外语喜语看中语国技。(语名语seeing作语语) 用法语名语可用作主语、表语、语语、定语等。 1)作主语, Seeing is believing.百语不如一语。 Reading aloud is very important in learning English.语英语学很朗语重要。 Looking down on women is feudal ideology.语语语女是封建意语。 [注]在下面语中～构即亦可用引语语作形式主语～把意语上的主语语名语放在句末。如, It's no use over spilt milk.牛奶翻没打了哭也有用。(作无益的后悔没有用) It's no good talking about it.语也无用。 2)作表语, Her job was looking after the pigs.的工作是她喂猪。 His hobby is collecting stamps.他语好集语。 [注] 语名语作表语语～不可语行语语与相混淆。语比语, She was washing clothes. (语去语行语) 她正在洗衣服。 Her job was washing clothes. (语名语) 她的工作是洗衣服。 3)作语语, a)作直接语语～用在begin～start～stop～finish～like等语语后面。如, please stop talking.语不要语语。 You must practise reading English aloud.语语语你朗语英语。 b)作介语的语语。如, My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜语看小语。 We're tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我语语天天吃同语的语菜感到语倦。 Instead of going to Zhongshan park～they went to the ZOO.他语有没去中山公园园～到语物去了。 Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以语语生。教 He was punished for stealing.他因语受盗到语语。 4)作定语, My father works in a printing shop.我的父语在一个厂印刷工作。 Our school built a swimming pool last summer.我语学校去年夏天修建了一个游泳池。 Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我语语的教教学很方法好。 语名语的否定语构 84 英语语法手册 语名语否定语由构not加语名语语成。如, Trying without success is better than not trying at all.语语有成功也比不没语语好。 He Hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己没有用功。 语名语语合语构 物主代语或名语所有格加语名语～成语名语语构构构合语。在语名语语合语中～物主代语或名语所有格是语语上的主语～语名语是语语上的语语语语。语语语在句中可用作主语、语语构 等。如, Your going there will help a lot.你将帮到那里语事情大有助。 (your going there作主语) Please excuse my interrupting you.语原语我打断你。(my interrupting you 作excuse的语语) Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽烟语?(my smoking作mind的语语) Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang's coming to see her.大刘很娘高语王来她看。(Wang's coming作介语about的语语) We are looking forward to the expert's coming to speak to us.我语盼望那位语家语我语作语来告。(the expert's coming作look forward to的语语) [注]在口语中～语语语中的名语构往往不用所有格～而用通格～代语往往不用物主代语～而用语格～如上面第二、五两句可改语如下, Please excuse me interrupting you. Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her. 下面再语几例, His father agreed to him becoming an engine-driver.他父语同意他做火语司机。 DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you?你语语得我和我母语看语来你? Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太阳吸引海水而引起的。 语名语的语语 1)语名语的语语形式 一般式writing 完成式having written 2)语名语的一般式语名语的一般式所表示的语作语语语语表示的语作同语语生～或在与 语语语语表示的语作之后。如, Children enjoy watching colour TV. 儿童喜语看彩色语语。 (enjoy与watching同语) Would you mind opening the window and letting a little a air in?语你打语子～窗气透透好语? (opening和letting语生在mind之后) 注意下面句中语名语所表示的语作语生在语语语语表示的语作之前。如,两 第85语 英语语法手册 Do you remember cutting rice on the state farm? 语得在语语语你国割水稻的事语? (cutting语生在remember之前) I shall never forget seeing Lu Xun for the first time in 1932.我永语不会忘语一九三二年第一次语到语迅的情景。(seeing语生在 forget之前) 3)语名语的完成式语名语的完成式所表示的语作语生在语语语语表示的语作之前。 I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很歉写抱未能早点信语。你 His leg showed no symptom of having been injured.他的腿不像受语语。 We were overjoyed at the news of China haying launched another man-made satellite.我语听国很到中又语射了一语人造语星语都高语。 语名语的被语语语 语名语有语两被语语语形式, 一般式being written 完成式having been written 例, This picture shows a child being beaten by a Japanese soldier.语语照片上一个孩子在遭到日本兵毒打。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.语会并延期未和他商量。 语名语和语语不定式的比语 从构两它语上看～者不同之点有,语名语前可用介语～语语可被名语(或代语)所有格修语～不定式前通常不用介语～更不能被名语(或代语)所有格修语。语名语和语语不定式在语语用中～有下列各点语得注意,运 1)语名语所表示的语作～在意语上比语一般和抽象～语语语念不强～不指某一次语作～语语不定式语常表示某个体具语作。如, The students like playing football.语些生喜语学踢足球。(语常性的语好) Would you like to play football this afternoon?今你踢天下午愿意球语?(指一次的语作) 2)语语不定式所表示的语作的语语主语常常是句子里的-一名语或代语～语名语所个 表示的语作的语语主语～可能是句子里的名语或代语～但也可能指一般人或物。如, She hates to trouble you.不她你愿意麻语。(to trouble的语语主语是she) She hates smoking.不喜语她吸烟。(smoking的语语主语不一定是she～也可能是"语人") 3)有些语语～如,stop～remember～forget～后接语名语和后接语语不定式～其 意语有所不同。语比语, Stop talking.不要语语!(talking的语语～指停止"语语"语语作个) Stop to think about it for a moment.停下一想。来(to think是目的语～状指停下～以来便想一想) I remember seeing him。我语得语语他。(已语语～指语去的语作) 86 英语语法手册 You must remember to post the letter.不要你忘了寄语封信。(语有没寄～指未来的语作) 4)某些及物语语后面只能语名语作语的跟它跟直接语语～不能语语不定式。其中常用的有finish(作完～语束)～avoid(避免)～enjoy(享受)～mind(在意～反语)～insist on(语持)～object to(反语)～give up(放弃)～practise (语～语语践)～put off(延期)等。如, We all enjoy listening go Beethoven's symphonies.我语都喜语语多听芬的交响语曲。 We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises.我语语在语语中 避免犯语法语语。 The doctor says I must give up smoking.生语我必语医戒烟。 Would you mind repeating what you have just said?你你重语一下语才语语的语好语? 5)某些及物语语后只能语语不定式作语的跟它直接语语。常用的有want(要想)～wish(希望～想要)～hope(希望)～agree(同意)～promise(允语)～mean(打算)～decide(定决)～expect(期望)～manage(语法)～pretend(假装)等。如, I hope to visit China again.我希望再语语中。国 I wish to take this opportunity to make up for the lessons I have missed.我想趁会此机把拉下的语语上。 Teachers and students managed to set up a laboratory.语生语法修建了一个语语室。 6)某些及物语语后可语名语也可语语不定式作的跟跟它直接语语。其中常用的有begin(语始)～start(语始)～continue(语语)～like(喜语)～hate(恨)～prefer(宁愿)等。如, When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting?你学什语语候语始打字的? They continued working (to work) after the meal.他语语后语语工作。 二者形式相同。但语名语有语语性语(有语语和语语语化～可有语语和语状)～有语～没数前面也不可用冠语。名语化的语名语(verbal noun)的用法语和一般名语完全一语,它没数有语语性语～有语语形式～前面可用冠语。语比语, She likes reading Jane Eyre.喜语语《语她?语》。(语名语) The reading of The Dream of the Red Chamber took her about two weeks.她两楼梦花了差不多周的语语语完《语》。(名语化的语名语) They started cleaning their room at six.他语六点语语始打语房语。(语名语) They gave the classroom a good cleaning.他语把室好地教很打语了一下。(名语化的语名语) reading语语(可用作语名语或名语化的语名语) readings语物(只能是名语化的语名语) writing作写(可用作语名语或名语化的语名语) 第87语 英语语法手册 writings作品(只能是名语化的语名语) [英语语法手册]非限定语语 G 语名语和语在分语用作定语语的语区 语名语用作定语语～和所修语的名语在语语上有主语语系～不是语名语的语作它没即它。语在分语用作定语语～语和所修语的名语在语语上有主语语系～是语名语的语作。语比语,它它 reading materials语语材料(reading是语名语用作定语～语语上materials决非.reading的主语～reading materials = materials for reading。) leading comrades语语同志(1eading是语在分语作定语～语语上comrades是 leading的主语～leading comrades= comrades who lead。) 语名语作定语的例子语有, a reading-room语语室 drinking water语用水 a writing course一语作语写 a sleeping car语语(火语中可以睡语的语语) the getting-up bell起床语 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 H 分语 意语和特征 1)分语(participle)也是一语非限定语语～它兼有语语和形容语的特征。 2)分语可有语语(语限于语在分语)或语～分语和语语或语一状状构起成分语短语。 形式 分语有语在分语和语去分语语。语在分语由语语两原形后加语尾-ing成。语语语语的语构去分语由语语原形后加语尾-ed成～不语语语语的语构去分语无一定语语。 语在分语和语去分语的语区 语在分语和语去分语主要的语表语在语语和语语语系上。区 1)语语上不同,语在分语表示主语的意思～而语去分语多由及物语语语～表示来被语的意思。语比语, surprising使人感到惊语的(主语) surprised自己感到惊语的(被语～即惊被语的) an exciting story一个令人语语的故事(主语) excited spectators激语的语众(被语～即被引起激语的) a moving film一部感语人的影片。 A moved audience受感语的语众 A tiring journey累人的旅行 A tired football player累了的足球运语语 He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告语我语语多有趣的事情。 She is interested in astronomy.语天她学文有语趣。 88 英语语法手册 也有一些语去分语是由不及物语语语的～语只表示一语作来它个没已完成～有被语的意味。如, fallen leaves落叶 the exploded bomb已爆炸了的炸语 a retired miner退休语工 returned students语国学留生 2)语语语系上不同,一般语～语在分语所表示的语作来往往正在语行～而语去分语所表示的语作～往往已语完成。语比语, the changing world正在语化着的世界 the changed world已语起了语化的世界 boiling water正在语的水 boiled water已语煮语语的水(可能是凉语水) developing countries语展中家国 developed countries语家达国 [英语语法手册]非限定语语 I 分语和分语短语的用法 1) 作定语作定语用的分语如果是语语～一般放在所修语的名语之前。如,它 I'm reading a very interesting book.我在语一本有很趣的语。 He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜语喝凉语水。 分语短语作定语用语～一般皆放在所修语的名语的后面。的功用它它当相于定语从句。如, China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中 国个会国属是一语展中的社主语家～于第三世界。 (= which belongs to the Third World) The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那人是我的个兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer) Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀语参会加语的人多有。数没来(= who were invited to the party.) 2)作表语 The opera is very moving and instructive.语个很教歌语语人～且有育意语。 The cups are broken.语些杯子是破的。 He is married.他已语语婚了。 [注] 分语作表语用语～相当与来于形容语～不可语行语语和被语语语中的分语混淆起。它从语的形式相似～但可以意语上加以辨语。语比语, Lei Feng's spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷语的精神鼓舞着全人国民。(语在语行语) His report is inspiring. 他的语告令人鼓舞。(语在分语作表语)第89语 英语语法手册 The road was completed by the PLA men.语条路是解放语语士修成的。(被语语语) The road is completed.语条路已语筑成。(语去分语作表语) 3)作语分语在意语上也可用作语～表示语语、状状随况原因、方式和伴情等。 a)表示语语(在意语上往往相当状从于表示语语的语语句)。如, Looking out of the window～I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗从口望出去～看语成群的孩子语房子前面走语。(= When I locked out of the window) Heated～the metal expands.语语金属即加语后膨语。(= When it is healed) Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打语抽语～拿出一本语典。(= He opened the drawer and took...语语作是一接两个个个着一) [注]如果要强语分语短语语语语语所表示的语语语系～分语短语之前可用与when或while等语语。如, While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)～I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工工作期语～工人那里厂从学到了多语很西。 When heated～the metal expands.语语金属即加语后膨语。 b)表示原因(在意语上相当状从于表示原因的语语句)。如, Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldn't come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到 累～打语语语我不能去。(= Since I felt tired) Thinking that Chinese medicine might help～he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中也语有效～于是医医医到一家中院去治病。(= As he thought that...) Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形语的鼓舞下～他语更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by...) c)表示方式、伴随况情及语果(语语用法有没当状从相的语语句可以代替)。如, He came running back to tell us the news.他跑来个着回告语我语语消息。(方式) She stood there waiting for the bus.她儿站在那等公共汽语。(伴随况情或方式) The child fell～striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤碰～语在语上破了。(语果) He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰声地一把语语上。(伴随况情) The lichens came borne by storms.语些地衣是由暴语雨语的。来(方式) 分语的否定语构 语在分语的否定式由not后加语在分语成。如,构 Not knowing what to do～she went to the teacher for help.不她怎知道语语语～就去语老语助。帮 I left at noon～not staying for lunch.我是中午走的～有没来留下吃午语。90 英语语法手册 语去分语表否定语～常借助un-等前语表示。如, The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。 含有分语的语合语语 分语可作语合语语中的语语语足语。可有语语语合语语的语语有see～watch～hear～set～keep～find～have～get等等。如, We saw them walking across the road.我语看语他语穿语那语条路。 We heard the children singing "I Love Beijing's Tian An Men"我语语听孩子语唱《我语北京天安语》。 I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我语语故语几乎全部改建语了。 在have或get后面的语合语语中～语语语足语多是语去分语～而所表示的语作又它往往由语人所完成。如, We must get the television set repaired.我语必语把语语机修好。(语语人修) I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫语人修的) If we have shortcomings～we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我语如果有缺点～就不语人怕批语指出。(语语人指出) 但have的语合语语中的语去分语的语作有语不一定由语人来完成～而是表自己的语语。如, He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是语人语弄折的～而是自己弄折的) [注一]上述句子语语语构被语语语语～除主语和语语互语位置外～分语不语。如上面的第一、二例句可语语,即 They were seen walking across the road. The children were heard singing"I Love Beijing Tian An Men"。 [注二]语在分语在语合语语中和语语不定式在语合语语中的意语稍有不同。后者指事情的全语程～目的在于语语语明语生了语件事～前者指正在语语的语作的一部分～目的在于语语作语语行的情将当当景呈语于语者之前～其含语相于语行语语。如, I saw him go upstairs.我看语他上楼去了。(看语他上整语楼个程～只语明他上语楼件事) I saw him going upstairs.我看语他走上的。楼(只看语他上语语语作的一部楼个分～语明他上的情楼景) I was working in the room all morning? I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整上午在个听房语工作～语有人敲隔壁房语的语。(语听个敲语整语程) When I went back to the room～I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房语语语语在听她隔壁房语语歌。(只语一部分～听她回房语前已语始唱了) [英语语法手册]非限定语语 J 第91语 英语语法手册 语在分语的语语 语去分语有语语形式的语化～所以语里只语语在分语的语语形式。没 1)语在分语的语语形式 一般式writing 完成式having written 2)语在分语一般式其所表示的语作语语语语所表示的语作同语语生～或在语语语语所表与 示的语作之前或后语生。如, Working together with Dr. Bethune～we learnt a lot from him. 我语在和白求恩大夫一起工作期语～向他学很到多语西。 (working与leamt同语语生) Knowing that they were going abroad next week ～they began to make preparations.他语知道他语下星期要出～所以都语国始作准语。(knowing语生在began之前) He came up to me～saying"Glad to see you again."他来跟到我前语道～"很你高语又语到。"(saying语生在came之后) 3)语在分语完成式其所表示的语作语生在语语语语所表示的语作之前～常常用作语状～表示语语或原因。如, Having done his homework～the schoolboy began to write his diary.语个小学写生做完作语后～语始日语。(having done his homework语生在began之前～ 表示语语。) Not haying done it right, I tried again.有做语～我就又语。没 (not having done语生在 tried之前～表示原因。) 语在分语的被语语语 一般式being written 完成式haring been written 如, This is one of the many dams being built the river.语是沿河修筑的语多水语之一。 Being surrounded～the enemy troops were forced to surrender.语语被包语了～被迫投降。 Having been asked to stay～I couldn't very well leave.人家语我留下～我就不好语了。离 独构立语(absolute construction) 分语短语所表示的语作在语语上有主语～语语主语皆可在同一句中找到。如, The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.站在那语的年语语女是我语新的英语老语。(分语短语standing over there的语语主语是 the young woman) Having finished his work～he went out to play volleyball.他做完工作后～出去打排球。(having finished his work的语语主语是he)但有语分语短语有自它己的92 英语语法手册 独立的主语～语语主语常常是名语或代语(主格)～放在分语短语之前～语语语叫做构独立语构独构状。立语常用作语～多用在语面语中。如, The dark clouds having dispersed～the sun shone again.语云已散去～太阳又普照大地了。(语语语状) We shall thresh the wheat～weather permitting.天好的语～我语就气麦打。(条状件)语 Their room was on the first floor～its broad window overlooking the park.他语的房语在二语上～楼窗园房语里的语大的语俯语着公。(伴随况状情语～the first floor在英指第二语～在美指第一语～其国楼国余可语推。) We redoubled our efforts～each man working like two.我语加倍努力工作～一人干人的活。两(方式) Almost all metals are good conductors～silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属体体都是良语～语是最好的语。(伴随况情) The meeting over～we all left the room.语语会离束以后～我语就都语了房语。(语语语～注意状over之前省去了being) This done～we went home.做完此事～我语就回家了。(语语语状) She gazed～her hands clasped to her breast.手她双*在胸前凝语着。 [注一]有的分语短语可以独没它立存在～在句中有语语上的主语。语往往已语语成语语用语～必语熟语。如, Generally speaking～this book is not very difficult.语的语～语本语不语来并很。 Judging from what you say～he has done a very good job.的语看从你来～他的工作做得不语。很 Considering that he has been in china for only a year～he speaks Chinese well.考语到他到中国国很才一年～他的中语语得不语了。 语似的语语用语有尚talking of (语起)～speaking of (语到)等引语的分语短语。 [注二]英语里语有一语语口语化的"with + 名语或代语语格 + 分语 (或形容语、介语短语)"语～也构状随况往往作语用～表示伴情。如, He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他有没灯熄就睡着了。 She gazed with her hands clasped to her breast.手她双*在胸前凝语着。 上述语中的分语构亦可用形容语或介语短语代替。如, He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.他即窗使在冬天也语着语睡语。 A girl carte in with a book in her hand.一位姑娘手里拿着一本语走了语来。(在语中～也可语,笔A girl came in～book in hand.)第93语